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PSYC 100 - clinical > Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

nature of personality disorders

A

enduring and relatively stable predispositions (ie ways of relating and thinking)
predispositions are inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress and or impairment
used to be coded on axis 2 in 4
difficult and resistant to treatment
we dont know much about their causes or treatments

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2
Q

controversy of personality disorders

A

labelling core bit of you as a human being = disordered

one point suggested removing almost all but clinicians oushed against it

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3
Q

cateogircal vs dimensional approach

A

controvery which should be used

see reading for more info

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4
Q

new model for further research in DSM 5 of PD

A

DSM5 did not substantially change criteria for pers dis instead new model
only 6 personality types defined yb
-impairments in self and interpersonal functioning
pathological personality traits (negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibtion and psychoticism)
included
antisocial
avoidant
boderline
narcissitic
obsessive-compulsice
schizotypal

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5
Q

cluster a characteristics

A

odd or eccentric

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6
Q

cluster b characteristics

A

dramatic, emotional, erratic

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7
Q

cluster c characteristics

A

fearful or anxious

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8
Q

prevalence of pers dis

A

adults only - kids personality is still forming so wrong to pathologise them
rates are higher in inpatient and outpatient settings = comorbities and they pull you to treatment

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9
Q

origins and course of personality dis

A

thought to begin in childhood
tend to run a chronic course if untreated
role of caregivers responses
roel of tempermament
long term development of personality, unlikely thing to change even if diagnosed.. so resistant to treatment

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10
Q

comorbidities of pers dis

A

high!

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11
Q

gender distribution of pers dis

A

gender bias exists in the diagnosis of pers dis
such bias may be a result of criterion or assessment gender bias
pathologise gender stereotyped behaviour?

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12
Q

clinical features of paranoid pd

-what cluster

A

pervasive and unjustifies mistrust and suspicion

A

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13
Q

causes of paranoid PD

A

bio and psych contributions are unclear

may result from ealry learning that people and the world is a dangeous place

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14
Q

list of paranoid pd symptoms and how many is required for diagnosis

A 
4
suspects without evidence that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving
doubts the loyalty of others
reluctant to confide due to mistrust
negativity in benigin remarks
bears grudges
perceives attacks on character
suspicions of infidelity
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15
Q

treatment options for paranoid pd

A

few seek help on their own
focuses ondevelopment of trust
cognitive terapy to counter negativistic thinking
lack good outcome studies showing that treatment is effective

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16
Q

schizoid ps

overview, clinical features and which cluster

A

pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships
very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations
A

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17
Q

causes of schizoid pd

A

etiology is unclear

preference for social isolation resembles austism but no studies linking

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18
Q

syptoms of schizoid pd and how mnay required for diagnosis

A

neither desires nor enjoys close relationships
mostly chooses solitary activities
little to no interest in sex with another
take spleasure in few activities
lacks close friends other than first degree relatives
indifferent to praise or criticism
emotionally distant and flat

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19
Q

treatment schizoid pd

A

few seek help themself
focus on value of interpersonal relationships, empathy and social skills
treatment prognosis is generally poor
lack good outcome studies showing treatment is effective

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20
Q

clinical features of schizotypal and which cluster

A

behaviour and dress is odd or unusual
socially isolated and may be highly suspicious of others
magical thinking, ideas of reference and illusions
risk for developing schizophrenia is high
A

21
Q

causes of schizotypal pd

A

phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype = schizophrenia light?

left hemisphere and more generalized brain deficits

22
Q

symptoms of schizotypal and how many needed for di

A 
5 or more
ideas of reference (not delusions)
odd beliefs or magial thinking
unusual perceptual experiences
odd thinking and speech
suspicious or paranoid ideation
inappropriate or constricted affect
odd behaviour or appearance
few close friends
excessive social anxiety
23
Q

treatment options for schizotypal

A

main focus on developing social skills
also address comorbid depression
medical treatment similar to that used for schizophrenia
prognosis is poor

24
Q

clinical features of antisocial pd and which cluster

A

failure to comply with social norms and violation of rihts of others
irresponsible, impulsive and deceitful
lack of conscience, empathy and remorse
many have early histories of behavioural problems inc conduct dis
many come from families with inconsistent parental discipline and support (operatn conditioning principles)
families often have histories of criminal and violent behavoiur
modelling
genetics?

