Infancy (Ch. 4 & 5)

Question 1

The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.

Answer 1

Cephalocaudal Pattern

Question 2

The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body (trunk) and moves toward the extremities (hands/fingers):

Answer 2

Proximodistal Pattern

Question 3

Infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. Perception and action are coupled. Something motivates an infant to act and then they use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.

Answer 3

Dynamic Systems Theory

Question 4

Built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborn’s movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control. They are genetically carried survival mechanisms.

Answer 4

Reflexes

Question 5

Two reflexes that disappear several months after birth:

Answer 5

Rooting- infant turns hear toward stroked cheek to find something to suck.
Moro- when startled, newborn arches back and flings our arms/legs

Question 6

Involves large-muscle activities such as moving one’s arms and walking

Answer 6

Gross Motor Skills

Question 7

Involves finely tuned movements.

Ex: grasping a toy, using a spoon, buttoning a shirt, or any activity that requires finger dexterity

Answer 7

Fine Motor Skills

Question 8

Initial grib where infants will grip with the whole hand

at approximately 3 months old

Answer 8

Palmer grasp

Question 9

At approximately 9 months, infants grasp small objects with their thumb and forefinger using this:

Answer 9

Pincer Grip

Question 10

Occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin

Answer 10

Sensation

Question 11

The interpretation of what is sensed. Ex: the air waves that contact the ears might be interpreted as noise or as musical sounds

Answer 11

Perception

Question 12

An infant’s most preferred visual stimulus. Research shows that within hours after infants are born, they prefer to look at THIS rather than other objects

Answer 12

Human face

Question 13

These are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

Answer 13

Schemes

Question 14

This occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences

Answer 14

Assimilation

Question 15

This occurs when children adjust ((or change)) their schemes to take new information and experiences into account

Answer 15

Accommodation

Question 16

Is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.

Answer 16

Object Permanence

Question 17

From birth up to about 6 months of age, infants are “citizens of the world”: They recognize when sounds change most of the time, no matter what language the syllables come from. Patricia Kuhl called infants up to six months old this term:

Answer 17

Universal Linguists

Question 18

After six months, infants get even better at perceiving the changes in sounds from their “own” language (the one their parents speak) and gradually lose the ability to recognize differences in sounds that are not important in their own language (Kuhl, 2015). Infants in this stage are called this term:

Answer 18

Language- Specific Listeners

Question 19

Order of language development stages:

Answer 19

1. Crying (birth)
2. Cooing ((aaaaa, oooo)) (2 mo)
3. Babbling ((bababa)) (6 mo)
4. Gestures (9 mo)
5. First spoken word (13 months)

Question 20

According to Piaget, infants (0-2 years) are in this stage:

Answer 20

Sensorimotor