Personality Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What are Axis I Personality Disorders?
A
Clinical Psychological Disorders
2
Q
What are Axis II Personality Disorders?
A
Personality Disorders & Intellectual Disabilities
3
Q
What are Axis III Personality Disorders?
A
Medical conditions and physical disorders
4
Q
What are Axis IV Personality Disorders?
A
Psychosocial and Environmental Factors
5
Q
What are Axis V Personality Disorders?
A
Functional Level
6
Q
Which Axis Personality Disorder does this apply to?
Clinical Psychological Disorders
a. Axis V
b. Axis II
c. Axis I
d. Axis IV
e. Axis III
A
c. Axis I
7
Q
Which Axis Personality Disorder does this apply to?
Functional Level
a. Axis V
b. Axis II
c. Axis I
d. Axis IV
e. Axis III
A
a. Axis V
8
Q
Which Axis Personality Disorder does this apply to?
Psychosocial and Environmental Factors
a. Axis V
b. Axis II
c. Axis I
d. Axis IV
e. Axis III
A
d. Axis IV
9
Q
Which Axis Personality Disorder does this apply to?
Medical conditions and physical disorders
a. Axis V
b. Axis II
c. Axis I
d. Axis IV
e. Axis III
A
e. Axis III
10
Q
Which Axis Personality Disorder does this apply to?
Personality Disorders & Intellectual Disabilities
a. Axis V
b. Axis II
c. Axis I
d. Axis IV
e. Axis III
A
b. Axis II
11
Q
Define Axis II Personality Disorders
A
Conditions that could worsen the prognosis of primary axis 1 disorder and increase the risk of axis 1 occurring
12
Q
Conditions that could worsen the prognosis of primary axis 1 disorder and increase the risk of axis 1 occurring
This is known as…?
A
Axis II Personality Disorders
13
Q
According to Multiaxial DSM-IV (1994; Text Revision: 2000), what classifies as an Axis II (Personality Disorders & Intellectual Disabilities) disorder?
List 5 points
A
- Enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour
- Deviate from cultural expectations
- Are pervasive and inflexible
- Cause distress or impairment
- Not due to another disorder, drugs, intoxication etc.
14
Q
DSM 5 (2013) groups axes I-III into …?
A
A single axis
15
Q
DSM 5 (2013) groups axes I-III into a single axis
There was a separate axis originally in DSM IV for Axis II
Why?
A
To increase clinical/research attention
16
Q
What are the 3 clusters of personality disorders according to the DSM-IV AND V?
A
- Cluster A
- Cluster B
- Cluster C
17
Q
What are the 3 personality disorders in cluster A?
A
- Paranoid
- Schizoid
- Schizotypal
18
Q
What are the 4 personality disorders in cluster B?
A
- Antisocial
- Borderline
- Histrionic
- Narcissistic
19
Q
What are the 3 personality disorders in cluster C?
A
- Avoidant
- Dependent
- Obsessive-compulsive
20
Q
‘dramatic, emotional, or erratic’ disorders
This is known as…?
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
A
b. Cluster B
21
Q
‘odd or eccentric’ disorders
This is known as…?
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
A
a. Cluster A
22
Q
‘anxious or fearful’ disorders
This is known as…?
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
A
c. Cluster C
23
Q
Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?
Antisocial
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
A
b. Cluster B
24
Q
Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?
Schizotypal
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
A
a. Cluster A
25
Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?
Schizoid
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
a. Cluster A
26
Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?
Avoidant
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
c. Cluster C
27
Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?
Borderline
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
b. Cluster B
28
Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?
Histrionic
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
b. Cluster B
29
Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?
Dependent
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
c. Cluster C
30
Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?
Paranoid
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
a. Cluster A
31
Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?
Obsessive-compulsive
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
c. Cluster C
32
Which cluster does this personality disorder belong to?
Narcissistic
a. Cluster A
b. Cluster B
c. Cluster C
b. Cluster B
33
Define Cluster A personality disorders
‘odd or eccentric’ disorders
34
Define Cluster B personality disorders
‘dramatic, emotional, or erratic’ disorders
35
Define Cluster C personality disorders
‘anxious or fearful’ disorders
36
True or False?
Co-occurrence of Personality Disorders is rare
False
Co-occurrence of Personality Disorders is common
37
Many people meet the criteria for ______ personality disorders at a time
a. two or more
b. only one
c. five or more
d. at least three
a. two or more
38
True or False?
