Middle Childhood (Ch. 9 & 10)

Question 1

Difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, spelling, and/or mathematics.

Answer 1

Learning disability

Question 2

Boys are 3 times as likely as girls to be classified as having learning disability. Some suggest this is because they are more likely to be referred for treatment.

Answer 2

Referral bias

Question 3

Individuals who have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell

Answer 3

Dyslexia

Question 4

In this stage, children can perform concrete operations, and they can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples.

Answer 4

Concrete Operational Stage

Question 5

Ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)

Answer 5

Seriation

Question 6

Ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

Answer 6

Transitivity

Question 7

A kind of mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written and spoken language

Answer 7

Working memory

Question 8

States that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
((Thinking “CAP”))

Answer 8

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Question 9

A condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ (below 70), difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life, and demonstrates these characteristics by age 18

Answer 9

Intellectual Disability

Question 10

Above-average intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something

Answer 10

Gifted

Question 11

Refers to global evaluations of the self; also called self-worth or self-image.
Ex: a child may perceive that she is not merely a person but a good person

Answer 11

Self-Esteem

Question 12

Refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

Self-evaluations of the many domains of their lives—academic, athletic, appearance, andso on

Answer 12

Self-concept

Question 13

A dominant theme of middle childhood. When children are encouraged to make, build, and work (Ex. build a model, construct a tree house, or solve a math problem), their sense of this increases.

Answer 13

Industry

part of Erikson’s 4th stage

Question 14

Lowest level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory. Ex: children interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards or punishments.

Answer 14

Preconventional Reasoning

Question 15

Individuals develop expectations about social roles. Individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standards of others, such as parents or the laws of society

Answer 15

Conventional Reasoning
(2nd and middle stage of Kohlberg's model)

Question 16

Highest level in Kohlberg’s theory. Morality involves flexible thinking and is more internalized. Individuals engage in deliberate checks on their reasoning to ensure that it meets high ethical standards.

Answer 16

Postconventional reasoning

Question 17

Instruction is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.

Answer 17

Constructivist Approach

Question 18

According to Dweck, this mindset is when individual qualities can change and improve through personal effort

Answer 18

Growth Mindset

Question 19

Suggests there are 8 types of intelligence: verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and natralist.

Answer 19

Howard Gardner-

8 Frames of Mind

Question 20

Deliberate efforts to manage one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts, leading to increased social competence and achievement

Answer 20

Self-regulation