Beginnings (Ch. 2 & 3) Flashcards
All of a person’s genetic material makes up his or her:
Genotype
These consist of observable characteristics. These include physical characteristics (such as height, weight, and hair color) and psychological characteristics (such as personality and intelligence).
Phenotypes
This principle suggests one gene of a pair always exerts its effects; it is dominant and overrides the potential influence of the other gene, called the recessive gene. A recessive gene exerts its influence only if the two genes of a pair are both recessive.
Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle
A form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Appearing approximately once in every 700 live births, individuals may present a round face, a flattened skull, short limbs, and impaired motor and mental abilities.
Down Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.
Males with this disorder have undeveloped testes, and they usually have enlarged breasts and become tall
Klinefelter Syndrome
A genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.
An intellectual difficulty frequently is an outcome, and autism, a learning disability, or a short attention span also may be linked to the syndrome.
Fragile X Syyndrome (FXS)
A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Females with this syndrome are short in stature and have a webbed neck
Turner Syndrome
A genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. It results from a recessive gene and occurs about once in every 10,000 to 20,000 live births.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Occurs most often in African Americans, is a genetic disorder that impairs the functioning of the body’s red blood cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body’s other cells and are usually disk-shaped. With this disorder, a recessive gene causes the red blood cell to become a hook-shaped “sickle” that cannot carry oxygen properly.
Sickle-Cell Anemia
This genetic disorder is characterized by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system, which trigger deceleration of mental and physical development and lead to death.
Tay-Sachs Disease
This genotype correlation occurs because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
Ex. Parents who are readers, read and enjoy reading. They provide children with books. It’s likely that their children will become skilled readers, because of both their inherited genes and their book-filled environment.
PASSIVE genotype-environment correlation
This genotype correlation occurs because a child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
For example, active, smiling children receive more social stimulation than passive, quiet children do.
EVOCATIVE genotype-environment correlation
This genotype correlation occurs when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating. Refers to finding a setting that is suited to one’s genetically influenced abilities. Children select from their surrounding environment certain aspects that they respond to
ACTIVE (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation
The period of prenatal development that takes place during the first two weeks after conception. It includes the creation of the fertilized egg, called a zygote; cell division; and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
Germinal Period
The period of prenatal development that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception. During this period, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, and organs appear.
Embryonic Period