There are highly questionable validity and utility of diagnostic groups
True
39
What are the 6 characteristics of Paranoid Personality Disorder?
1. Paranoia
2. Mistrust of others
3. Has irrational suspicions
4. Pre-occupied with doubts
5. Reluctance to confide
6. Misinterprets innocent remarks, and holds grudges against people
40
What are the 5 characteristics of Schizoid Personality Disorder?
1. Detachment from interpersonal relationships
2. Emotional coldness
3. Indifference to praise/criticism of others
4. Has few friends
5. Chooses solitary activities
41
What are the 3 characteristics of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
1. Distortions in thinking, feelings and perceptions
e.g. ideas of reference (incorrect belief that everyday events are referring to them), magical thinking, perceptual illusions
2. Discomfort in social situations
3. Suspicions and paranoia
42
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Detachment from interpersonal relationships
Schizoid Personality Disorder
43
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Emotional coldness
Schizoid Personality Disorder
44
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Paranoia
Paranoid Personality Disorder
45
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Mistrust of others
Paranoid Personality Disorder
46
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Distortions in thinking, feelings and perceptions
e.g. ideas of reference (incorrect belief that everyday events are referring to them), magical thinking, perceptual illusions
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
47
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Indifference to praise/criticism of others
Schizoid Personality Disorder
48
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Has irrational suspicions
Paranoid Personality Disorder
49
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Pre-occupied with doubts
Paranoid Personality Disorder
50
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Discomfort in social situations
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
51
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Reluctance to confide
Paranoid Personality Disorder
52
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Has few friends
Schizoid Personality Disorder
53
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Chooses solitary activities
Schizoid Personality Disorder
54
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Misinterprets innocent remarks, and holds grudges against people
Paranoid Personality Disorder
55
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Suspicions and paranoia
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
56
What are the 6 characteristics of Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder?
1. Lack of empathy and remorse
2. Disregard for others
3. Failure to conform to norms/laws
4. Impulsivity
5. Deceitfulness
6. Irresponsibility, and disregard for safety of self/others
57
What are the 4 characteristics of Histrionic Personality Disorder?
1. Excessive need for approval
2. Need to be the centre of attention
3. Shallow/over-dramatic emotions
4. Sees relationships as more intimate than they are
58
What are the 7 characteristics of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
1. Inflated self-importance and sense of entitlement
2. Belief they are special
3. Seeks attention and admiration from others
4. Fantasises of success
5. Arrogance
6. Envy of others
7. Low in empathy
59
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Lack of empathy and remorse
Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder
60
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Inflated self-importance and sense of entitlement
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
61
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Belief they are special
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
62
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Disregard for others
Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder
63
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Excessive need for approval
Histrionic Personality Disorder
64
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Failure to conform to norms/laws
Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder
65
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Seeks attention and admiration from others
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
66
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Fantasises of success
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
67
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Need to be the centre of attention
Histrionic Personality Disorder
68
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Impulsivity
Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder
69
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Shallow/over-dramatic emotions
Histrionic Personality Disorder
70
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Deceitfulness
Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder
71
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Arrogance
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
72
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Envy of others
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
73
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Irresponsibility, and disregard for safety of self/others
Antisocial (dissocial) Personality Disorder
74
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Sees relationships as more intimate than they are
Histrionic Personality Disorder
75
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Low in empathy
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
76
What are the 7 characteristics of Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder?
1. Unstable personal relationships
2. Frantic attempts to avoid real/imagined abandonment
3. Lack of well-formed identity
4. Feelings of emptiness/worthlessness
5. Instability of feelings
6. Frequent suicidal, self-harming, self-mutilating behaviours
7. Impulsivity in self-damaging behaviours
77
What are the 6 characteristics of Avoidant Personality Disorder?
1. Social inhibition
2. Avoids and withdraws from social situations
3. Low self-worth
4. Fear of rejection, disapproval and criticism
5. Feel socially-inept
6. Reluctant to engage in new things for fear of embarrassment
78
What are the 5 characteristics of Dependent Personality Disorder?
1. Persistent psychological dependence on others
2. Lack of confidence in ability to take responsibility
3. Has difficulty doing things alone
4. Tends to agree with others
5. Seeks out new relationships
79
What are the 3 characteristics of Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder?
