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PSYC 100 - clinical > Assessment and Diagnosis > Flashcards

Assessment and Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

semistructures clinical interview

A

questions carefully phrased and tested to elicit useful info in a consistent manner
clinicians can depart from questions to follow up on a specific issue
spontaneity missing
can be too rigid = patient less liekly to volunteer info

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2
Q

anxiety disorder interview schedule DSM 5

A

patient bothered by thoughts, images or impulses

9 point rating scale

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3
Q

physical examination

A

if no physcial in past year = recommended
eg toxic state, medication, hyperthyroidism
co-existing depresion and substance abuse, must look at onset

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4
Q

behavioural assesment

A

measuring, oerving and systematically evalutating (not infering) the clients thought, feelings and behvaiour in the actual problem situation occuring
may be more appropriate for individuals who are not old r skilled enough to report their problems and experiences
target behaviours identified and observed
goal = detremining factors that influence them

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5
Q

ABC of behaviours

A

antecedent
behavoiur
consequence

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6
Q

operational defintion

A

clear behaviour descrition

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7
Q

self-monitoing

A

action by which clients observe and record their own behaviours as either as assessment of a problem and its change or a treatment procedure that make them more aware of their responses
also known as self observation
could just be write down every time you have a cigarette
or more formla behaviour rating scales

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8
Q

psychiatric rating scale

A

assess 18 general areas of concern (0-6severe end)
screens for moderate to severe psych disorders
-somatic concerns = health
-guilt feelings
-grnadiosity

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9
Q

psych testing must be….

A

reliable - same score each time

valid - measure what it says is measruing

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10
Q

neuropsychological tests determines

A

possible contribution of brain damag or dysfunction to the pateints condition

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11
Q

projective tests

A

psychoanalytically based measure that presents ambiguous stimuli to clients on the assumtion that their responses can reveal their unconscious conflicts
they are inferential and lack reliability and validity
theory = people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto other people and things
rorschach inkblot test
thematic apperception test
sentence-completion mehtod

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12
Q

personality inventories

A

self-report questionnaire that assess personal traits by asking respondents to identiy descriptors that spply to themselves

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13
Q

face validity

A

wording of a question seems to fit type of information required but is this correct
eg we dont care about whether a schizophrenic has been in love before, what matters is a group they regularly respond they havent ever been in love
content of question = irrelevant, importance relies in what the question predicts

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14
Q

minesota multiphasic personality inventory explain

A

based on empirical evidence
true or false response
550 items originally, now 567 = boring!
pattern of response is reviewed to see whether groups has have a particular disorder
each group is presented on separate standard scales
computerised so no reliability issues
contains lie scale
contains infrequency scale - measures false claims about psych problems and determines whether person is answering randomly
subtle defensiveness scale - does person see themself realistically
new version = update removing sexism, racism and considers contemporary issues

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15
Q

history of intelligence tests

A

french
test to identify slow learners who would benefit from remedial help
stanford-binet test - provded as score known as intelligence quotient
-estimated a persons deviation from average test performance
-mental age / chronological age x100 (problematic with young so use deviation IQ instead)
wechsler test
all include verbal sclaes, performace scales, knowledge of facts, short term memory, nonverbal reasoning and ability to learn new relationships
IQ does not equal intelligence as what does constitute intelligence

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16
Q

neuropsychological testing

A

assessment of brain and nervous system funcitoning by testing an individuals performance on behavioural task
eg bender visual-motor gestlt test
=child to copy drawing on card
= lots more errors than children their age = brain dysfunciton suspected
eg Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery = test brain damage can locate which region is damaged (about 80% accurate)
note false positives

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17
Q

pscyhosocial assesment

A

measurement of changes in the nervous system reflecting psychological or emotional events such as anxiety, stress, sexual arousal

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18
Q

electrodermal response

A

galvanic skin response

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19
Q

bio feedback

A

levels of physiological responding (eg blood pressure) are fed back to the patient so they can try regulate their responses

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20
Q

idiographic strategy

A

close and detailed investigation of an individual emphasising what makes that person unique
so tailor treatment to the person

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21
Q

nomothetic strategy

A

identification and examination of large groups of people with the same disorder to note similarities and develop general laws

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22
Q

define classification

A

assignment of objects or people to categories on the basis of shared characteristics

