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YEAR 2 Personality & ID > Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are Axis I Personality Disorders?

A

Clinical Psychological Disorders

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2
Q

What are Axis II Personality Disorders?

A

Personality Disorders & Intellectual Disabilities

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3
Q

What are Axis III Personality Disorders?

A

Medical conditions and physical disorders

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4
Q

What are Axis IV Personality Disorders?

A

Psychosocial and Environmental Factors

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5
Q

What are Axis V Personality Disorders?

A

Functional Level

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6
Q

Which Axis Personality Disorder does this apply to?

Clinical Psychological Disorders

a. Axis V
b. Axis II
c. Axis I
d. Axis IV
e. Axis III

A

c. Axis I

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7
Q

Which Axis Personality Disorder does this apply to?

Functional Level

a. Axis V
b. Axis II
c. Axis I
d. Axis IV
e. Axis III

A

a. Axis V

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8
Q

Which Axis Personality Disorder does this apply to?

Psychosocial and Environmental Factors

a. Axis V
b. Axis II
c. Axis I
d. Axis IV
e. Axis III

A

d. Axis IV

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9
Q

Which Axis Personality Disorder does this apply to?

Medical conditions and physical disorders

a. Axis V
b. Axis II
c. Axis I
d. Axis IV
e. Axis III

A

e. Axis III

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10
Q

Which Axis Personality Disorder does this apply to?

Personality Disorders & Intellectual Disabilities

a. Axis V
b. Axis II
c. Axis I
d. Axis IV
e. Axis III

A

b. Axis II

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11
Q

Define Axis II Personality Disorders

A

Conditions that could worsen the prognosis of primary axis 1 disorder and increase the risk of axis 1 occurring

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12
Q

Conditions that could worsen the prognosis of primary axis 1 disorder and increase the risk of axis 1 occurring

This is known as…?

A

Axis II Personality Disorders

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13
Q

According to Multiaxial DSM-IV (1994; Text Revision: 2000), what classifies as an Axis II (Personality Disorders & Intellectual Disabilities) disorder?

List 5 points

A
  1. Enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour
  2. Deviate from cultural expectations
  3. Are pervasive and inflexible
  4. Cause distress or impairment
  5. Not due to another disorder, drugs, intoxication etc.
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14
Q

DSM 5 (2013) groups axes I-III into …?

A

A single axis

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15
Q

DSM 5 (2013) groups axes I-III into a single axis

There was a separate axis originally in DSM IV for Axis II

Why?

A

To increase clinical/research attention

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16
Q

What are the 3 clusters of personality disorders according to the DSM-IV AND V?

A
  1. Cluster A
  2. Cluster B
  3. Cluster C
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17
Q

What are the 3 personality disorders in cluster A?

A
  1. Paranoid
  2. Schizoid
  3. Schizotypal
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18
Q

What are the 4 personality disorders in cluster B?

A
  1. Antisocial
  2. Borderline
  3. Histrionic
  4. Narcissistic
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19
Q

What are the 3 personality disorders in cluster C?

A
  1. Avoidant
  2. Dependent
  3. Obsessive-compulsive
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20
Q

‘dramatic, emotional, or erratic’ disorders

This is known as…?

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

b. Cluster B

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21
Q

‘odd or eccentric’ disorders

This is known as…?

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

a. Cluster A

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22
Q

‘anxious or fearful’ disorders

This is known as…?

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

c. Cluster C

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23
Q

Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?

Antisocial

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

b. Cluster B

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24
Q

Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?

Schizotypal

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

a. Cluster A

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25
Q

Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?

Schizoid

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

a. Cluster A

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26
Q

Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?

Avoidant

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

c. Cluster C

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27
Q

Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?

Borderline

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

b. Cluster B

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28
Q

Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?

Histrionic

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

b. Cluster B

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29
Q

Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?

Dependent

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

c. Cluster C

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30
Q

Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?

Paranoid

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

a. Cluster A

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31
Q

Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?

Obsessive-compulsive

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

c. Cluster C

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32
Q

Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?