1. Preoccupation with orderliness, rules, moral codes, caution and perfectionism
2. Excessive devoted to work
3. Inflexibility and overly-conscientious
80
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Unstable personal relationships
Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder
81
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Social inhibition
Avoidant Personality Disorder
82
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Avoids and withdraws from social situations
Avoidant Personality Disorder
83
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Frantic attempts to avoid real/imagined abandonment
Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder
84
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Persistent psychological dependence on others
Dependent Personality Disorder
85
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Lack of confidence in ability to take responsibility
Dependent Personality Disorder
86
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Lack of well-formed identity
Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder
87
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Low self-worth
Avoidant Personality Disorder
88
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Has difficulty doing things alone
Dependent Personality Disorder
89
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Preoccupation with orderliness, rules, moral codes, caution and perfectionism
Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder
90
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Excessive devoted to work
Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder
91
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Tends to agree with others
Dependent Personality Disorder
92
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Fear of rejection, disapproval and criticism
Avoidant Personality Disorder
93
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Instability of feelings
Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder
94
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Frequent suicidal, self-harming, self-mutilating behaviours
Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder
95
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Feel socially-inept
Avoidant Personality Disorder
96
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Reluctant to engage in new things for fear of embarrassment
Avoidant Personality Disorder
97
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Frequent suicidal, self-harming, self-mutilating behaviours
Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder
98
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Inflexibility and overly-conscientious
Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder
99
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Impulsivity in self-damaging behaviours
Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder
100
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Feelings of emptiness/worthlessness
Borderline (Emotionally Unstable) Personality Disorder
100
Which personality trait does this characteristic apply to?
Seeks out new relationships
Dependent Personality Disorder
101
What is the difference between OCD and OCPD?
OCD – More focus on intrusive obsessive thought and all the performance of repetitive ritualistic compulsive behaviours
OCPD – Related to abnormally high in disordered levels of perfectionism and conscientiousness
102
More focus on intrusive obsessive thought and all the performance of repetitive ritualistic compulsive behaviours
This is known as...?
a. OCD
b. Both
c. OCPD
d. None
a. OCD
103
Related to abnormally high in disordered levels of perfectionism and conscientiousness
This is known as...?
a. OCD
b. Both
c. OCPD
d. None
c. OCPD
104
What is the continuity hypothesis?
There is no discontinuity between normality and illness
105
There is no discontinuity between normality and illness
This is known as...?
Continuity hypothesis
106
Describe the results of Saulsman and Page's (2004) meta-analysis on Personality Disorders and ‘Personality’
List 3 points
1. Paranoid, Schizoid and Schizotypal are all associated with low levels of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness
2. Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic and Narcissistic are all associated with low levels of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness,
3. Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-compulsive are all associated with low levels of Extraversion, Openness and high levels of Neuroticism
107
All 3 cluster A personality disorders are associated with low levels of...?
List 4
1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Openness
108
All 3 cluster A personality disorders are associated with higher levels of...?
neuroticism
109
All 4 cluster B personality disorders are associated with low levels of...?
List 2
1. Conscientiousness
2. Agreeableness
110
All 3 cluster C personality disorders are associated with low levels of...?
List 2
1. Extraversion
2. Openness
111
All 3 cluster C personality disorders are associated with high levels of...?
Neuroticism
112
What are the 5 facets conceptually associated with Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder?
1. High Competence (C1)
2. High ‘Order’ (C2)
3. High Dutifulness (C3)
4. High Achievement-striving (C4)
5. High Deliberation (C6)
113
What are the 5 facets conceptually associated with Avoidant Personality disorder?
1. Low Gregariousness (E2)
2. Low Assertiveness (E3)
3. High Anxiety (N1)
4. High Self-consciousness (N4)
5. High Vulnerability (N6)
114
What are the 5 facets conceptually associated with Dependent Personality disorder?
1. High Anxiety (N1)
2. High Self-consciousness (N4)
3. High Vulnerability (N6)
4. High Altruism (A3)
5. High Compliance (A4)
6. High Modesty (A5)
115
What are the 3 facets conceptually associated with Schizoid Personality disorder?
1. Low Warmth (E1)
2. Low Gregariousness (E2)
3. Low Positive emotionality (E6)
116
What are the 6 facets conceptually associated with Paranoid Personality disorder?
