Perspectives (Ch. 1)

Question 1

This term describes how some dimensions expand and others shrink as we age

Answer 1

Multidirectional

Question 2

This term describes the human capacity for change

Answer 2

Plastic (or Plasticity)

Question 3

Many fields of study (e.g., education, psychology, medicine) have an interest in the field of human development

Answer 3

Multidisciplinary

Question 4

This term describes how all development occurs with a context or setting. This includes all social, cultural, and historical factors. It also includes normative age-graded, normative history-graded, and nonnormative influences.

Answer 4

Contextual

Question 5

This term illustrates how development occurs in three dimensions: biological, cognitive, and socioemotional ((CBS)). This term also describes how these three dimensions interact with one another throughout our lifespan.

Answer 5

Multimensional

Question 6

In the nature vs nuture argument, this term refers to our biological inheritance:

Answer 6

Nature

Question 7

In the nature vs nuture argument, this term refers to our environmental experiences:

Answer 7

Nurture

Question 8

Much of human development involves gradual, cumulative changes like learning to walk. This term refers to gradual, cumulative growth.

Answer 8

Continuity

Question 9

Sometimes development happens abruptly and distinctly, like a female’s first menstrual cycle.

Answer 9

Discontinuity

Question 10

This theory proposed that child development focuses on unconscious desires and that these early experiences shape our behaviors later in life:

Answer 10

Psychoanalytic

Question 11

This theory proposed that individuals face 8 social-based crises and that these experiences will shape later behaviors:

Answer 11

Psychosocial

Question 12

This theory proposed that we gradually increase capacity for processing information and that this increase allows for more complex knowledge and skills:

Answer 12

Information Processing Theory

Question 13

This theory proposed that consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurrence. Rewards and punishment shape our development!

Answer 13

Operant Conditioning

Question 14

This theory holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development. We can learn through observing and imitating what others do!

Answer 14

Social Cognitive Theory

Question 15

This theory stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical and sensitive periods. (Hint: a famous example involves geese and imprinting!)

Answer 15

Ethology

Question 16

This theory holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems like the setting where the person lives (microsystem) and the culture in which they live (macrosystem):

Answer 16

Ecological Theory

Question 17

This research approach is an in-depth look a single individual:

Answer 17

Case Study

Question 18

In this kind of research, researchers aim to observe and record behaviors. This research method includes case studies and naturalistic observation.

Answer 18

Descriptive Research

Question 19

This research approach describes the relationships between two or more characteristics.
((Relationships only, NO CAUSE & EFFECT!))

Answer 19

Correlational Research

Question 20

This research approach is very carefully regulated! Here, one or more of the factors believed to influence behavior is manipulated (i.e., participants are randomly assigned to different treatments) while all other factors are held constant.

Answer 20

Experimental Research

Question 21

This research approach allows determination of cause and effect relationships.

Answer 21

Experimental Research

Question 22

This term describes research that compares two different age groups at one time like a snapshot in time. For example, comparing self-esteem levels in adolescents and young adults in 2022.

Answer 22

Cross-sectional Research

Question 23

This term describes research that is done with the same group of individuals over a long period of time. Examples from the text include the Seattle ___ Study and the Berkeley ____ Study

Answer 23

Longitudinal