Narcissistic

a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C

A

b. Cluster B

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33
Q

Define Cluster A personality disorders

A

‘odd or eccentric’ disorders

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34
Q

Define Cluster B personality disorders

A

‘dramatic, emotional, or erratic’ disorders

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35
Q

Define Cluster C personality disorders

A

‘anxious or fearful’ disorders

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36
Q

True or False?

Co-occurrence of Personality Disorders is rare

A

False

Co-occurrence of Personality Disorders is common

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37
Q

Many people meet the criteria for ______ personality disorders at a time

a. two or more
b. only one
c. five or more
d. at least three

A

a. two or more

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38
Q

True or False?

There are highly questionable validity and utility of diagnostic groups

A

True

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39
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of Paranoid Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Paranoia
  2. Mistrust of others
  3. Has irrational suspicions
  4. Pre-occupied with doubts
  5. Reluctance to confide
  6. Misinterprets innocent remarks, and holds grudges against people
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40
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Schizoid Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Detachment from interpersonal relationships
  2. Emotional coldness
  3. Indifference to praise/criticism of others
  4. Has few friends
  5. Chooses solitary activities
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41
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Distortions in thinking, feelings and perceptions

e.g. ideas of reference (incorrect belief that everyday events are referring to them), magical thinking, perceptual illusions

  1. Discomfort in social situations
  2. Suspicions and paranoia
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42
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Detachment from interpersonal relationships

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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43
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Emotional coldness

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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44
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Paranoia

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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45
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Mistrust of others

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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46
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Distortions in thinking, feelings and perceptions

e.g. ideas of reference (incorrect belief that everyday events are referring to them), magical thinking, perceptual illusions

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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47
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Indifference to praise/criticism of others

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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48
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Has irrational suspicions

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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49
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Pre-occupied with doubts

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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50
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Discomfort in social situations

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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51
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Reluctance to confide

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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52
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Has few friends

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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53
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Chooses solitary activities

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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54
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Misinterprets innocent remarks, and holds grudges against people

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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55
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Suspicions and paranoia

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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56
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Lack of empathy and remorse
  2. Disregard for others
  3. Failure to conform to norms/laws
  4. Impulsivity
  5. Deceitfulness
  6. Irresponsibility, and disregard for safety of self/others
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57
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of Histrionic Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Excessive need for approval
  2. Need to be the centre of attention
  3. Shallow/over-dramatic emotions
  4. Sees relationships as more intimate than they are
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58
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Inflated self-importance and sense of entitlement
  2. Belief they are special
  3. Seeks attention and admiration from others
  4. Fantasises of success
  5. Arrogance
  6. Envy of others
  7. Low in empathy
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59
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Lack of empathy and remorse

A

Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder

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60
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Inflated self-importance and sense of entitlement

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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61
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Belief they are special

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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62
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Disregard for others

A

Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder

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63
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Excessive need for approval

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

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64
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Failure to conform to norms/laws

A

Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder

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65
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Seeks attention and admiration from others

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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66
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Fantasises of success

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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67
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Need to be the centre of attention

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

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68
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Impulsivity

A

Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder

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69
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Shallow/over-dramatic emotions

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

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70
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Deceitfulness

A

Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder

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71
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Arrogance

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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72
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Envy of others

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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73
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Irresponsibility, and disregard for safety of self/others

A

Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder

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74
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Sees relationships as more intimate than they are

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

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75
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Low in empathy

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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76
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Unstable personal relationships
  2. Frantic attempts to avoid real/imagined abandonment
  3. Lack of well-formed identity
  4. Feelings of emptiness/worthlessness
  5. Instability of feelings
  6. Frequent suicidal, self-harming, self-mutilating behaviours
  7. Impulsivity in self-damaging behaviours
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77
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of Avoidant Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Social inhibition
  2. Avoids and withdraws from social situations
  3. Low self-worth
  4. Fear of rejection, disapproval and criticism
  5. Feel socially-inept
  6. Reluctant to engage in new things for fear of embarrassment
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78
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Dependent Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Persistent psychological dependence on others
  2. Lack of confidence in ability to take responsibility
  3. Has difficulty doing things alone
  4. Tends to agree with others
  5. Seeks out new relationships
79
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder?