1. High Anxiety (N1)
2. High Anger hostility (N2)
3. High Depression (N3)
4. High Self-consciousness (N4)
5. High Impulsiveness (N5)
6. High Vulnerability (N6)
117
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High Competence (C1)
Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder
118
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
Low Gregariousness (E2)
- Schizoid Personality disorder
- Avoidant Personality disorder
119
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
Low Warmth (E1)
Schizoid Personality disorder
120
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High Anxiety (N1)
- Dependent Personality disorder
- Paranoid Personality disorder
- Avoidant Personality disorder
121
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High ‘Order’ (C2)
Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder
122
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
Low Assertiveness (E3)
Avoidant Personality disorder
123
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High Self-consciousness (N4)
- Avoidant Personality disorder
- Dependent Personality disorder
124
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
Low Positive emotionality (E6)
Schizoid Personality disorder
125
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High Dutifulness (C3)
Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder
126
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High Vulnerability (N6)
- Avoidant Personality disorder
- Dependent Personality disorder
127
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High Altruism (A3)
Dependent Personality disorder
128
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High Achievement-striving (C4)
Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder
129
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High Compliance (A4)
Dependent Personality disorder
130
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High Deliberation (C6)
Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder
131
Which personality disorder(s) is/are conceptually associated with this facet?
High Modesty (A5)
Dependent Personality disorder
132
What did McCrae et al (2001) argue about creating facet profiles for personality disorders?
Profiles may indicate the risk (but not diagnosis) of developing a personality disorder
May be useful for ruling out a personality disorder, or characterising a known personality disorder
133
True or False?
Profiles may indicate the diagnosis of developing a personality disorder
False
Profiles may indicate the risk (but not diagnosis) of developing a personality disorder
134
True or False?
Profiles may be useful for ruling out a personality disorder, or characterising a known personality disorder
True
135
Describe McCrae et al.'s (2001) study on Testing the Big 5 Profile Approach
List 5 points
1. 1926 patients from psychiatric hospitals:
2. Personality Disorder Interview
3. Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ)
4. NEO-PI-R
5. Calculated ‘profile agreement’ scores for each patient
136
Describe the results of McCrae et al.'s (2001) study on Testing the Big 5 Profile Approach
List 2 points
1. Significant correlations but only “modest to moderate”
2. Do not provide a complete account of personality disorders
137
What did McCrae et al.'s (2001) study on Testing the Big 5 Profile Approach conclude
Potential need to revise the current diagnostic classification system for personality disorders (DSM-IV)
138
What are the 3 limitations of the DSM-IV Personality Disorder Classification?
1. Extensive co-morbidity
2. Low temporal/inter-assessor reliability
3. Not based on empirical personality models
139
One of the limitations of the DSM-IV Personality Disorder Classification is extensive co-morbidity
What does this mean?
High levels of co-occurrence of Personality Disorder both within and across diagnostic clusters
Disorder categories might not be unique or valid entities
140
One of the limitations of the DSM-IV Personality Disorder Classification is low temporal/inter-assessor reliability
What does this mean?
Clients are being given different diagnosis from different clinicians or at different times of life
141
What are the 4 suggestions for DSM-5 on personality disorders?
1. Assess personality facet profile (NEO-PI-R)
2. Assess personality-related social/occupational impairments and distress
3. If dysfunction & distress are clinically significant – diagnose PD
4. (determine if the profile matches with PD category descriptor)
142
To assess and address personality disorders, should the DSM-5 follow a dimensional or a categorical approach?
Dimensional approach
143
What does the DSM-5 include about personality disorders?
List 2 points
1. Retention of all 10 PDs and Clusters in the main DSM-5
2. But: additional ‘emerging measures and models’ section
144
What are the 2 criterions in the DSM-5 section III regarding personality disorders?
1. Criterion A: Severity
2. Criterion B: Style
145
What 2 points are included in Criterion A: Severity of the DSM-5 section III?
1. Significant impairments in the functioning of self (identity or self-direction)
3. Interpersonal (empathy or intimacy)
146
What 2 points are included in Criterion B: Style of the DSM-5 section III?
1. One or more pathological personality trait domains or facets (measured with ‘Maladaptive Trait Model’: Krueger et al. 2012.)
