L1 Nature, culture, subject

Question 1

who is this person and how did they become that way? model

Answer 1

development (past) -> context -> person -> experiences and acts (present) -> goals and motivation (future)

zie schrift

Question 2

uitleg model: context en person

Answer 2

• everything always starts with experiences,
• always take place in a certain context (no context = symptoms are meaningless)
• other important component is the person: not everyone experiences events in the same way

Question 3

in any clinical situation, the question “…” is crucial

Answer 3

who is this person and how did they become that way?

Question 4

human groups get cultural histories due to the ….

Answer 4

continued transmission of conventions

Question 5

➢ Cultures develop oral and then written traditions and stories about who ‘we’ are and how ‘we’ came to be
➢ By telling these stories and reflecting on them we change our understanding of who we are.
➢ The histories of individuals can be located within these larger histories of the multiple ‘we’s’ to which we belong

Answer 5

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Question 6

3 types of origins

Answer 6

natural origins (evolution)
cultural origins
individual origins (birth)

Question 7

three perspectives on personality

Answer 7

• universal (human nature)
• particular (human cultures)
• singular (human live)

Question 8

some common confusions and mistakes

Answer 8

1. naturalizing cultural categories (eg. treating race as a natural kind: it is in fact cultural)
2. reducing every aspect to cultural narratives (the evolved physical body and brain are important limits for what is culturally possible)
3. forgetting about the cultural and subjective position from where the author speaks
4. treating all acounts as equally subjective opinions

Question 9

two key steps in the evolution of human cooperation

Answer 9

1. obligate collaborative foraging
2. group-mindedness

Question 10

obligate collaborative foraging =

Answer 10

• young children already have a tendency towards joint intentionality.
• humans have a great capacity for shared goals and shared mental states.
• within this context, shared meanings and shared stories can come to existence
  -> humans are from birth particularly attuned to sharing mental states with other humans

Question 11

joint intentionality =

Answer 11

A concept used (by Tomasello) to describe a uniquely human evolutionary adaptation. It implies that humans are extremely attuned to sharing their intentions and working towards joint intentions. This sets the stage for forms of intensive cooperation far surpassing that of other mammals

Question 12

group mindedness=

Answer 12

• due to the strong possibility of shared intentionality, humans develop a capability for conventions
• children from then on are born in a world full of pre-existing conventional structures that they grow into and only later and partially become aware of
• in this they are introduced in a pre-existing symbolic order: the universe of signs and meanings typical for humans

Question 13

cultural practices are different from behavioural traditions because their practicioners understand them as shared in the group: we have all agreed to do them in a particular way, even though we know there are other ways in which we could do them.

Answer 13

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Question 14

wat is first nature en wat is second nature

Answer 14

first nature: universal human nature (collaboration and group-mindedness) -> individual life story

second nature: particular cultural histories -> individual life story

Question 15

the psychological self =

Answer 15

the reflexive arrangement of the subjective “I” and the constructed “me”.

I= first person perspective
me= messages from the others

Question 16

development of the self according to McAdams

Answer 16

vanaf 0: actor (traits and social roles, that result in and from repeated performances on the social stage of life)
vanaf 5: agent (goals and values)
vanaf 20: author (life narratives)

Question 17

the self as actor=

Answer 17

first we discover what society says we are, then we build our identity on performance in that part. if we uphold this performance, we are rewarded with social affirmation of our identity (therefore we are created in the performance).if we bungle the performance, we show that we do not merit the part, we are destroyed (literally).

Question 18

persona =

Answer 18

(self as actor)

masker & karakter: what your meaning is in the perspective of others
appearance (may be disconnected from the subjective experience)

Question 19

the self as agent =

Answer 19

to make choices and, move forward in life in a self-determined and goal-directed manner. towards the future.

Question 20

welke factoren horen bij human agency

Answer 20

intention, violition, will, purpose, some modicum of personal control

Question 21

agency vs autonomy

Answer 21

agency= actions, control (be independent, be the driver of change)
autonomy= decisions, making choices independent from external pressure

Question 22

the self as author =

Answer 22

narrative identity, to integrate the reconstructed past, experienced present and imagined future into the “me”

Question 23

nature=

Answer 23

Does not directly refer here to distinguishing nature and nurture at an individual level. Nature here refers to ‘human biology’- that is approaching the human organism within its ecology and as part of an evolutionary history. The natural sciences (mainly biology) are most appropriate here.

Question 24

nurture=

Answer 24

Refers to the development of a specifically human ecology which is characterized by ‘joint intentionality’ and ‘symbolic interaction’ and is part of a cultural history which is traditionally referred to as ‘civilization’. The humanities (anthropology, sociology, political economy) are most appropriate here.

Question 25

subject=

Answer 25

Refers to the undeniable first-person experience that emerges from the birth of a new human organism (nature) into a pre-existing world (culture). It is part of the individual live history. Phenomenology, existentialism and life stories are most appropriate here.

Question 26

first nature=

Answer 26

The influence of human evolutionary history on individual development.

Question 27

second nature=

Answer 27

The influence of human cultural history on individual development.

Question 28

nurture=

Answer 28

The specific ways in which the direct environment in which we are born shapes us into an individual (interaction of first and second nature).

Question 29

conventional cultural practices=

Answer 29

A concept used for a second step in evolution, in which humans are starting to understand themselves as part of a shared community of ‘us’. Cultural traditions are distinguished from behavioral traditons. In the latter useful behaviors are learned, but only in the first conventions (that may not have direct use) are transmitted over generations. This allows for much more complex symbolic interaction and sets the stage for cultural development (and intergroup conflict).

Question 30

symbolic order=

Answer 30

Concept referring to the fact that the world into which we are born is not simply a natural ‘umwelt’, but structured by the symbolic interactions over the generations which have shaped a particular pre-formed understanding of the world that shapes our world-understanding and our ‘being-in-the-world’.

Baby/body enters a structure of institutions and ways of being together that will soon be internalized

Question 31

schema=

Answer 31

a particular memory-pattern resulting from nurture (learning history, interaction of first and second nature), which pre-structures our understanding of new situations

Question 32

personality =

Answer 32

specific, typical ways in which a person has learned to behave throughout their lives

Question 33

voorbeeld van iemand die depressief kan raken en hoe

Answer 33

context = lack of connection
symptoms = depressive feelings

• felt like no one was taking care of her
  -> slowly learned to become vulnerable
• development = hard to consider herself important, therefore not allowed to express feelings and emo problems
• not much in contact with emotions + what she wanted to do and became disconnected with who she was

Question 34

4 different approaches of personality

Answer 34

1. scientific theories
2. personal narratives
3. multicultural perspectives
4. own personal development

Question 35

wat is zo belangrijk aan essay van J baldwin

Answer 35

• how being a person is connected to history, present time and personal subjective position
• important figure in civil rights movement

Question 36

hoe integreert ‘the fire next time’ in de theorie

Answer 36

life chapters: profound religious crisis
key scenes: at 13 he was stopped by a cop that made speculations about ancestry and sexual prowess (he was made fun of)
entering a symbolic order: he needed to learn to be good not just to please/avoid punishment from parents but also from society