A
  1. Preoccupation with orderliness, rules, moral codes, caution and perfectionism
  2. Excessive devoted to work
  3. Inflexibility and overly-conscientious
80
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Unstable personal relationships

A

Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder

81
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Social inhibition

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

82
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Avoids and withdraws from social situations

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

83
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Frantic attempts to avoid real/imagined abandonment

A

Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder

84
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Persistent psychological dependence on others

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

85
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Lack of confidence in ability to take responsibility

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

86
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Lack of well-formed identity

A

Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder

87
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Low self-worth

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

88
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Has difficulty doing things alone

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

89
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Preoccupation with orderliness, rules, moral codes, caution and perfectionism

A

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder

90
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Excessive devoted to work

A

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder

91
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Tends to agree with others

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

92
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Fear of rejection, disapproval and criticism

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

93
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Instability of feelings

A

Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder

94
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Frequent suicidal, self-harming, self-mutilating behaviours

A

Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder

95
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Feel socially-inept

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

96
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Reluctant to engage in new things for fear of embarrassment

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

97
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Frequent suicidal, self-harming, self-mutilating behaviours

A

Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder

98
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Inflexibility and overly-conscientious

A

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder

99
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Impulsivity in self-damaging behaviours

A

Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder

100
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Feelings of emptiness/worthlessness

A

Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder

100
Q

Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?

Seeks out new relationships

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

101
Q

What is the difference between OCD and OCPD?

A

OCD – More focus on intrusive obsessive thought and all the performance of repetitive ritualistic compulsive behaviours

OCPD – Related to abnormally high in disordered levels of perfectionism and conscientiousness

102
Q

More focus on intrusive obsessive thought and all the performance of repetitive ritualistic compulsive behaviours

This is known as…?

a. OCD
b. Both
c. OCPD
d. None

A

a. OCD

103
Q

Related to abnormally high in disordered levels of perfectionism and conscientiousness

This is known as…?

a. OCD
b. Both
c. OCPD
d. None

A

c. OCPD

104
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis?

A

There is no discontinuity between normality and illness

105
Q

There is no discontinuity between normality and illness

This is known as…?

A

Continuity hypothesis

106
Q

Describe the results of Saulsman and Page’s (2004) meta-analysis on Personality Disorders and ‘Personality’

List 3 points

A
  1. Paranoid, Schizoid and Schizotypal are all associated with low levels of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness
  2. Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic and Narcissistic are all associated with low levels of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness,
  3. Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-compulsive are all associated with low levels of Extraversion, Openness and high levels of Neuroticism
107
Q

All 3 cluster A personality disorders are associated with low levels of…?

List 4

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Conscientiousness
  4. Openness
108
Q

All 3 cluster A personality disorders are associated with higher levels of…?

A

neuroticism

109
Q

All 4 cluster B personality disorders are associated with low levels of…?

List 2

A
  1. Conscientiousness
  2. Agreeableness
110
Q

All 3 cluster C personality disorders are associated with low levels of…?

List 2

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. Openness
111
Q

All 3 cluster C personality disorders are associated with high levels of…?

A

Neuroticism

112
Q

What are the 5 facets conceptually associated with Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder?

A
  1. High Competence (C1)
  2. High ‘Order’ (C2)
  3. High Dutifulness (C3)
  4. High Achievement-striving (C4)
  5. High Deliberation (C6)
113
Q

What are the 5 facets conceptually associated with Avoidant Personality disorder?

A
  1. Low Gregariousness (E2)
  2. Low Assertiveness (E3)
  3. High Anxiety (N1)
  4. High Self-consciousness (N4)
  5. High Vulnerability (N6)
114
Q

What are the 5 facets conceptually associated with Dependent Personality disorder?

