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PSYC 100 - clinical > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal psychology - vague

A

concerned with the nature, causes and development of abnormal behaviour, thought and feelings
abnormal = relative
varies across time, place and culture

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2
Q

how could we identify behaviour as abnormal (also list the flaw in each of these)

A

stats - but what about statistically brilliant (Kelly Slater)
psych dysfuntion - hard to define, maladaptive behavoiur can be good
personal distress - but can be necessary and normal to death for example
deviation from an ideal - but who decided / sets this
atypical / culturally unexpected - norms are not stable over time

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3
Q

definition of abnormal behaciour

A

behavioural, psychological or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in funcioning or increased risk of suffering, death, pain or impairment

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4
Q

psychopathy is…

A

the scientific study of psych disorders

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5
Q

supernatural tradition

A

mental illness = result of supernatural forces

eg Salem witch trials

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6
Q

biological tradition

A

5th centruy BC
mental illness = physical illness
Hippocrates = unbalanced humoura
Somatogenesis

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7
Q

Dark ages - what happened to psychological distrubed

A

church back in power
demonology makes a come back
-asylums (1500s) = make body such a horrible place spirit leaves eg St Marys of Bethlehem = Bedlam (bio + supernatural)

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8
Q

explain the moral treatment

A

1790s+
Phillippe Pinel - humane treatment of mentally ill
roam round asylums now
treatments - cannabis, opium, alcohol

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9
Q

name the three psych traditions

A

psychoanalysis
behaviourism
humanism

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10
Q

modern psychiatry today
mental ilness =
treatment =

A

mental illness - combination of bio psych and social causes

treatment = somatic therapy or psychotheraoy

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11
Q

define

presenting problem

A

original complaint

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12
Q

define

etiology

A

cause

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13
Q

define

prevalence

A

how many people in the population have this disorder

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14
Q

define

incidence

A

number of new cases in a given time period

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15
Q

define

course

A

pattern of development and change

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16
Q

define

prognosis

A

predicted future development or outcome

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17
Q

what are the 4 goals of psychology

A

describe
explain
predict
change

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18
Q

define psychological disorder

A

psych dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not typically or culturally expected response
watch has been abused at times eg Hussein putting away dissidents
so harmful dysfunction = useful idea - is the behaviour in the individuals control
DSM-5 = behavioural, psychological or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning or increased risk of suffering, death, pain or impairment

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19
Q

define phobia

A

psych disorder characterised by marked and eprsistant fear of an object or situation

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20
Q

prototype

A

typical presentation of disorder

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21
Q

define science practitioner

A

mental health professional expected to apply scientific methods in their work
must know latest research on diagnosis and treatment and must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness
may generate research to discover info about disorders and their treatment

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22
Q

what 3 things are we interested in when studying psych disorders

A

clinical description
causation
treatment and outcome

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23
Q

what makes up a clinical description

A

detials of behaviours, thoughts and feelings
what makes it different to other disorders
stats could be relevant

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24
Q

chronic course

A

long time

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25
Q

episodic course

A

likely to recover within a few months only to suffer from a reocurrence at a later time

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26
Q

time-limited course

A

will improve without treatment in a relatively short period

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27
Q

acute onset

A

begins suddenly

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28
Q

insidious onset

A

develops gradually over an extended period

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29
Q

effect of treatment implies….

A

does NOT necesarrily imply cause

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30
Q

view of stress and melancholy under supernatural tradition

A

insanity was a natural phenomena caused by mental and emotional stress = was cureable
depression + anxiety = recognised as an illness but symptoms like despair and lethargy defined by church as sin of acedia or sloth
treatment = sleep, healthy environment, baths, ointments, potions

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31
Q

medieval practice of what to do with those with psych disorders

A

keep them in their own community

we know this is benefical

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32
Q

why exorcism

A

scare the spirits out

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33
Q

Saint Victus’ dance and tarantism is an example of..

and what do we think about it now

A

mass hysteria
insect bites?
or emotional contagion - people are suggestive when they are in high states of emotion

