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PSYC 100 - clinical > Biopsychosocial Approach > Flashcards

Biopsychosocial Approach Flashcards

1
Q

name 5 influences in the multidimensional model of abnormal psychology

A 
bio 
behavioural
emotional
social
developmental
no influence operates in isolation
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2
Q

genetic contributions to psychopathology

A

phenotype vs genotype
behaviour is not typically polygenetic
genes aren’t everything

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3
Q

define the multidimensional integrative approach

A

approach to study of psychopathology that holds psycholgical disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors

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4
Q

vasovagal syncope

A 
common cause of fainting
mild distress 
heart rate increases
bp increases
body tries to compensate = decreased vascular resistance = lowered heart rate and bp
=faint
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5
Q

sinoaortic baroreflux arc

A

compensated for sudden increases in blood pressure by lowering it

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6
Q

define genes

A

long DNA molecule, the basic physiological unit of heredity that appears as a location on a chromosome

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7
Q

nature of genes

A

46 chromosomes
46 pairs - one from mother, one from father
23rd = sex
DNA = double helix

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8
Q

define polygenetic

A

influenced by many genes and environment

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9
Q

define human genome

A

an individuals complete set of genes (20,000)

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10
Q

how is the human genome studied

A

molecular genetics and quantitative genetics
looks up patterns of influences across many genes (withou necessarily telling us which genes are responsible for what effects)

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11
Q

define molecular genetics

A

examining actual structures of genes broad networks of genes that contribute to a particular trait
eg DNAA microarrays

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12
Q

define quantitative genetics

A

sums up all the tiny effects acorss many genes (without necessarily telling us which genes are responsible for what)

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13
Q

how do genes exert their influence

A

by producing proteins

when on = specialized cells

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14
Q

name a factor which can determine what genes are turned on and give an example

A

environmental factors
rats, absence of licking and groomin (Maternal behaviour) = prevents the genetic expression of glucocorticoid receptor that modulates stress hormones = greater sensitivity to stress
environment can turn on gene vulnerability

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15
Q

what proportion of our personality traits and cognitive abilities do we think are due to genetic influences

A

50%

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16
Q

swedish twin study found genetics accounted for specific cogntive abilities from

A

32-62%

genetic factors determine stability in cognitive abilites, environmental factors were responsible for any changes

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17
Q

genetic component of psych disorders

A

probably less than 50%
many genes each with a small effect
linkage studies = same disorder who share similar features (like hair colour and age) so can link known genes with unknown and give locations of possible defects

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18
Q

brain plasticity shows

A

environment can turn on genes

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19
Q

diathesis stress model

A

both an inherited tendency (vulnerability) and specific stressfull conditions are required to produce a disorder
diathesis = each inherited tendency

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20
Q

the greater the vulnerabilty…

A

the smaller the stress required to produce the disorder

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21
Q

serotonin and depression

A

serotonin = neurotransmitter
2 allelles that produce the chemimcal
LL long cope better with stress thn SS short
SS risk of having major depressive episode doubled if at least 4 stressors compared to 4 stressors for LL
severe maltreatment during childhood, 63% SS depressed compared to 33% SS who werent
but for LL this did not affect the incidence of depression
so unlike SS, LL depressed if stress in recent not childhood
shows neither genes nor life experience soley explain the onsent of a disorder like depression

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22
Q

the gene- enironment correlation model

A

one’s genetic male-up may increase the probability that an individual will experience certain events (like stressful relationship) that trigger genetic vulnerabilities to disorders

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23
Q

spouses who are twins study

A

both spouses have an identical twin
and both identical twins have been divorced
greatly increased risk of divorce
also parents on both sides divorced greatly increases again
converseley no divorce = tiny chance you will divorce

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24
Q

recent studies have…..genetic influence on personlity

give study to back this up

A

over emphasised the extent of`
3 diff types of mice raised in virtually identical environments but at 3 diff sites
although a certain type of mice might perform similarly on a test at all 3 sites, on other tasks the mice might perform differently = gentic influences are often a lot less poewrful than is commonly blieved
the environment, even if working subtly can still mold and hold its own in biological interactions that shape who we are