25
Q

psychopathology

A

incorporates affective / personality traits to a greater degree
most psychopaths meet criteria for ASPD, but most individuals with APD are not psychopaths

26
Q

criminal behaviours and psychopaths

A

high
sudden dorp off at aged 40
don’t understand why
unlike normal population

27
Q

early behaviours in ASPD

A

many have early histories of behavioural problems inc conduct disorder
many come from families with inconsistesnt parental discipline and support
families often have histories of criminal and violent behaviour

28
Q

neurobio theories of ASPD

A

underarousal hypothesis - cortical arousal is too low
cortical immatturity hypothesis - cerebral cortes is not fully developed
fearlessness hypothesis - psychopaths fail to respond with fear to danger cues

29
Q

treatment of ASPD

A

few seek
antisocial behaviour is predictive of poor prognosis, even in children
emphasis is placed on prevention and rehabilitation
often incarceration = only viable alternative

30
Q

borderline PD

  • gender
  • cluster
A

75% are women - potential gender bias

cluster B`

31
Q

treatment options borderline PD

A

few good outcome studies
antidepressants = short term relief
dialectical behaviour therapy = most promosing psych approach (originially used for sexual abuse surviviors)

32
Q

histrionic pd
cluster
clinical features
causes

A 
b
overlay dramatic, sensational and sexually provocative
need to be centre of attention
perceived as shallow
causes
-unknow
-female variant of antisocial pd?
33
Q

histrionic pd symptoms

A 
5 or more
uncomfortable when not centre of attention
inappropriately seductive or provocative
shifting and shallow emotions
physical appearance to draw attention
impressionistic speech
theatrical and dramatic in expression
highly suggestible
thinks reltionships are more intimate than they really are
34
Q

treatment options histrionic PD

A

few good treatment outcome studies
treatment focuses on attention seeking and long term negative consequences
targets may also include problematic interpersonal behaviours
little evidence that treatment is effective

35
Q

narcissistic pd
cluster
clinical features
causes

A

b
exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance
preoccupation with receiving attention
lack of empathy
highly sensitive to criticism
envious and arrogant
causes
early failure to learn empathy as a child
sociaological view - a product of “me” generation

36
Q

narcissistic pd symptoms

A 
5 or more
grandiose
fantasies of success, power, brilliance etc
believes he / she is special or unique
requires excessive admiration
self entitiled
exploits others for his or her benefit
lacks of empathy
envious of others or believes they are envious of him or her
arrogant or haughty
37
Q

narcissistic pd treatment options

A

extremely limited treatment research
treatment focuses on grandiosity, lack of empathy, unrealistic thinking
treatment may also adress co-occuring depression
little evidence treatment is effective

38
Q

avoidant pd
cluster
overview and clinical features

A

c
extreme sensitivity to the opinions of others
highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships
are interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection

39
Q

avoidant pd causes

A

numerous factors have been proposed

early development - a difficult temperment produces early rejection

40
Q

avoidant pd symptoms

A

avoids activites requiring interpersonal contact out of fear of rejection
needs to be certain of being liked
holds back in relationships out of fear
preoccupies with criticism or rejection
inhibited due to feelings of inadequacy
sees self as inept, unappealing or inferior
reluctant to take risks (embarrassing)

41
Q

treamtment options avoidant pd

A

several well-controlled treatment outcome studies exist
treatment is similar to that used for social phobia
treatment targets include social skills and anxiety

42
Q

dependent pd cluster

clinical features

A

c
excessive reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions
fear of abandonment
clingy and submissive

43
Q

causes dependent pd

A

still largely unclear

early disruptions in learning independence

44
Q

symptoms dependent pd

A

indecisive without advice or reassurance
neesd others to be responsible for decisions
wont disagree due to fear of support or approval
difficulty initiating or doing things on own
excessive attempts at nurturnce and support
uncomfortable when alone
must always be in a relationship
preoccupied with having to take care of self

45
Q

treatment options dependent pd

A

research on treatment efficacy is laking
therapy typicalyy progresses gradually
treatment targets include skills that foster independence

46
Q

obsessive compulsive pd
cluster
clinical features
causes

A

c
excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way
highly perfectionistic, orderly and emotionally shallow
obsessions and compulsions are rare
causes = largely unknown

47
Q

symptoms obsessive compulsive pd

A

preoccupied with details, rules, order
perfectionism interferes with tasks
devoted to work to the exclusion of leisure
overconscientious and inflexible about morality, ethics or values
cannot discard old or worthless objects
reluctant to delegate unless done in their way
misery
rigid and stubborn

48
Q

treatment options obsessive - compulsive pd

A

sata supporting treatmen are limited
treatment may adress fears related to the need for orderliness
other targets include rumination, procrastination and feelings of inadequacy

PSYC 100 - clinical (13 decks)

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