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34
Q

where does the word lunatic come from

A

paracelsus

moon and stars fault

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35
Q

two scientists who pioneered bio tradition

A

hippocrates and galen

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36
Q

hippocratic corpus

A

psych disorder could be treated like any other disease
caused by brian pathology, head trauma or hereditary genetics
brain = seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence and emotion
imporatnce of psych and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology

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37
Q

what did Galen do

A

took hippocrates ideas further
normal brain functioning due to 4 bodily humours - blood (heart), black bile (spleen), yellow bile (liver, phlegm (brain)
is a chinese version of this = winds (treatment = accupunture to fix blockages)

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38
Q

according to galen melancholy =

A

too much black bile

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39
Q

sanguine…

A

red, blood like = charasmatic

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40
Q

phlegmatic

A

apathy, sluggishness

also calm under stress

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41
Q

choleric

A

hot tempered

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42
Q

how to treat excess humours

A

change environment

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43
Q

Syphilis
what is it
what was its contribution to psych

A

STD = bacterial micro-organism in brain
delusions of persecution and delusions of gradeur
appeared similar to psychosis but researchers noticed a subgroup = deteriorated steadily becoming paralysed and dying within five years onset
pasteurs germ theory = micro-organism discovered
noticed people with malaria would then get better
then worked out penecillen to cure
so madness became a cureable infection

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44
Q

John P Grey

A

bio tradition USA
insanity always physical causes
mentally ill should be treated as physically ill = rest, diet, ventiliation in rooms etc
hospital conditions improved
suggestion of movement to the community (still working on this!)
but policy of deinstitutionalisation = large numbers of chronically disabled being left homeless in cities

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45
Q

treatments under bio tradition

A

electrical shock
brain surgeyr
insulin shock therapy - high doses, convulsion, sometimes recovery or death
thought brain seizures might cure epilepsy
electroconvulsive therapy still sometimes used today

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46
Q

development of drug therapy

A

1950s - first time in systematic way
Rauwolf Serpentine = resperine
Neuroleptics
helped control agression and agitation
Benzodiazepines - anxiety reduction (minor tranquilizer)
1970s valium + lithium = most widely prescribed drugs in the world
Bromides - sedating drug, anxiety treatment then worked out side effects
general pattern = inital enthusiam followed by dissapointment

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47
Q

consequences of bio tradition

A

Grey - accidentally eliminated interest in treating pateitns, instead became focused on diagnosis and study of brain pathology
Kraeplin - first to ditinguish between separate disorders as each had different symptoms so maybe differenttreatments needed…

48
Q

define psychosocial treatment

A

treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors as well as psychological influences
these approaches include cognitive, behavioural and interpersonal methods

49
Q

plato saw maladaptive behaviours as

A

social and cultural influences in ones life an learning that took place in that environment

50
Q

aristotle thought…

A

social environment and learning influenced later psychopathology

51
Q

asylum reform and the decline of moral therapy

A

post civil war = huge hospital population increase
moral therapy delined
mental hygeine movemnt
final blow, mental illness decided was caused by brain pathology so incureable
reappeared 20th century

52
Q

mental hygeine

A

mid 19th century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment
= lead by dorotha dix
as well as improving standards of care she accidentally lead to a substantial increase in the number of metnal patients

53
Q

what did Mesmer do

A

animal magnetism = undetectable fluid in all living organism which can become blocked
load of rubbish
but could cure as very powerful method of suggestion to patients they were getting better

54
Q

what did charcot do

A

saw what mesmer was doing
demonstrated some of his techniques were effective and did much to legitimise the practice of hypnosis
freud studied underhim

55
Q

define psychoanalysis

A

assessment and therapy pioneered by frued that emphasizes exploration of and insight into unconscious processes and conflicts

56
Q

define behaviourism

A

explanation of human behaviour including dysfuntion based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

57
Q

define unconscious

A

part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person

58
Q

define catharsis

A

rapid or sudden release of emotional tension theought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy

59
Q

define psychoanalytic model

A

complex and comprehensive theory originally advenced by frued that seeks to account for the development and strcutre of personality as weel as the origin of abnormal behaviour based primarily on inferred entities and forces

