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Entomology > External Insect Morphology > Flashcards

External Insect Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of arthropods? (8)

A

Segmented bodies

Paired appendages

Segmented appendages

Bilateral symmetry

Exoskeleton

Dorsal heart

Open circulatory system

Ventral nerve cord

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2
Q

What is metamerism?

A

a state of division of insect body into primary body segments

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3
Q

What is a metamere?

A

A primary body segments

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4
Q

How many metameres does the head have?

A

1-5

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5
Q

How many metameres does the thorax have?

A

6-8 metameres

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6
Q

How many metameres does the abdomen have?

A

9-20

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7
Q

What is tagmosis?

A

an evolutionary phenomenon of grouping body segments into functional units

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8
Q

What is a tagma?

A

a grouped segment of a functional unit

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9
Q

What are four advantages of the exoskeleton?

A

Acts as protective armor

Protects from invasion by pathogens and harmful agents

Impermeable to water

Acts as a base for muscle attachment

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10
Q

What is a disadvantage of the exoskeleton, and what must be done to overcome it?

A

Does not expand

Must be shed in order to grow- molting

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11
Q

What are the layers of the exoskeleton cuticle? (4)

A

Epicuticle
Exocuticle
Endocuticle
Epidermis

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12
Q

What is the epicuticle?

A

Non-living outermost layer

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13
Q

What makes up the layers of the epicuticle? (4)

A

Cement- outermost layer

Wax- layer under the cement

Outer epicuticle

Inner epicuticle

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14
Q

What is the exocuticle?

A

non-living layer under the epicuticle

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15
Q

What is the endocuticle?

A

non-living layer under to exocuticle, above the epidermis

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16
Q

What features are found in both the exocuticle and endocuticle? (3)

A

non-cellular

made of chitin to provide strength and rigidity

made of resilin to provide flexibility

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17
Q

What is the epidermis layer, and what its function?

A

innermost, living layer

secretes substances involved in molting

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18
Q

What are sclerites?

A

plate of the body wall surrounded by sutures or membrane

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19
Q

What are sutures?

A

the line of fusion of two plates

20
Q

What is the membrane in the exoskeleton?

A

a thin and pliable cuticle

21
Q

What are setae?

A

hair-like projections of the cuticle that arise from a trichogen cell

22
Q

What are scales, and an example?

A

flattened setae that serve a “covering” purpose

Ex- wings of butterflies and moths, or bodies of silverfish and beetles

23
Q

What are spines, and their three functions?

A

Outgrowths of the cuticle, not produced by the cells

helps in grasping, clinging, and protection

24
Q

What makes up the sensory segments of the head? (3)

A

Eyes

ocelli

antennae

25
Q

What makes up the feeding segment of the head?

A

paired mouthparts

26
Q

What 5 different types of mouthparts are there, and an example?

A

chewing- grasshopper

piercing and sucking- mosquito

sponging- housefly

siphoning- moth and butterfly

chewing and lapping- honey bee

27
Q

What 3 segments make up the thorax?

A

Prothorax (closest to the head)

Mesothorax

Metathorax (closest to the abdomen)

28
Q

What kind of modification lets an insect run?

A

Cursorial leg modification

29
Q

What kind of modification lets an insect swim?

A

Natatorial leg modification

30
Q

What kind of modification lets an insect jump?

A

Saltatorial leg modification

31
Q

What kind of modification lets an insect grasp?

A

Raptorial leg modification

32
Q

What are three facts about insect wings?

A

An important development

Wings are outgrowths of the cuticle

Type and size vary, depending on need

33
Q

What are the layers of the wings?

A

Veins surrounded by a cuticle

34
Q

What two veins are found in the wings?

A

Longitudinal vein and cross-vein

35
Q

What five types of wings exist?

A

membranous wings (flies with haltere)

tegmina (leather-like forewings- cockroach)

hemelytron (half-wing; forewing for true bugs)

Elytron (hardened front wing)

Scaled covered wings

36
Q

What 3 things are found in the abdomen, and what is not found?

A

Has no walking appendages

Possesses the ovipositor- egg-laying device

Possesses the stinger- a modified form of the ovipositor

Cerci- sensory structures

37
Q

What does the glandular setae do?

A

produces secretions involved in protection or communication

38
Q

What does the ocelli do?

A

light detection

39
Q

What is the ommatidium?

A

single eyes that form the ommatidia (compound eye)

40
Q

What does the ommatidium do?

A

Detects a color

41
Q

What kind of vision do insects have?

A

Developed to be sensitive to changing patterns and movement, not for highly detailed views

42
Q

How do insects perceive color? (3)

A

Insects can see higher wavelengths than humans

Humans can see lower wavelengths than insects

Most cannot see red

43
Q

What does the mesothorax hold?

A

Forewings

44
Q

What does the metathorax hold?

A

hindwings

45
Q

What are the parts of an insect’s leg?

A

Coxa > trochanter > femur > tibia > tarsus > pretarsus

46
Q

What are halteres? (2)

A

balancing organs to help the insect fly

Hindwings are modified into halteres

Entomology (16 decks)

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