Personality Disorders

Question 1

nature of personality disorders

Answer 1

enduring and relatively stable predispositions (ie ways of relating and thinking)
predispositions are inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress and or impairment
used to be coded on axis 2 in 4
difficult and resistant to treatment
we dont know much about their causes or treatments

Question 2

controversy of personality disorders

Answer 2

labelling core bit of you as a human being = disordered

one point suggested removing almost all but clinicians oushed against it

Question 3

cateogircal vs dimensional approach

Answer 3

controvery which should be used

see reading for more info

Question 4

new model for further research in DSM 5 of PD

Answer 4

DSM5 did not substantially change criteria for pers dis instead new model
only 6 personality types defined yb
-impairments in self and interpersonal functioning
pathological personality traits (negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibtion and psychoticism)
included
antisocial
avoidant
boderline
narcissitic
obsessive-compulsice
schizotypal

Question 5

cluster a characteristics

Answer 5

odd or eccentric

Question 6

cluster b characteristics

Answer 6

dramatic, emotional, erratic

Question 7

cluster c characteristics

Answer 7

fearful or anxious

Question 8

prevalence of pers dis

Answer 8

adults only - kids personality is still forming so wrong to pathologise them
rates are higher in inpatient and outpatient settings = comorbities and they pull you to treatment

Question 9

origins and course of personality dis

Answer 9

thought to begin in childhood
tend to run a chronic course if untreated
role of caregivers responses
roel of tempermament
long term development of personality, unlikely thing to change even if diagnosed.. so resistant to treatment

Question 10

comorbidities of pers dis

Answer 10

high!

Question 11

gender distribution of pers dis

Answer 11

gender bias exists in the diagnosis of pers dis
such bias may be a result of criterion or assessment gender bias
pathologise gender stereotyped behaviour?

Question 12

clinical features of paranoid pd

-what cluster

Answer 12

pervasive and unjustifies mistrust and suspicion

A

Question 13

causes of paranoid PD

Answer 13

bio and psych contributions are unclear

may result from ealry learning that people and the world is a dangeous place

Question 14

list of paranoid pd symptoms and how many is required for diagnosis

Answer 14

4
suspects without evidence that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving
doubts the loyalty of others
reluctant to confide due to mistrust
negativity in benigin remarks
bears grudges
perceives attacks on character
suspicions of infidelity

Question 15

treatment options for paranoid pd

Answer 15

few seek help on their own
focuses ondevelopment of trust
cognitive terapy to counter negativistic thinking
lack good outcome studies showing that treatment is effective

Question 16

schizoid ps

overview, clinical features and which cluster

Answer 16

pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships
very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations
A

Question 17

causes of schizoid pd

Answer 17

etiology is unclear

preference for social isolation resembles austism but no studies linking

Question 18

syptoms of schizoid pd and how mnay required for diagnosis

Answer 18

neither desires nor enjoys close relationships
mostly chooses solitary activities
little to no interest in sex with another
take spleasure in few activities
lacks close friends other than first degree relatives
indifferent to praise or criticism
emotionally distant and flat

Question 19

treatment schizoid pd

Answer 19

few seek help themself
focus on value of interpersonal relationships, empathy and social skills
treatment prognosis is generally poor
lack good outcome studies showing treatment is effective

Question 20

clinical features of schizotypal and which cluster

Answer 20

behaviour and dress is odd or unusual
socially isolated and may be highly suspicious of others
magical thinking, ideas of reference and illusions
risk for developing schizophrenia is high
A

Question 21

causes of schizotypal pd

Answer 21

phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype = schizophrenia light?

left hemisphere and more generalized brain deficits

Question 22

symptoms of schizotypal and how many needed for di

Answer 22

5 or more
ideas of reference (not delusions)
odd beliefs or magial thinking
unusual perceptual experiences
odd thinking and speech
suspicious or paranoid ideation
inappropriate or constricted affect
odd behaviour or appearance
few close friends
excessive social anxiety

Question 23

treatment options for schizotypal

Answer 23

main focus on developing social skills
also address comorbid depression
medical treatment similar to that used for schizophrenia
prognosis is poor

Question 24

clinical features of antisocial pd and which cluster

Answer 24

failure to comply with social norms and violation of rihts of others
irresponsible, impulsive and deceitful
lack of conscience, empathy and remorse
many have early histories of behavioural problems inc conduct dis
many come from families with inconsistent parental discipline and support (operatn conditioning principles)
families often have histories of criminal and violent behavoiur
modelling
genetics?

