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Entomology > Applied Entomology > Flashcards

Applied Entomology Flashcards

1
Q

How important is agriculture?

A

The most important event in the cultural evolution of the human species

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2
Q

When and where (2) did agriculture begin?

A

12,000-18,000 years ago first implements and storage containers found

Middle East

Egypt

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3
Q

What were the first products of agriculture? (4)

A

Wheat

lentils

chickpeas

dates

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4
Q

What allowed the development of an agricultural society? (2)

A

development of cereals

domestication of herbivorous animals

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5
Q

Examples of cereal (6)

A

wheat

rye

barley

corn/maize

rice

sorghum

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6
Q

How did agriculture affect the development of human society?

A

shift from a hunter/gatherer system to an agricultural society?

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7
Q

What are three characteristics of a hunter/gatherer system?

A

mobile

low fertility

active involvement

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8
Q

What are three characteristics of an agricultural society?

A

sedentary

increased fertility

few individuals involved in food procurement

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9
Q

How did agriculture advance between 12,000 years ago to the 1700s? (2)

A

little change

most of human population involved in production agriculture

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10
Q

What are three recent advancements of agriculture?

A

improved mechanization

improved crop plants

increased energy input

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11
Q

Who invented GMOs and introduced the Green Revolution?

A

Norman Borlaug

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12
Q

What is the Green Revolution also known as?

A

the Third Agricultural Revolution

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13
Q

How can insects create competition in agriculture? (5)

A

consuming crop products

consuming stored products

structures

vectoring diseases to plants, animals, and humans

acting as a pest

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14
Q

How much of insects are herbivores?

A

30-40% of all insects

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15
Q

Levels of insect pests (5)

A

subeconomic/ non-financially damaging pest

occasional/seasonal pest

key pest- requires control or action

perennial/ non-seasonal pest

severe pest

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16
Q

What is the Economic Injury Level? (2)

A

lowest number of insects that will cause an economic loss

point at which loss due to damage is greater than cost of control

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17
Q

How is the economic injury level measured?

A

number of insects/ unit of measure

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18
Q

What is the economic/action threshold?

A

insect density that would justify intervention

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19
Q

What is a fixed economic threshold?

A

EIL is 6 insects per plant, intervention is at 4 insects per plant

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20
Q

Action Threshold graph

A
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21
Q

What is the economic threshold level?

A

point below the economic injury level at which a decision is made to treat or not treat

pest density at which action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest population over the EIL

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22
Q

Economic threshold level graph

A
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23
Q

Integrated Pest management options (4)

A

biological control

physical control

cultural control

chemical control

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24
Q

What is the foundation of IPM?

A

monitoring insect numbers

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25
Q

What are examples of cultural control (2)?

A

good sanitation

habitat change

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26
Q

What are examples of physical/mechanical control? (3)

A

flea/lice combs

screens

proper clothing

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27
Q

Example of biological control (2)

A

predators

parasites

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28
Q

Examples of biorational chemical control? (5)

A

repellants

diatomaceous earth

oils

insect growth regulators

microbials

29
Q

Examples of conventional chemical controls (1)

A

pesticides that kill on contact?

30
Q

How does prevention graduate to intervention in pest control?

A

prevention slowly graduates to intervention as cultural > physical > biological > chemical

31
Q

How does toxicity graduate in pest control?

A

increases in toxicity as cultural > physical > biological > chemical

32
Q

Methods to monitoring pests (4)

A

direct counts

traps

damage estimates

prediction- degree-days

33
Q

4 benefits of monitoring pests

A

track the number of pests and natural enemies

able to target insecticide application at the correct time

enhances conservation of natural enemies

indicate efficacy of treatments

34
Q

How can biological controls help against pests? (2)

A

natural enemies of pests cause mortality

maintain pest population at below threshold levels

35
Q

How can this insect be a biological control?

A

parasitoid

36
Q

How can this insect be a biological control?

A

predator

37
Q

How can this insect be a biological control?

A

pathogen

38
Q

How can this insect be a biological control?

A

How can this insect be a biological control?

39
Q

What are 3 types of biological control?

A

import natural enemies and establish in the filed- classic method

augmentative release- release each season

conservation- depend upon local natural enemies

40
Q

What do biological control require?

A

conservation of natural enemies

41
Q

Methods to conserve natural enemies (3)

A

reduce insecticide use

use softer chemicals

manipulate habitats like intercropping

42
Q

four concerns of biological control

A

non-target effects

host specificity testing

risk assessment protocols

necessary evils- eugenics

43
Q

How are insecticides used as resources? (3)

A

financial investment for development

potential for use or abuse

provide options for pest management

44
Q

5 problems with insecticides

A

kill or disrupt natural enemies

secondary pests

residues on produce

build-up of resistance- insecticide treadmill

environmental concerns

45
Q

What is an incorrect approach to dealing with insecticide resistance? (2)

A

raising the concentration of active ingredients

increasing frequency of application

46
Q

What is the correct approach with insecticide resistance (#)

A

reduce reliance on chemicals

alternate chemical groups

target insecticide application

47
Q

5 benefits of insecticides

A

effective if used correctly

provide an immediate solution

new formulations are safer

target-specific mdoes of action are being developed

effective chemicals should be conserved for sustainable pest management

48
Q

How do you calculate an EIL?

A

total cost of managing a potential pest

costs can fluctuate with time

49
Q

What contributes to the cost of managing pests? (4)

A

pesticides

application equipment

time involvement

need to hire expertise or help

value of crop

50
Q

graph of EIL calculation

A
51
Q

What are subeconomic pests? (3)

A

amount of damage done is not sufficiently costly to manage

costs more to mage the pest than the damage is worth

rarely if ever managed

52
Q

EIL of subeconomic pests

A
53
Q

examples of subeconomic pests

A
54
Q

What are occasional pests?

A

do not usually do enough damage to justify management

favorable conditions may place population above the EIL

55
Q

Key, perennial, and severe pest characteristics (3)

A

regular and serious damage

high numbers in high value crops

aesthetic damage

55
Q

EIL of occasional pests

A
56
Q

Examples of occasional pests

A
57
Q

How are key, perennial, and severe pests managed? (2)

A

prophylactic basis

management revolves around these pests

58
Q

how common are key, perennial, and severe pests?

A

200 in US

2000 in the world

59
Q

key, perennial, and severe pests EIL

A
60
Q

example of a key pest

A
61
Q

How do certain insects become pests? (3)

A

Insect population numbers and ecosystem modification

transportation

human attitude

62
Q

Examples of ecosystem modification leading to pests (2)

A

agricultural monocultures

r and K selection

63
Q

How does transportation contribute to pests? (3)

A

moved in association with humans and products

anthropogenic

released from natural controls

64
Q

What is r and K selection?

A

a continuum of r&raquo_space;»> K

65
Q

r organism characteristics (5)

A

high reproductive capacity, no young care

short-lived

rebound quickly after change

often insects

often pests

66
Q

k organism characteristics (4)

A

low reproductive capacity, increased young care

long-lived

difficulty dealing with change

humans, mammals, some insects

67
Q

How does human attitude contribute to pests?

A

standards and lifestyle

lice management in children

flea management in pets

fecal material management in corn

blemish-free fruit

68
Q

How does pest population benefit entomologists?

A

provides job security

Entomology (16 decks)

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