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25
Q

rats bron to easily stressed mums reared by other calm mothers…

A

grew up more calm and supportive

this could then be passed down to the next generation

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26
Q

children whose parents had schizophrenia but adopted…

A

had a tendency to develop psychiatric tendencies if adopted into dysfuncitonal families

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27
Q

young mokies with specific gene pattern =n high reactive temperment, maternal deprivation =

A

much bigger effect on behavioural and emotional reactions than maternal deprivation in monkeys without this gene make up

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28
Q

define epigenetics

A

the study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence such as new learning or stress that alters the phenotype expression of genes
genes are turned on and off by the cellular material that is located just outside the genome
genome itself doesnt actually change, so when stress fades, epigenome will fade

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29
Q

epigenetic example

A 
simese twins
same environment and genetics
noe = moody and depressive drinker other cheerful quiet and thoughtful
nature and nurture effects us 
not one alone
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30
Q

somatic system

A

controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory info to the CNS

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31
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

ocntrols involuntary muscles
sympathetic = expends energy
parasympathetic = conserves energy

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32
Q

CNS contains

A

brain - processes all info from organs

spinal cord - facilitates sending messages

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33
Q

PNS contains

A

ANS - cardio and endocrinal

somantic

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34
Q

reduced GABA…

A

excessive anxiety

probs an oversimplification

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35
Q

dopamine is linked with

A

schizophrenia

probs an oversimplification

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36
Q

increased norepinephrine linked with

A

depression (and serotonin decrease)

probs an oversimplification

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37
Q

brain stem….

A 
lower bit
in most animals
essential for autonomic function
hindbrain
midbrain
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38
Q

forebrain

A

more advanced and evolved more recently

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39
Q

what does midbrain do

A

sensory input
coordinate movement
reticualr activating system (arousal and tension)

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40
Q

top of brain stem=

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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41
Q

limbic system contains

A 
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
septum
amygdala
these systems hekp regulate emotional expression, ability to learn, impulses, drives
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42
Q

base of forebrain =

A

basal gangli
caudate nucleus
=motor activity

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43
Q

cerbral cortex

A 
80% of neurons
2 hemispheres
left - verbal and cognition
right - perception
4 lobes
temporal - recognition, LT memory
parietla - touch and body position
occiptal - visual
frontal - higher cognitive functions
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44
Q

PNS

A

coordinates with the brain to ensure body is funcitoning
somatic and autonomic
endocrine = number of glands each which produce hormones releasing directly into the blood stream

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45
Q

define hormone

A

a chemical messenger produced by the endochrine glands

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46
Q

adrenaline produced in response to

A

STRESS

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47
Q

thyroid produceses

A

thyroxine

facilitates energy metabolism and growth

48
Q

pituitary =

A

master gland

regulates hormone production

49
Q

endocrine closely related to…

A

immune system

roles in deoression, anxiety and schizophrenia

50
Q

define psychoneuroendochronology

A

interdisciplinary research

eg antidepressants work better when administeres with a thyroid hormone

51
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do in danger

A

mobilise the body
heart rate up etc
adrenal glands stimulated

52
Q

role of parasymapthetic

A

balance out the sympathetic so not constantly turned on

53
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

connects to the pituitary gland and stimulate the adrenal gland on kidneys
=HPA axis
implicated in many disorders

54
Q

brain circuits=

A

neurons that are sensitive to one type of neurotransmitter cluster together and form paths from one part of the brain to another

55
Q

serotonin strange =

dopamine strange =

A

depression

schizophrenia

56
Q

agonist

A

a chemical substance that effectively INCREASES the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects

57
Q

antagonist

A

chemical substance that DECREASES or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

58
Q

inverse agonist

A

produces the effects oppostie to those of a particualr neurotransmitter

59
Q

reuptake action

A

action by which a neurotransmitter is quickly drawn into the discharging neuron after being released into the synaptic cleft

60
Q

glutamate

A

amino acid neurotransmitter that excites many different neurons leadign to action
balanced out by GABA

61
Q

GABA

A

neurotransmitter that reduces activity at the synaptic cleft and thus inhibits a wide range of behviours and emotions, especially generalized anxiety

