Chapter 8: The Learning Perspective (Social-Cognitive Learning Experiences) Flashcards
Weakness of Behaviorist Theory
- all behavior is learned: too restrictive
- does not account for. internal processes in decision making (thinking), learning without direct conditioning/experience
Social Learning Theories
Emphasis on Social Aspects
Cognitive Learning Theories
emphasis on mental events
Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
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Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
- observational learning: learning by observing others
- also called modeling
Effect of Modeling on Personality
- can explain aggression: when violence is rewarded or not punished: may lead to observational learning of violent behavior
- media violence: heroes are rewarded
Modeling: Sex Role Acquisition
- girls tend to encode more female behavior
- boys tend to encode more male behavior
Modeling: Self Image
- self image based in self evaluation
- anorexia nervosa: the thin ideal
Self-Regulation
- controlling own behavior
- self-observation
- judgement: comparison and competition
- self-response: reward or punish yourself
Vicarious Emotional Arousal
- empathy
- observation of emotional arousal in others causes the same emotional arousal in observer
- less intense, but existent
- empathy: feeling what others feel
- sympathy: feel concern or pity for others suffering
Vicarious Classical Conditioning
- watch someone else experience a shock every time a bell rings: sound of the bell ring will produce negative emotions in oneself
Vicarious Reinforcement
- observe consequences of other’s actions
- learning from other people’s mistakes and successes
- prepares for experiences not yet experienced
Cognitive Learning
- rule based learning: operant conditioning teaches rules not just behaviors
Cognitive Learning and Expectancies
- moderating variable between experience of conditioning and actual learning (expectancies of outcomes)
- expectancy-incentive theory (incentive: value of goal)
Locus-of-Control Expectancies
- Rotter 1954
- different people learn different things from different events
- difference: perceived cause and effect relationship
Internal Locus of Control
reinforcers are controlled from within, by own actions
External Locus of Control
reinforcers are controlled from outside self, by something other than own actions
Efficacy and Expectancies: Albert Bandura
- you may know what to do to solve a problem, but you may not do it (you have to believe that you can do it)
- beliefs about self-efficacy influence behavior
- related to competence
- self-efficacy differs from locus: you can have internal locus but not feel effective to produce effective outcomes
Assessment of Personality
- self-report methods
- expectancies (outcomes, self-efficacy, locus of control)
Problems in Personality and Behavior
errors occurred in
- vicarious conditioning: punishment for positive behaviors
- expectancies: learned helplessness
- observational learning: skill deficits (problem solving, empathy)
Cognitive Behavioral Perspective: Maladaptive Behavior
- errors occur in maladaptive thoughts and errors in information-processing during the learning process
- eventually leads to maladaptive emotions and behavior