A
  1. High Anxiety (N1)
  2. High Self-consciousness (N4)
  3. High Vulnerability (N6)
  4. High Altruism (A3)
  5. High Compliance (A4)
  6. High Modesty (A5)
115
Q

What are the 3 facets conceptually associated with Schizoid Personality disorder?

A
  1. Low Warmth (E1)
  2. Low Gregariousness (E2)
  3. Low Positive emotionality (E6)
116
Q

What are the 6 facets conceptually associated with Paranoid Personality disorder?

A
  1. High Anxiety (N1)
  2. High Anger hostility (N2)
  3. High Depression (N3)
  4. High Self-consciousness (N4)
  5. High Impulsiveness (N5)
  6. High Vulnerability (N6)
117
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High Competence (C1)

A

Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder

118
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

Low Gregariousness (E2)

A
  • Schizoid Personality disorder
  • Avoidant Personality disorder
119
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

Low Warmth (E1)

A

Schizoid Personality disorder

120
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High Anxiety (N1)

A
  • Dependent Personality disorder
  • Paranoid Personality disorder
  • Avoidant Personality disorder
121
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High ‘Order’ (C2)

A

Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder

122
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

Low Assertiveness (E3)

A

Avoidant Personality disorder

123
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High Self-consciousness (N4)

A
  • Avoidant Personality disorder
  • Dependent Personality disorder
124
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

Low Positive emotionality (E6)

A

Schizoid Personality disorder

125
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High Dutifulness (C3)

A

Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder

126
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High Vulnerability (N6)

A
  • Avoidant Personality disorder
  • Dependent Personality disorder
127
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High Altruism (A3)

A

Dependent Personality disorder

128
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High Achievement-striving (C4)

A

Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder

129
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High Compliance (A4)

A

Dependent Personality disorder

130
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High Deliberation (C6)

A

Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder

131
Q

Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?

High Modesty (A5)

A

Dependent Personality disorder

132
Q

What did McCrae et al (2001) argue about creating facet profiles for personality disorders?

A

Profiles may indicate the risk (but not diagnosis) of developing a personality disorder

May be useful for ruling out a personality disorder, or characterising a known personality disorder

133
Q

True or False?

Profiles may indicate the diagnosis of developing a personality disorder

A

False

Profiles may indicate the risk (but not diagnosis) of developing a personality disorder

134
Q

True or False?

Profiles may be useful for ruling out a personality disorder, or characterising a known personality disorder

A

True

135
Q

Describe McCrae et al.’s (2001) study on Testing the Big 5 Profile Approach

List 5 points

A
  1. 1926 patients from psychiatric hospitals:
  2. Personality Disorder Interview
  3. Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ)
  4. NEO-PI-R
  5. Calculated ‘profile agreement’ scores for each patient
136
Q

Describe the results of McCrae et al.’s (2001) study on Testing the Big 5 Profile Approach

List 2 points

A
  1. Significant correlations but only “modest to moderate”
  2. Do not provide a complete account of personality disorders
137
Q

What did McCrae et al.’s (2001) study on Testing the Big 5 Profile Approach conclude

A

Potential need to revise the current diagnostic classification system for personality disorders (DSM-IV)

138
Q

What are the 3 limitations of the DSM-IV Personality Disorder Classification?

A
  1. Extensive co-morbidity
  2. Low temporal/inter-assessor reliability
  3. Not based on empirical personality models
139
Q

One of the limitations of the DSM-IV Personality Disorder Classification is extensive co-morbidity

What does this mean?

A

High levels of co-occurrence of Personality Disorder both within and across diagnostic clusters

Disorder categories might not be unique or valid entities

140
Q

One of the limitations of the DSM-IV Personality Disorder Classification is low temporal/inter-assessor reliability

What does this mean?

A

Clients are being given different diagnosis from different clinicians or at different times of life

141
Q

What are the 4 suggestions for DSM-5 on personality disorders?

A
  1. Assess personality facet profile (NEO-PI-R)
  2. Assess personality-related social/occupational impairments and distress
  3. If dysfunction & distress are clinically significant – diagnose PD
  4. (determine if the profile matches with PD category descriptor)
142
Q

To assess and address personality disorders, should the DSM-5 follow a dimensional or a categorical approach?