62
Q

name 6 ways drugs could work

A 
agonist
antagonist
inhibit production of a neurtransmitter
increased production of a compeating bio substance that may deactivate neurotransmitter
occupy receptors
block the reuptake process
63
Q

classic neurotransitters explained

A 
amino acids (glutamate, GABA)
monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine)
64
Q

benzodiazapines

A

make it easier for GABA moelcules to attach themselves to receptors of specialised neurons = calmer
addictive substance

65
Q

GABA system…

A

rides on many circuits

seems to reduce overall arousal

66
Q

serotonin (5HT)

A

processing info and coordinating movement as well as inhibition adn restraint
assists in regulation of eating, sexual and agressive behaviours all of which may be involved in diff psych disorders
interaction with dopamine implicated in schizophrenia
low = less inhibition, instability, impulsivity, tendency to overreact, aggression, suicide, impulse overeating, sex drive up
high= interact with GABA to counteract g;utamate

67
Q

SSRIs

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
prozac
st johns wart

68
Q

how serotonin drugs work

A

prozac prevents serotonin being absorbed

redux and fenfluramine = extra release of serotonin but dangerous heart side effects

69
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter active in the central and peripheral nervous systems
controls heart rate, bp and respiration among other functions
role in body alarm reaction may also contribute generally and indirectly to panic attacks and other disorders
monoamine
stimulates alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors
major circuit in hindbrain controlling bodily functions
acts more generally to regulate certain behaviours

70
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter whose generalied function is to activate other neurotransmitters and aid in exploratory and pleasure seeking behaviours
excess linked to schizophrenia
deficit in parkinsons
resperine may block dopamine receptors so dopamine activity down
switch that turns on certain brain areas
at least 5 diff receptor sites are selective to dopamine
L-dopa = dopamine agonist, successful in reducing motor deficits in parkinsons

71
Q

insel man with brain tumour surgery

A

full recovery
unable to keep job or be on time as OCD developed
small area of orbitofrontal cortex had been removed
but does not necessarily mean OCD = bio causes

72
Q

effects of treatment teaches us….

A

might tell us something but also might not

eg aspirin will fix something but does not mean was due to deficit is aspirin!

73
Q

psychosurgery

A

rarely used but yes if all else fails

74
Q

how can we treat OCD

A

increased serotonin
CBT to change brain circuits
re-wiring the brain takes as little as 2 hours intense exposure-based therapy for specific phobias, can still persist after 6 months

75
Q

depressives treated in 3 groups
CBT drugs, psych
results?

A

brain change in all 3

CBT facilitated brain changes in thinking patterns which in turn altered the emotional brain = top down change

76
Q

rhesus macaques
equally treated
but one group chose then to access toys
other group only got to access toys when the other group chose to

A

later in life given benzopdiazepone (opposite effect of GABA) = extreme outburst in anxiety
Gp1 = not anxious. angry and agressive instead
Gp2 = anxiety and panic

77
Q

2 crayfish fighting for social dominance study

A

when one won (so now dominant crayfish) serotonin made a specific set of neurons more likely to fire

78
Q

big mouse bully little mouse

A

changes in mesolimbic (reward and addiction) dopamine system of the smaller mouse (so smaller mouse wanted nothing to do with other mice)

79
Q

active vs couch potato rats brain stuff

A

more connections in nerve cells in the cerebellum and grew more dendrites

80
Q

define cognitive science

A

field of study that examines how humans and other animals aquire, process, store and receive info

81
Q

learned helplessness

A

theory of depression
seligman theory
people become anxious and depressed when they make an attirbution that they have no controll over the stress in their lives (whether they actually have contorl or not)
-seen in animals

82
Q

learned optimism

A

if people faced with considerable stress and difficulty but maintain an optimitic, upbeat attitude = liekly to function better psychologically and physically

83
Q

positive views about ageing led to

A

living 7.5 years longer than those without such attitudes

84
Q

positive psychology

A

explore factors that account for positive attitudes and happiness

85
Q

albert bandura
-importance of social context on learning
what else did he think about learning in organisms

A

organisms do not have to experience certain events in their environment to learn effectively
rather can learn by watching others