60
Q

who discovered the unconscious and how

A

Breuer and Freud
patients under hypnosis describing problems, conflicts and fears
patients often became extremely emotional as thet talked and relieved after emerging from hypnotic state
difficult to impossible for them to remeber what they had said under hypnosis
all based on case observations

61
Q

Anna O describe

A

Breuer and Freud
bright healthy until 21
cared for father during his chronic illness resultin in his death
5 months after father became ill she noticed during the day her vision went blurry and she had difficulty moving her right arm and both legs
then difficulty speaking and her behaviour became unpredictable
treated by Breuer = talking through each symptom and she got better

62
Q

the structure of the mind according to psychoanalytic theory

A

id ego and superego

63
Q

id

A

sexual and agressive feelings
animal with in us
energy or drive within the id = libido
thantos = death of instinct
these two energies are in constant opposition
driven by pleasure principle
primary process - thiking filled with fantasis, preoccupation with sex, aggression, selfishness and envy

64
Q

ego

A

mediator
logical and rational
reality principle
seconday process

65
Q

superego

A

conscience

moral principles

66
Q

intrapsychic conflicts

A

in psychoanalytic theory a struggle among the id, ego and superego
id and ego almost entirely unconscious

67
Q

defense mechanisms

A

common pattern of behaviour often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation
pscyhoanalytic theory suggests that defense mechanisms are unconcsicous processes originating in the ego

68
Q

displacement defense mechanism

A

ego adaptively decides that expressing anger at source of authority would be bad so gets angery with someone else who is safer

69
Q

sublimation defense mechanism

A

redirecting anger into a more constructive outlet such as work

70
Q

denial defense mechanism

A

refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or sibjective experience that is apparent to others

71
Q

projection defense mechanism

A

falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings impulses or thoughts to another individual or object

72
Q

rationalization defense mechanism

A

conceals the true motivation for actions thoughts of feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations

73
Q

reaction formation defense mechanism

A

substitutes behaviour, thoughts or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones

74
Q

repression defense mechanism

A

blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts of experiences from conscious awareness

75
Q

sublimation defense mechanism

A

directs potentially maladpative feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behaviour

76
Q

define psychosexual stages of development

A

psychoanalytic concept of the sequence of phases a person passes through during development ]each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time

77
Q

stages in order of psychsexual development

A 
oral - birth -2
anal
phallic - age 3-6 
latency
genital
78
Q

fixation acording to freud

A

if we did not receive appropritate gratification during a specific stage or if a specific stage left a particularly strong impression an individuals personality would reflect this through adult life
eg oral fixation = thumb sucking and personality = dependency ans passivity or in reaction to these tendenceies = rebelliousness and cycnicism

79
Q

castration anxiety

A

in psychoanalysi the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for thei mothers

80
Q

how to make phallic stage pass uneventfully

A

child must resolve his ambivalent realationship with his parents
he may channel his libidinal impulses into heterosexual relatipnships while retaining harmless affection for his mother

81
Q

oedipus complex

A

boys lust for mum

82
Q

electra complex

A

young girl wants to replce her mother and posses er father
central to this possession is the grisl desire for a penis = penis envy
conflict resolved when females develop heterosexual realtionships and look forward to having a baby

83
Q

neuroses

A

obselete psychodynamic term for a psychological disorder thought to result from an unconscious conflict and the anxiety it causes

84
Q

anna freud’s work

A

how defense mechanisms determine behaviour

ego psychology

85
Q

define ego psychology

A

psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the eog in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts
also known as self psychology

86
Q

define object relations

A

modern development in pscyhodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them
so object = person close to them
process of incorporation = introjection
so we see the world through the eyes of the person incorporated into yourself eg parents views

87
Q

define collective unconscious

A

accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a pscyhodynamuc concept introduced by jung

88
Q

other than collective unconscious what else did jung suggest

A

spiritual and religious drives are as much a part of human nature as sexual drives

