mood disorders reading notes

Question 1

anhedonia

Answer 1

loss of energy and inability to find pleasure

low positive affect, normal positive affect

Question 2

Mixed features

Answer 2

term for experiencing depressive symptoms during a manic or hypomanic phase, or manic during depressive episode

Question 3

lifetime course of major depressive

Answer 3

gonna relapse
4-7 mior lifetime episodes on average each lasting 4-5 months
first episode tends to be longest

Question 4

double depression

Answer 4

severe mood dis typified by major depression episodes superimposed over background of dysthmia disorder

Question 5

integrated grief

Answer 5

a stage of grieving at which the finality of death and meaning of life is acknowledged and appreciated

Question 6

complicated grief

Answer 6

a reaction to loss characterised by persistent, intense grief and persistent distracting ot impairing concerns about the consequences or circumstances of the loss
after 6 months/ 1 year chances of recovering from severe grief = considerably reduced and normal process becomes a disorder

Question 7

why grief should maybe be its own dis

Answer 7

strong yearning = activation of dopamine

this is in contrast with depression

Question 8

depression incidence from kids to adults

Answer 8

children gender is equal
at puberty takes off in girls (most evident in severe depression)
different presentations at different ages
dangerous is depressed as a child = poor outcomes, have to try treat

Question 9

what do we mean by probound

Answer 9

prevalence in first degree relatives

eg rates in relatives of probounds with mood dis 2/3 times greater than of controls

Question 10

bipolar in the proband

Answer 10

increased risk of some mood dis = supports bipolar may be a severe variant of mood dis rather than fundamental different dis

Question 11

genetic effects of mood dis felt strongest in ..

Answer 11

women

Question 12

low levels of what neurotransmitter implicated in mood dis

Answer 12

serotonin
mood swings
again permisive hypothesis

Question 13

stress hypothesis

Answer 13

overactivity of the HPA axis which produces stress hormones

Question 14

neurohormones

Answer 14

hormones that affect the brain
increasingly being studied and their link to psychopathology
eg cortisol is elevated in depressed patients
these hormones could be harmful to neurons

Question 15

hippocampus and mood dis

Answer 15

low volume implicated
ect produce neurogenesis in the hippocampus
also animal exercise has been shown to increase volume

Question 16

depressed sleep distrubances

Answer 16

is a hallmark
significantly shorter period after falling asleep to REM sleep
experience REM activity that is more intense
SWS doesn’t occur till later, if at all
same sleep characteristics always occur when depressd
but in severe case sleep prevention can temporarily treat depression, then comes back when they sleep
sleep and mood relationship = bidirectional

Question 17

gene environment correlation model for depression

Answer 17

put themself in high risk / bad environments = more liekly to encounter stress triggering depression

Question 18

stress in bipolar.. -positive = and negative=

Answer 18

positive = mania
negative = depression

Question 19

arbitrary interference

Answer 19

beck

depresssed individuals interpret everyday events in a negative way

Question 20

overgeneralization

Answer 20

beck
one small remark
= to all aspects of life

Question 21

gender surge in depression during adolesence

Answer 21

actually more closely correlated to starting a new school

Question 22

socratic approach in therapy

Answer 22

teach by asking questions