Chapter 12: Overlap and Integration

Question 1

Freud’s Structural Model and Human Evolution: The ID

Answer 1

• basic biological needs or drives
• human behaviour is self-serving: fulfills biological needs for survival and reproduction (genetically based survival instincts)

Question 2

Freud’s Structural Model and Human Evolution: The Ego

Answer 2

• the need to deal with reality and meet needs in a realistic way
• evolution of cerebral cortex

Question 3

ID - EGO

Answer 3

• Id: animal needs (genes)
• Ego: adaptation to cope with reality (prefrontal cortex)
• evolutionary theory

Question 4

Freud’s Structural Model and Human Evolution: The Superego

Answer 4

• humans must live in groups
• must find a way to meet needs of self by also meeting needs of group
• group needs may override personal needs in short-term in order to promote long-term survival/need fulfillment

Question 5

Superego (ethical behavior) + Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 5

• promotes group membership and acceptance promotes survival
• “safety in numbers”
• social behavior: living in groups, reciprocal altruism

Question 6

Psychoanalysis and Evolutionary Psychology: Fixations and Mating Patterns

Answer 6

Freud
- oedipal/electra complex: anxiety related to hatred of same sex (desire to sexually possess other parent)
- adult fixiation: exaggerated efforts to attract member of opposite sex
- men: promiscuous sex
- women: seductive behavior
Evolutionary Perspective
- male mating behavior: mate with as many females as possible, in order to pass genes
- female mating behavior: attract as many mates in order to select the one with the best genes

Question 7

Psychoanalysis and Learning Theories

Answer 7

• Freud: repression (attempt to avoid thoughts that create anxiety)
• Learning Perspective: conditioned not to think about distressing things (not thinking avoids pains, escaping pain reinforces not thinking of distressing things

Question 8

Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Theories

Answer 8

• freud concept of unconscious = cognitive concept of automaticity
• ego functioning = executive control processes
• ego strength = coping skills, self-esteem
• defenses = cognitive distortions
• repression = selective attention
• transference = application of schemas

Question 9

Cognitive Distortions: All-or-Nothing Thinking

Answer 9

• thinking in absolute terms: always, every, never (few aspects of human behavior are so absolute)

Question 10

Cognitive Distortions: Over generalization

Answer 10

• taking isolated cases and using them to make wide generalizations

Question 11

Cognitive Distortions: Mental Filter

Answer 11

• focusing exclusively on certain, usually upsetting, aspects of something while igniting the rest

Question 12

Cognitive Distortions: Disqualifying the positive

Answer 12

shooting down positive experiences

Question 13

Cognitive Distortions: Jumping into Conclusions

Answer 13

assuming something negative where there is actually no evidence to support it

Question 14

Cognitive Distortions: Magnification/Minimization

Answer 14

exaggerating negatives and understating positives or exaggerate positive characteristics of a person but understating the negatives

Question 15

Cognitive Distortions: Emotional Reasoning

Answer 15

making decisions based on how you feel rather than objective reality

Question 16

Cognitive Distortions: Making Should Statements

Answer 16

having rigid rules which you think should always apply no matter what the circumstances are

Question 17

Cognitive Distortions: Labeling

Answer 17

overgeneralization, explaining by naming rather than describing a behavior

Question 18

Cognitive Distortions: Personalization

Answer 18

assuming that you or others directly caused things when that has not been the case

Question 19

Social Learning, Cognitive, and Self-Regulation Theories: common foundations

Answer 19

• construct representation of world and self
• how humans view and understand the world around them
• human behavior is motivated by expectancies and outcomes

Question 20

Traits and Dispositions

Answer 20

• origins of personality characteristics among theories, but almost all theories agree that traits, dispositions, temperaments are stable and are reflected across time and situations
• importance of early social experiences in development of personality

Question 21

Motivation: Dispositional Perspective

Answer 21

needs, motives, drives, press

Question 22

Motivation: Learning Perspective

Answer 22

incentives

Question 23

Motivation: Self-regulation and Cognitive Perspective

Answer 23

goals

Question 24

Motivation: Analytic Perspective

Answer 24

cathexis, drive fulfillment

Question 25

Motivation: Neoanalytic Perspective

Answer 25

strivings for effectance, competence, superiority

Question 26

Impulse and Restraint: Dispositional

Answer 26

reflects stable trait

Question 27

Impulse and Restraint: Biomedical

Answer 27

temperaments, genetic basis, neurological basis

Question 28

Impulse and Restraint: Psychodynamic

Answer 28

ID vs. Superego conflicts

Question 29

Impulse and Restraint: Cognitive

Answer 29

rational vs. experiential systems (selective attention, memory, decision-making, self-regulation

Question 30

Individual vs Group Needs: Dispositional

Answer 30

• trait approach: agreeableness and extroversion

- needs: affiliation, intimacy, love etc.

Question 31

Individual vs Group Needs: Evolutionary

Answer 31

reciprocal altruism

Question 32

Individual vs Group Needs: Psychoanalytic

Answer 32

superego conformity

Question 33

Individual vs Group Needs: Neoanalytic

Answer 33

• object relations: sep/ind attachment

- Erikson: intimacy vs isolation

Question 34

Individual vs Group Needs: Learning

Answer 34

provide rewards

Question 35

Individual vs Group Needs: Phenomenological

Answer 35

positive regard, self-actualization and transcendence