23
Q

define taxonomy

A

system of naming and classification in science

24
Q

define nosology

A

classification and naming system for medical and pscyhological phenomena

25
Q

nomenclature

A

in a naming system or nosology the actual labels or names that are pplied

26
Q

classification issues

A

is it ethical to classify human behaviours

continuum or groups

27
Q

classical categorical approach (pure)

A

classification method founded as the assumtpion of clear sut differences among disorders, each with a different known cause
assumes every dignosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological cause/ psychological/cultural but only one set of causative factors per disorder
also clear conditions set to meet each disroder
useful in medicine
not adopted in mental health

28
Q

dimensional approach

A

method of categorizing characteristcs on a continuum rather than on a binary either all or nothing approach
variety of cognitive models and behaviours and quantify them on a scale
used in the past with personality scales and not particularly successful
couldnt agree on number of dimensions we need

29
Q

prototypical approach

A

system for categorizing disorders using both essential defining charactersitcs and a range of variation on other caharcateristics
not perfect as there is blurring at the boundaries of categories and some symptoms occur in more than one disorder
but does fit well with our current knowledge of psych disorders
DSM 5 uses this

30
Q

most unreliable classiciation area is currently

A

personality disorders

subject to bias of therapist

31
Q

construct validity

A

can discriminate one disroder from another

32
Q

familial aggregation

A

extent to which a disorder would be found among a patients relatives

33
Q

prediction/ creiterion validity

A

predict the course of the disorder and liekly effect of one treatment or another

34
Q

content validity

A

need to get the label right/ fit with what other scientists are calling it

35
Q

explain the early attempts to classify psychopathology

A

came out of bio tradition
Kraeplin - first identified schizophrenia (dementia paradox)
brain pathology as cause
described psych disorders as bio disorders
Pinel working at same time - pscyh disorders are separate identities

36
Q

when did separate psych disorders start appearnig in classifications

A

1948 ICD 6th edition = first time

37
Q

how was the DSM 3 radically different from its predessessors

A

atheoretical approach to diagnosis
became a tool for clinicians
specificity and detial to criteria = can now test reliability and validity
multiaxial system

38
Q

explain the mulitaxial system implemented in DSM 3

A

1 disorder itself
2 chronic disorders of personality
3 physical disorders and conditions which may be present
4 amount of psychosocial stress the person reports
5 current level of adaptive functioning

39
Q

multiaxial changes to DSM 4

A

only personality and intellectual disorders on axis 2, otherwise 1
axis 4 now psychosocial environment problems that might impact disorder

40
Q

what does culture refer to in context of DSM

A

values, knowledge and practices that individuals derive from membership in different ethnic, religious or other social groups as well as how membership of these groups may affect the individuals perspective on their experience with the pscyhological disorder
so now a cultural formation interview but no evidence supporting it yet

41
Q

define analogue model

A

approach to research that employs subjects who are similar to clinical clinets allowing replication of clinical problem under controlled conditions

42
Q

criticisms of DSM5

A

most advanced one so far (helped as worked with ICD 11)
should always be considered a work in progress
still fuzzy categories
comorbidity
strong emphasis on reliability at the expense of validity?
labelling

43
Q

define labelling

A

applying a name to a phenomenon or a pattern of behaviour. the label may aquire negative connotations or be applied eroneously to the person rather than the persons behaviours

44
Q

define testability

A

ability of a hypothesis to be subjected to scientific scrutiny and be accepted or rejected, a necessary condition for this hypothesis to be useful

45
Q

purpose of lcinical assessment

A 
funnel
understand
predict
treatment planning
treatment outcome
46
Q

define standardisation

A

application of certain standards across different measurements

47
Q

5 aspects to the mental status exam

A 
appearance and behaviour
thought processes
mood and affect
intelectual functioning
sensorium
48
Q

neuropsychological testing

A 
assess broad range of abilities 
motor
sensory
language
memory
higher congitive fucntioning
personality
not routinely used in mental health settings
49
Q

cateogircal approach to classification and diagnosis

A

if x then y

if not x then not y

50
Q

dimensional approach to classification and diagnosis

A

how much of x

51
Q

prototypical approach to classification and diagnosis

A

how much of x does it take for y

52
Q

organization of dsm5

A 
neurodevelopmental
internalizing
externalizing
neurocognitive
other
53
Q

reification

A

abstract concept and treating it as if it is real

PSYC 100 - clinical (13 decks)

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