Chapter 8: The Learning Perspective (Social-Cognitive Learning Experiences)

Question 1

Weakness of Behaviorist Theory

Answer 1

• all behavior is learned: too restrictive
• does not account for. internal processes in decision making (thinking), learning without direct conditioning/experience

Question 2

Social Learning Theories

Answer 2

Emphasis on Social Aspects

Question 3

Cognitive Learning Theories

Answer 3

emphasis on mental events

Question 4

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

Answer 4

..

Question 5

Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Answer 5

• observational learning: learning by observing others

- also called modeling

Question 6

Effect of Modeling on Personality

Answer 6

• can explain aggression: when violence is rewarded or not punished: may lead to observational learning of violent behavior
• media violence: heroes are rewarded

Question 7

Modeling: Sex Role Acquisition

Answer 7

• girls tend to encode more female behavior

- boys tend to encode more male behavior

Question 8

Modeling: Self Image

Answer 8

• self image based in self evaluation

- anorexia nervosa: the thin ideal

Question 9

Self-Regulation

Answer 9

• controlling own behavior
• self-observation
• judgement: comparison and competition
• self-response: reward or punish yourself

Question 10

Vicarious Emotional Arousal

Answer 10

• empathy
• observation of emotional arousal in others causes the same emotional arousal in observer
• less intense, but existent
• empathy: feeling what others feel
• sympathy: feel concern or pity for others suffering

Question 11

Vicarious Classical Conditioning

Answer 11

• watch someone else experience a shock every time a bell rings: sound of the bell ring will produce negative emotions in oneself

Question 12

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 12

• observe consequences of other’s actions
• learning from other people’s mistakes and successes
• prepares for experiences not yet experienced

Question 13

Cognitive Learning

Answer 13

• rule based learning: operant conditioning teaches rules not just behaviors

Question 14

Cognitive Learning and Expectancies

Answer 14

• moderating variable between experience of conditioning and actual learning (expectancies of outcomes)
• expectancy-incentive theory (incentive: value of goal)

Question 15

Locus-of-Control Expectancies

Answer 15

• Rotter 1954
• different people learn different things from different events
• difference: perceived cause and effect relationship

Question 16

Internal Locus of Control

Answer 16

reinforcers are controlled from within, by own actions

Question 17

External Locus of Control

Answer 17

reinforcers are controlled from outside self, by something other than own actions

Question 18

Efficacy and Expectancies: Albert Bandura

Answer 18

• you may know what to do to solve a problem, but you may not do it (you have to believe that you can do it)
• beliefs about self-efficacy influence behavior
• related to competence
• self-efficacy differs from locus: you can have internal locus but not feel effective to produce effective outcomes

Question 19

Assessment of Personality

Answer 19

• self-report methods

- expectancies (outcomes, self-efficacy, locus of control)

Question 20

Problems in Personality and Behavior

Answer 20

errors occurred in

• vicarious conditioning: punishment for positive behaviors
• expectancies: learned helplessness
• observational learning: skill deficits (problem solving, empathy)

Question 21

Cognitive Behavioral Perspective: Maladaptive Behavior

Answer 21

• errors occur in maladaptive thoughts and errors in information-processing during the learning process
• eventually leads to maladaptive emotions and behavior