86
Q

modelling/ observational learning

A

learning through observation and imitaion of the behaviour of other individuals and consequences of that behaviour

87
Q

prepared learning

A

ability adaptive for evolution, allowing certain associations to be learned more readily than others
so fear spiders over flowers even if never met either before
but what about new stuff like guns…

88
Q

what might account for greater incidence of phobias in women

A

females are more sensitive to learning by Bandura

89
Q

implicit memory

A

condition of memory in which a person cannot recall past events despite acting in response to them

90
Q

stroop test is used

A

to study the unconscious

91
Q

fight or lfight response

A

bio reaction to alarming stressors that musters the bodys resources to resist or flee the threat

92
Q

emotional phenomena / action tendency

A

pattern of activity elicited by an external event and a feeling state accompanied by a characterised physiological response

93
Q

emotion of fear =

A

subjective feeling of terror
strong motivation for behaviour
complex physiological response

94
Q

purpose of feeling a state

A

to carry out a behaviour

a means to get us to do what we have to do to pass our genes to the next generation

95
Q

mood vs emotion

A

mood - enduring period of emotionality

emotions are short lived

96
Q

affect

A

conscious, subjective aspect of emotion that accompanies anaction at any given time

97
Q

emotion =

A

behaviour +physiology +cognition

contagious, potentially evolutionary

98
Q

cannon view of emotion and brain

A

areas associated with emotional expression are generally more ancient and primitve than areas associated with higher cognitive functions like reason

99
Q

emotional activation can occur…

A

without influence of higher cognitive functions as direct neurobiological connections in the brain

100
Q

hostility and anger increase your risk of…

study

A

heart disease
study: people with heart disease asked to recall angry memory
compared their response to a stressful event (also heart rate increasing)
found hearts ability to pump blood during angry outburst = significantly worse than stress or exercise

101
Q

supressing any kind of emotional response involves

A

increased sympathetic nervous system activity

102
Q

panic can be

A

normative to fear

but problematic at the wrong time

103
Q

mania

A

periods of excitement alternated with periods of extreme sadness/ depression

104
Q

what can influence fear and anxiety

A

culture, time

105
Q

examples of cultural influence on abnormal psych

A

firght disorder
vodood, evil eye etc
anxiety bound symptoms and somatic response like sweating + increased heart rate
cause = person thinks they have been subject to witchcraft
can be fatal

106
Q

gender influence on abnormal psych

A

likelihood of having a particualr phobia is influenced by gender
gender roles - what is acceptable for a gender
gender respond differently to therapy eg exposure therapy - women maintained their gains significantly better during follow up than men
bulimia = women / gay men most common
female response to stress = tend and befriend
gender does not cause psychopathology but as a social and cultural factor certainly impacts it

107
Q

number and frequency of social interactions / relationships =

A

likely to live longer

social relationships are protective

108
Q

schizophrenia more likely in men from…

A

city

109
Q

WHO stats on global incidence on psychopathology

A

13% global burden of disease = mental disorders
10-20% of all primary medical services in poor ountries are sought by those with psych disorders
only 1 in 3 in america with a psych disorder have received treatment

110
Q

erikson view on lifespan

A

we go through 8 major crises during our lives including beyond adolesence

111
Q

environment has different effects with

A

age and stage in development

even prenatal environment

112
Q

effects on antidepressents on various ages

A

different!
risks in children as well which are not present in adults
depression gender distribution equal until adolesence when becomes higher in females

113
Q

define equifinality

A

developmental psychopathology principle that a behaviour or disorder may have several causes
eg delusions in schizophrenia or amphetamine abuse
delerium - older adults after surgery but also thiamine deficinecy or renal disease
autism - rubella as mother, or difficult labour

114
Q

equal brain damage =

A

different severity

115
Q

define resilience

A

social factors may protect some children being hurt by stressful experiences
caring parent/ adult offset the environment

116
Q

define reaction range

A

degree of potential outcome determined by hereditary; actual outcome is determined by environment

117
Q

non-genomic inheritance of behvaiour

A

biology is not destiny

PSYC 100 - clinical (13 decks)

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