Question 25

psychopathology

Answer 25

incorporates affective / personality traits to a greater degree most psychopaths meet criteria for ASPD, but most individuals with APD are not psychopaths

Question 26

criminal behaviours and psychopaths

Answer 26

high sudden dorp off at aged 40 don't understand why unlike normal population

Question 27

early behaviours in ASPD

Answer 27

many have early histories of behavioural problems inc conduct disorder many come from families with inconsistesnt parental discipline and support families often have histories of criminal and violent behaviour

Question 28

neurobio theories of ASPD

Answer 28

underarousal hypothesis - cortical arousal is too low cortical immatturity hypothesis - cerebral cortes is not fully developed fearlessness hypothesis - psychopaths fail to respond with fear to danger cues

Question 29

treatment of ASPD

Answer 29

few seek antisocial behaviour is predictive of poor prognosis, even in children emphasis is placed on prevention and rehabilitation often incarceration = only viable alternative

Question 30

borderline PD - gender - cluster

Answer 30

75% are women - potential gender bias | cluster B`

Question 31

treatment options borderline PD

Answer 31

few good outcome studies antidepressants = short term relief dialectical behaviour therapy = most promosing psych approach (originially used for sexual abuse surviviors)

Question 32

histrionic pd cluster clinical features causes

Answer 32

``` b overlay dramatic, sensational and sexually provocative need to be centre of attention perceived as shallow causes -unknow -female variant of antisocial pd? ```

Question 33

histrionic pd symptoms

Answer 33

``` 5 or more uncomfortable when not centre of attention inappropriately seductive or provocative shifting and shallow emotions physical appearance to draw attention impressionistic speech theatrical and dramatic in expression highly suggestible thinks reltionships are more intimate than they really are ```

Question 34

treatment options histrionic PD

Answer 34

few good treatment outcome studies treatment focuses on attention seeking and long term negative consequences targets may also include problematic interpersonal behaviours little evidence that treatment is effective

Question 35

narcissistic pd cluster clinical features causes

Answer 35

b exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance preoccupation with receiving attention lack of empathy highly sensitive to criticism envious and arrogant causes early failure to learn empathy as a child sociaological view - a product of "me" generation

Question 36

narcissistic pd symptoms

Answer 36

``` 5 or more grandiose fantasies of success, power, brilliance etc believes he / she is special or unique requires excessive admiration self entitiled exploits others for his or her benefit lacks of empathy envious of others or believes they are envious of him or her arrogant or haughty ```

Question 37

narcissistic pd treatment options

Answer 37

extremely limited treatment research treatment focuses on grandiosity, lack of empathy, unrealistic thinking treatment may also adress co-occuring depression little evidence treatment is effective

Question 38

avoidant pd cluster overview and clinical features

Answer 38

c extreme sensitivity to the opinions of others highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships are interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection

Question 39

avoidant pd causes

Answer 39

numerous factors have been proposed | early development - a difficult temperment produces early rejection

Question 40

avoidant pd symptoms

Answer 40

avoids activites requiring interpersonal contact out of fear of rejection needs to be certain of being liked holds back in relationships out of fear preoccupies with criticism or rejection inhibited due to feelings of inadequacy sees self as inept, unappealing or inferior reluctant to take risks (embarrassing)

Question 41

treamtment options avoidant pd

Answer 41

several well-controlled treatment outcome studies exist treatment is similar to that used for social phobia treatment targets include social skills and anxiety

Question 42

dependent pd cluster | clinical features

Answer 42

c excessive reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions fear of abandonment clingy and submissive

Question 43

causes dependent pd

Answer 43

still largely unclear | early disruptions in learning independence

Question 44

symptoms dependent pd

Answer 44

indecisive without advice or reassurance neesd others to be responsible for decisions wont disagree due to fear of support or approval difficulty initiating or doing things on own excessive attempts at nurturnce and support uncomfortable when alone must always be in a relationship preoccupied with having to take care of self

Question 45

treatment options dependent pd

Answer 45

research on treatment efficacy is laking therapy typicalyy progresses gradually treatment targets include skills that foster independence

Question 46

obsessive compulsive pd cluster clinical features causes

Answer 46

c excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way highly perfectionistic, orderly and emotionally shallow obsessions and compulsions are rare causes = largely unknown

Question 47

symptoms obsessive compulsive pd

Answer 47

preoccupied with details, rules, order perfectionism interferes with tasks devoted to work to the exclusion of leisure overconscientious and inflexible about morality, ethics or values cannot discard old or worthless objects reluctant to delegate unless done in their way misery rigid and stubborn

Question 48

treatment options obsessive - compulsive pd

Answer 48

sata supporting treatmen are limited treatment may adress fears related to the need for orderliness other targets include rumination, procrastination and feelings of inadequacy