89
Q

what did adler focus on

A

inferiority complex

basic quality of human nature = positive, there is a strong drive towards self-actualization

90
Q

define free association

A

psychoanalytic therapy technique ineded to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious
the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring
intended to reveal emotionally charged material that may be represeed
freud would sit behind his patients so they were not distracted

91
Q

dream analysis

A

psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symblic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts
often a difficult procedure as patients may resist efforts by therapist to uncover these memories
goal = patient to gain insight into the nature of these conflicts

92
Q

define psychoanalyst

A

therapist practising pscyhoanalysis after earning either an MD or PhD degree and receiving additional specialised postdoctoral training

93
Q

define transference

A

pscyhoanalytic concept suggesting clinets may seek to relate to the therapist as they do important authority figures particularly their parents
eg so if resents therapist but cannot verbalize a good reason why = parental resentment
more often patient fall in love with therapist

94
Q

what is countertransference

A

therapist project some of thei own personal issues and feelings onto the patient
therapists are trained to deal with these feelings

95
Q

problems with true classical psychoanalytic treatment

A

requires therapy 4-5 times a week for 2-5 years
reduction of symptoms = inconsequential as they are only representations of underlying problems
so underlying conflicts is what must be dealt with other wise would simply achieve symptom substitution

96
Q

define psychodynamic psychotherapy

A

contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasises unconscious porcesses and conflic but is briefer and more focused on specific problems
much briefer than classical
deemphasive the goal of personality reconstruction focusing instead on reliving the suffering associated with psych disorders

97
Q

what do psychodynamic psychotherapists focus on (7)

A

affect and expression of patients emotions
exploration of patients attempts to avoid topics or hinder the process of therapy
idetification of patterns in patients actions, thoughts, feelings, experiences and relationships
emphasis on past experiences
focus on interpersonal experiences
emphasis on therapeutic relationships
exploration of patients wishes, dreams or fantasies

98
Q

despite all the problems where can we find some value from psychoanalysis

A

unconscious role in mental processes
emotional responses are often triggered by hidden or symbolic cues
understanding memories can be repressed and otherwise avoided in a variety of ways

99
Q

where di jung and adler break from freud

A

nature of humanity

positive optimistic side of humans over freud’s life as a battleground

100
Q

jung basic belief

A

goal setting
looking to the future
realization of ones potential

101
Q

adler basic belief

A

human nature reaches its fullest potential when we contribute to the welfare of other individuals and to socity as a wole

102
Q

jung and adler both =

A

humansitic psychology

103
Q

define self-actualization

A

process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences

104
Q

define person centered therapy

A

therapy method in which the client rather than the counsellor directs the course of the discussion seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility
carl rodgers

105
Q

define unconditional positive regard

A

acceptance by the counselor of the clients feelings and actions without judgement or condemnation

106
Q

maslow hierarchy of needs

A

begins with most basic needs for food and sex and ranges up towards needs for self-actualization, love and self-esteem
social needs fall somewhere in between
we cannot progress up the hierarchy until we have satsfied needs at the lower levels

107
Q

define the behavoiural model

A

explanation of human behaviour including dysfunction based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

108
Q

stimulus generalization

A

response generalizes to other stimuli
eg someon going through chemo may feel sicj at even the sight of a nurses uniform of anything related to the hospital setting they receive their chemo in

109
Q

define systematic desensitisation

A

behavioural therapy technique to diminish excessive fears. involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation
joseph wolpe

110
Q

skinner did

A

operant conditioning

111
Q

throndike did

A

law of effect

behaviour is either strenghtened or weakened depending on the consequences

112
Q

define behaviour therapy

A

array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavioural and cognitive sciecne as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. it considers specific behaviours rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change

113
Q

define shaping

A

in operant conditioning the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response
both desireable and undesireable behaviours may be learned in this manner

114
Q

how have the three traitional appraoches failed

A

scientific methods were not applied

health professionals tend to look at psych disorders from their own point of view alone

115
Q

psychology should be…

A

multidimensioncal and integrative

PSYC 100 - clinical (13 decks)

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