Personality Disorders: Part I Flashcards
When is Personality Disordered?
when character traits are so pervasive, and maladaptive that they impede an individual’s ability to function appropiately in social roles
Hallmark Signs
- chronic interpersonal problems
- problems with one’s sense of self or identity
DSM-V Criteria: General Personality Disorder
- enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviated markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive, inflexible
- onset: adolescence, early adulthood
- stable over time
- leads to distress or impairment
- manifested in two or more of the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control
Cluster A: Personality Disorders
person appears odd or eccentric
- paranoid personality disorder
- schizoid personality disorder
- schizotypal personality disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
pattern of distrust and suspiciousness: others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent
Schizoid Personality Disorder
pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
pattern on acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior
Cluster B: Personality Disorders
person appears dramatic, emotional, or erratic
- antisocial personality disorder
- borderline personality disorder
- histrionic personality disorder
- narcissistic personality disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
pattern of disregard for, or violation, of the rights of others (sociopathy, dyssocial pd, moral insanity, psychopathy)
Borderline Personality Disorder
pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and marked impulsivity
Histrionic Personality Disorder
pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
Cluster C: Personality Disorders
person appears anxious or fearful
- avoidant personality disorder
- dependent personality disorder
- obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Dependent Personality Disorder
pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control
Causes of Personality Disorders
- depend on disorder
- gradual development
- not believed to be related to specific stressors, trauma
- some scientific support for: learning, neurological differences, genetics, diathesis-stress model
Prevalence of Personality Disorders
13%
Challenges in PD Research
- diagnostic challenges: symptoms are not easily observed (require expertise)
- categories are not mutually exclusive
- symptoms represent extremes of a continuum of personality traits seen in normal, well-adjusted people
- abnormality is hard to define
DSM-V Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder
- disregard and violation of rights of other since age 15
- 3 or more of the following:
- failure to conform to social norms: crimes
- deceitfulness, repeated lying for own benefit
- impulsivity and failure to plan ahead
- irritability and aggressiveness
- reckless disregard for safety of self and other
- consistent irresponsibility
- lack of remorse
- must be 18 or older
- have evidence of conduct disorder with onset before 15 years
- antisocial behavior does not occur exclusively during manic or psychic episode
Psychopathy
- traits of ASPD + lack of empathy, superficial charm, arrogance
Two Dimensions of Psychopathy
- affective/interpersonal: callousness, selfishness, exploitation
- behavioral: antisocial, impulsive, deviant or criminal behavior
Clinical Features of Psychopathy
- unable to understand and accept ethical values
- irresponsible and impulsive behavior: thrill seeking, they take what they want
- associated with higher rates of substance abuse
- antisocial behavior related to lower IQ
- ability to impress and exploit others: intuitive about others needs and weaknesses
- don’t understand give or feel real love
Causal Factors in ASPD and Psychopathy
- genetic influences: moderate heritability (may share neurodevelopmental problem)
- biological: deficient emotional arousal and conditioning (less prone to fear and anxiety)
- environmental: early loss, parental rejection
