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Entomology > Insect Ecology > Flashcards

Insect Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What does ecology mean, and who termed it and when?

A

Science of plants and animals in relation to their environment

Ernst Haekel-1869

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2
Q

What does oikos mean?

A

house in greek

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3
Q

What does insect ecology mean?

A

Study of insects in relationship to their environment

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4
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

organisms living together, influencing others directly under natural conditions

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5
Q

What do vital processes like growth, nutrition, and reproduction depend on?

A

interactions between individuals of same or different species

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6
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment and how organisms live in it

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7
Q

What are the three major disciplines in insect ecology?

A

trophic relationships

population ecology

community ecology

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8
Q

How much energy is retained by different modes of nutrition? (3)

A

carnivore- 100%

omnivore- 10%

producers- 0.01%

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9
Q

What are 6 types of trophic relationships?

A

Insect-plant interaction

Predator-prey interactions

Parasite-host interactions

Mutualistic association

Pollination ecology

Ecosystem function

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10
Q

What are five factors of population ecology?

A

Demography

life histories

behavioral ecology

ecological genetics

population dynamics

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11
Q

What are four factors for community ecology?

A

intraspecific and interspecific competition

community structure and organization

diversity and stability

paleoecology and biogeography

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12
Q

How do insects and plants interact, and what 2 orders are the most diverse in regards to chewing?

A

herbivores/ phytophagous

coleoptera and lepidoptera

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13
Q

In what ways do herbivorous insects interact with plants? (6)

A

leaf chewing

sap sucking

seed predation

gall inducing

leaf mining

pollen foraging

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14
Q

What type of mining/boring do insects do? (4)

A

fruit

stalk

stem

wood

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15
Q

How do predator-prey interactions occur? (3)

A

Ambush (sit and wait)

active foraging

phoresy

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16
Q

What are two types of active foraging?

A

random- non-directional

non-random- directional

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17
Q

What does phoresy mean?

A

organism is transferred from individual to individual

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18
Q

What orders have great diversity regarding the parasitoid lifestyle?

A

Diptera

Hymenoptera

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19
Q

How do insects carry out as parasite? (#)

A

Host specific

host discriminate

hyperparasitism

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20
Q

How does the host get manipulated by a parasite? (2)

A

as an idiobiont

as a koinobiont

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21
Q

what does idiobiont mean, and an example?

A

parasitization kills or paralyzes the host

zombie-making: Jewel wasp and cockroaches

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22
Q

What does koinobiont mean, and examples?

A

a parasitoid lays eggs in a young host, which continue to grow, providing more resources to the young

wasp, polydnavirus, lepidopteran host

23
Q

What are four ecosystem functions?

A

productivity

decomposition

energy flow

nutrient-cycling

24
Q

6 types of ecological associations

A

competition (both negatively affected)

predation/ parasitism

ammensalism (one is unaffected, other is disadvantaged)

neutralism

commensalism

mutualism

25
Q

What are the five types of mutualism?

A

obligate

facultative

trophic

defensive

dispersive

26
Q

What is an example of obligate mutualism?

A

Yucca moth being a native pollinator for the Yucca plant

27
Q

What is an example of facultative mutualism?

A

bees acting as a general pollinator for.a variety of plants, with plants depending on other insects for pollination

28
Q

What is an example of trophic mutualism?

A

Protozoa in termite gut can provide digestion of wood, but protozoa depends on the microbiome of the termite

29
Q

What is an example of defensive mutualism?

A

Acacia plan provide shelter for ants to raise brood

ant defends plant from herbivores

30
Q

What is an example of dispersive mutualism, and what is it specific to?

A

specific to pollinators

bumblebee receives food from moving pollen or seeds

plants benefit through cross-pollenation and transfer of genes

31
Q

What are two factors of pollination ecology?

A

abiotic pollination

biotic pollination

32
Q

What is biotic pollination?

A

Coevolution with insects, with plants evolving to specific insects

33
Q

4 examples of biotic pollination evolution

A

Dipterphily- flies

coleopeterophily- beetles

hymenopterophily- bees and wasp

mellitophily- bees

lepidopterophily- butterflies

34
Q

What are 3 characteristics of dipterophily, where is pollen found, and an example?

A

red to mimic meat

soe produce heat

some produce smells like rotting meat or feces

Sapromyophiles

pollen found inside flower buds

35
Q

Five characteristics of coleopterophily.

A

radial symmetry

open flowers during the day

some possess many pollen clusters

moderate nectar producers

flowers often produce many leaves and petals

36
Q

7 characteristics of hymenopterophily

A

radial symmetry

open flowers during the day

flowers tend to be every color except red- often blue or purple

can have nectar or pollen

produce oils to attract pollinators

mimics morphology of a female or its scent

vibration may be required to release pollen

37
Q

five characteristics of lepidopterphily

A

radial symmetry

flowers open during the day

produce lots of nectar deep in the flower

pollen found above nectar tubes

tubular-shaped

38
Q

Five factors of population ecology

A

demography

life histories

behavioral ecology

ecological genetics

population dynamics

39
Q

What does demographics mean?

A

study based on the population of species

40
Q

How do insects affect population ecology? (2)

A

insects are small and numerous

ecological functions of larvae and adults differ

41
Q

How do the ecological functions of larvae and adults differ?

A

larvae are responsible for regulating the population and consumption of resources

adults disperse and reproduce

42
Q

How do expoinential growth and logistic growth differ, and how does it look?

A
43
Q

Why is exponential population growth not favored?

A

cannot continue indefinitely in a resource-limited environment

44
Q

What happens when population density approaches carrying capacity? (3)

A

competition intensifies

mortality increases

birth rate drops

45
Q

Five factors of carrying capacity

A

food

water

space

shelter

mating partners

46
Q

Three types of population growth

A

logistic/sigmoid curve

boom and burst

oscillation

47
Q

Seven factors of behavioral ecology in insects

A

feeding

locomotion

grooming

reproduction

learning

migration

communication

48
Q

What does diapause mean?

A

arrested development along with adaptive physiological changes, recommending after particular physical stimuli

differs from hibernation and quiescence (dormancy)

49
Q

Two factors of diapause, and when it occurs

A

obligatory vs facultative

length variable

any stage from egg to adult

50
Q

6 factors effecting diapause

A

photoperiod

temperature

food quality

moisture

pH

Chemicals

51
Q

three roles of insect in community ecology

A

foundation species

keystone species

invasive species

52
Q

What is an ecological niche? (2)

A

functional position of an organism in an environment

job species performs within nature, with each species occupying its own niche

53
Q

What three factors comprises of an ecological niche?

A

habitat

activity pattern

resources

54
Q
A

Entomology (16 decks)

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