A

Dimensional approach

143
Q

What does the DSM-5 include about personality disorders?

List 2 points

A
  1. Retention of all 10 PDs and Clusters in the main DSM-5
  2. But: additional ‘emerging measures and models’ section
144
Q

What are the 2 criterions in the DSM-5 section III regarding personality disorders?

A
  1. Criterion A: Severity
  2. Criterion B: Style
145
Q

What 2 points are included in Criterion A: Severity of the DSM-5 section III?

A
  1. Significant impairments in the functioning of self (identity or self-direction)
  2. Interpersonal (empathy or intimacy)
146
Q

What 2 points are included in Criterion B: Style of the DSM-5 section III?

A
  1. One or more pathological personality trait domains or facets (measured with ‘Maladaptive Trait Model’: Krueger et al. 2012.)
  2. That have clinical significance rather than capturing diversity within normal and non normal population
147
Q

Is this criterion A or B?

Interpersonal (empathy or intimacy)

A

Criterion A: Severity

148
Q

Is this criterion A or B?

One or more pathological personality trait domains or facets (measured with ‘Maladaptive Trait Model’: Krueger et al. 2012.)

A

Criterion B: Style

149
Q

Is this criterion A or B?

Significant impairments in the functioning of
self (identity or self-direction)

A

Criterion A: Severity

150
Q

Is this criterion A or B?

That have clinical significance rather than capturing diversity within normal and non normal population

A

Criterion B: Style

151
Q

DSM-5: Section III retains just 6 of the original Personality Disorder categories

Why were they the only ones kept?

A

They are the ones with the most diagnostic robustness

152
Q

Personality disorders are ____ Specified

A

Trait

153
Q

True or False?

Personality disorders are Trait Specified

A

True

154
Q

DSM-5: Section III retains just 6 of the original Personality Disorder categories

What are they?

A
  1. Borderline PD
  2. Obsessive-Compulsive PD
  3. Avoidant PD
  4. Schizotypal PD
  5. Antisocial PD
  6. Narcissistic PD
155
Q

Define Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

A mental disorder defined by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities

156
Q

A mental disorder defined by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities

This is known as…?

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

157
Q

What does Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) lead to?

A

This leads to a disrupted sense of identity and a discontinuity in their sense of self

158
Q

What are the traits of someone with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

List 4

A
  1. Presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities
  2. Amnesia for prior or recent events
  3. Cause distress and/or functional impairment
  4. Not due to e.g. substance use, cultural practice or imaginative play
159
Q
  1. Presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities
  2. Amnesia for prior or recent events
  3. Cause distress and/or functional impairment
  4. Not due to e.g. substance use, cultural practice or imaginative play

These are traits of…?

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

160
Q

Multiple personality disorder is known as…?

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

161
Q

What are the 4 Dissociative Disorders (DSM-5)?

A
  1. Dissociative Identity Disorder
  2. Dissociative Amnesia
  3. Depersonalisation/ Derealisation Disorder
  4. Other Specified/Unspecified Dissociative Disorder
162
Q

What are the 5 features of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) according to Haslam (2007)?

A
  1. Primary ‘host’ personality plus one or more alters
  2. Alters take turns to control behaviour
  3. Distinctive patterns of thinking and behaving
  4. Different names, ages, genders etc.
  5. Memory loss for experiences as other alters
163
Q

Describe the findings in Haslam’s (2007) study on features and observations of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

List 5

A
  1. Reports of severe childhood sexual/physical abuse common
  2. Patients high in ‘suggestibility’
  3. Clustering of cases; geographically, by therapist
  4. Increase in cases of DID
  5. Reports becoming more extreme
164
Q

How are cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) clustered

List 2 ways

A
  1. Geographically (most reported in the USA)
  2. By therapist
165
Q

Up to 1980, how many cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) were there?

