Personality traits and beyond (nog niet af)

Question 1

personality=

Answer 1

enduring configuration of characteristics and behaviors that comprise individuals’ unique
adjustment to life

Question 2

traits=

Answer 2

stable and consistent endurable characteristics inferred from a pattern of behaviors, attitudes, feelings and habits of the individual

Question 3

traits and personality are supposed to be endurable, but the question is to which extend?

Answer 3

oke

Question 4

history of personality psychology

Answer 4

• 4/5th century BC: hippocrates said personality is the product of 4 humors (different bodily fluids related to some substance). also related to how we behave and feel. (melancholia = misbalance of basic humor black bile)
• rond 1800: Franz Gall & phrenology said there is a one-on-one link between brain regions + functions
• 1850: Phinneas Gage emphasized the biological basis of personality. damage to the OFC caused changes in personality (caring -> impulsive)
• psychodynamic view: Freud’s id/ego/superego, Jung’s personality type theory (extraversion/introversion, intuition/sensing, thinking/feeling)
• 1880: personality trait theory. Galton’s lexical hypothesis (personality = collecting words used in society)
• 1940: Catell and Spearman develop factor analysis, from there on modern trait theory (Big 5)

Question 5

lexical hypothesis =

Answer 5

(foundation of modern trait theory)

hypotheses:
1. personality charcteristics will become part of the group language (they influence the language we develop)
2. characteristics are likely to be encoded as a single word
3. principal component analysis: can group words together that might form the basis of a certain trait (assertive + charismatic + energetic -> can be grouped into extraversion)

Question 6

agreed upon ideas on personality traits:

Answer 6

1. there are 5-7 key factors
2. there are many different trait models (MMPI, NEO-FFI, HEXACO) -> jingle/jangle fallacy?
3. most commonly known is the OCEAN model (but not neccessarily the best)

Question 7

low neuroticism hangt samen met

Answer 7

fearlessness, shamelessness

Question 8

high neuroticism hangt samen met

Answer 8

depressivity, emotional lability

Question 9

wat is het centrale idee van trait dimensions

Answer 9

there is no good or bad, but extreme ends are not considered to adaptively work

Question 10

organization of traits

Answer 10

personality traits are hierarchically organized: each trait consist of certain facets. each facet then consists of certain items.

Question 11

traits are a good summary of how people might behave, but provide us with no idea of…

Answer 11

• personal narrative
• predictor of life events (traits are reasonable but not so good predictor of life events, more informative to have info on item scale vs trait scale to make a model)
• explanation of someone’s behavior

Question 12

hoe kan je personality psychopathology mappen samen met NEO-FFI

Answer 12

• negative affectivity vs emotional stability
• detachment vs extraversion
• antagonism vs agreeableness
• disinhibition vs conscientiousness
• psychoticism vs lucidity

-> personality disorder = maladaptive end of traits

Question 13

neuroticism related to…

Answer 13

high:
- depressivity
- emotional lability
- shamefulness

low:
- fearlessness
- shamelessness

Question 14

extraversion is related to:

Answer 14

high:
- excitement seeking
- attention seeking

low:
- social withdrawal
- detached
- coldness

Question 15

openness is related to

Answer 15

high:
- magical thinking
- eccentricity

low:
- inflexible
- close-minded

Question 16

agreeableness is related to

Answer 16

high:
- submissiveness
- selflessness
- gullibility

low:
- deceitfulness
- manipulativeness
- callousness

Question 17

conscientiousness is related to

Answer 17

high:
- perfectionism
- workaholism

low:
- distractibility
- irresponsibility
- rashness

Question 18

welke trait hoort bij borderline

Answer 18

negative affectivity