A

Fewer than 200

166
Q

Currently, how many cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) were there?

A

10s of thousands

167
Q

Reports of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) are becoming more extreme

Elaborate on this

A
  1. From 2/3 alters to >100 (including animals)
  2. More extreme abuse
168
Q

What is the Post-Traumatic Model of DID?

A
  1. DID emerges as a result of response to the abuse and trauma experienced in childhood
  2. Dissociation of consciousness to escape initial trauma
  3. Thoughts and feelings experienced during the trauma and associated memories can be separated from the rest of that person’s consciousness to preserve the original sense of self
  4. Dissociation becomes a response mechanism for future stress
  5. This can lead to the development of additional personas over time
169
Q

_____ a primitive response to trauma

A

DID

170
Q

How can people develop different personas as a result of trauma?

A

Parts of consciousness that are split off go on to develop their own personas that might be related to the traumatic events experienced

171
Q

DID emerges as a result of …?

A

Response to the abuse and trauma experienced in childhood

172
Q

Thoughts and feelings experienced during the trauma and associated memories can be separated from the rest of that person’s consciousness to …?

A

Preserve the original sense of self

173
Q

How can someone’s consciousness preserve the original sense of self after facing trauma?

A

Thoughts and feelings experienced during the trauma and associated memories are separated from the rest of that person’s consciousness

174
Q

____ becomes a response mechanism for future stress

A

Dissociation

175
Q

Dissociation becomes a response mechanism for ____

A

Future stress

176
Q

Patients with DID tend to be ____ in suggestibility

a. High
b. Low

A

a. High

177
Q

What pre-disposes to dissociation?

A

Suggestibility

178
Q

What is the Socio-Cognitive Model of DID?

List 4 points

A
  1. Symptoms emerge as a product of therapy
  2. Hypnosis and leading questions cause patients to reinterpret experiences
  3. Mood swings are expressed as multiple personalities
  4. A culture-bound phenomenon (not ‘faking’)
179
Q

Hypnosis and leading questions cause patients to …?

A

Reinterpret experiences

180
Q

______ cause patients to reinterpret experiences

A

Hypnosis and leading questions

181
Q

Mood swings are expressed as …?

A

Multiple personalities

182
Q

According to the socio-cognitive model of DID, suggestibility increases …?

A

Susceptibility to interpret their symptoms in the way that their therapist presents to them

183
Q

According to the socio-cognitive model of DID, ___ increases susceptibility to interpret their symptoms in the way that their therapist presents to them

A

Suggestibility

184
Q

According to the socio-cognitive model of DID, suggestibility increases susceptibility to interpret their symptoms in the way that their therapist presents to them

What does this account for? (List 2 things)

A
  1. Clustering of cases
  2. Rise in prevalence and severity
185
Q

According to Spanos (1994), experimental, hypnotic manipulations can ‘reveal’ …?

A

Apparent hidden self or past life identities in psychologically healthy individuals

186
Q

According to Spanos (1994), _________ can ‘reveal’ apparent hidden self or past life identities in psychologically healthy individuals

A

Experimental, hypnotic manipulations

187
Q

According to Paris (2012), transcripts of ‘Sybil’’s therapy sessions show that the multiple personality narrative was …?

A

Imposed upon her

188
Q

What are the 2 main debates on Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

A
  1. The causes of the disorder
  2. It’s validity as a scientific concept
189
Q

A brief fad that was never accepted by the scientific community

This is known as…?

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

190
Q

Only DSM-5 has failed to notice that this diagnosis fails to meet criteria for a valid diagnosis

This is known as…?

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

191
Q

True or False?

There is increasing evidence linking dissociative disorders to trauma and specific neural mechanisms

A

True

192
Q

There is increasing evidence linking dissociative disorders to trauma and specific neural mechanisms

Give an example

A

e.g. Abnormalities in the blood flow to the arbitrary frontal region of the brain

or

e.g. Frontal and occipital perfusion changes in dissociative identity disorder

YEAR 2 Personality & ID (10 decks)

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