2. That have clinical significance rather than capturing diversity within normal and non normal population
147
Is this criterion A or B?
Interpersonal (empathy or intimacy)
Criterion A: Severity
148
Is this criterion A or B?
One or more pathological personality trait domains or facets (measured with ‘Maladaptive Trait Model’: Krueger et al. 2012.)
Criterion B: Style
149
Is this criterion A or B?
Significant impairments in the functioning of
self (identity or self-direction)
Criterion A: Severity
150
Is this criterion A or B?
That have clinical significance rather than capturing diversity within normal and non normal population
Criterion B: Style
151
DSM-5: Section III retains just 6 of the original Personality Disorder categories
Why were they the only ones kept?
They are the ones with the most diagnostic robustness
152
Personality disorders are ____ Specified
Trait
153
True or False?
Personality disorders are Trait Specified
True
154
DSM-5: Section III retains just 6 of the original Personality Disorder categories
What are they?
1. Borderline PD
2. Obsessive-Compulsive PD
3. Avoidant PD
4. Schizotypal PD
5. Antisocial PD
6. Narcissistic PD
155
Define Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
A mental disorder defined by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities
156
A mental disorder defined by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities
This is known as...?
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
157
What does Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) lead to?
This leads to a disrupted sense of identity and a discontinuity in their sense of self
158
What are the traits of someone with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
List 4
1. Presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities
2. Amnesia for prior or recent events
3. Cause distress and/or functional impairment
4. Not due to e.g. substance use, cultural practice or imaginative play
159
1. Presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities
2. Amnesia for prior or recent events
3. Cause distress and/or functional impairment
4. Not due to e.g. substance use, cultural practice or imaginative play
These are traits of...?
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
160
Multiple personality disorder is known as...?
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
161
What are the 4 Dissociative Disorders (DSM-5)?
1. Dissociative Identity Disorder
2. Dissociative Amnesia
3. Depersonalisation/ Derealisation Disorder
4. Other Specified/Unspecified Dissociative Disorder
162
What are the 5 features of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) according to Haslam (2007)?
1. Primary ‘host’ personality plus one or more alters
2. Alters take turns to control behaviour
3. Distinctive patterns of thinking and behaving
4. Different names, ages, genders etc.
5. Memory loss for experiences as other alters
163
Describe the findings in Haslam's (2007) study on features and observations of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
List 5
1. Reports of severe childhood sexual/physical abuse common
2. Patients high in ‘suggestibility’
3. Clustering of cases; geographically, by therapist
4. Increase in cases of DID
5. Reports becoming more extreme
164
How are cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) clustered
List 2 ways
1. Geographically (most reported in the USA)
2. By therapist
165
Up to 1980, how many cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) were there?
Fewer than 200
166
Currently, how many cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) were there?
10s of thousands
167
Reports of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) are becoming more extreme
Elaborate on this
1. From 2/3 alters to >100 (including animals)
2. More extreme abuse
168
What is the Post-Traumatic Model of DID?
1. DID emerges as a result of response to the abuse and trauma experienced in childhood
2. Dissociation of consciousness to escape initial trauma
3. Thoughts and feelings experienced during the trauma and associated memories can be separated from the rest of that person’s consciousness to preserve the original sense of self
4. Dissociation becomes a response mechanism for future stress
5. This can lead to the development of additional personas over time
169
_____ a primitive response to trauma
DID
170
How can people develop different personas as a result of trauma?
Parts of consciousness that are split off go on to develop their own personas that might be related to the traumatic events experienced
171
DID emerges as a result of ...?
Response to the abuse and trauma experienced in childhood
172
Thoughts and feelings experienced during the trauma and associated memories can be separated from the rest of that person’s consciousness to ...?
Preserve the original sense of self
173
How can someone's consciousness preserve the original sense of self after facing trauma?
Thoughts and feelings experienced during the trauma and associated memories are separated from the rest of that person’s consciousness
174
____ becomes a response mechanism for future stress
Dissociation
175
Dissociation becomes a response mechanism for ____
Future stress
176
Patients with DID tend to be ____ in suggestibility
a. High
b. Low
a. High
177
What pre-disposes to dissociation?
Suggestibility
178
What is the Socio-Cognitive Model of DID?
List 4 points
1. Symptoms emerge as a product of therapy
2. Hypnosis and leading questions cause patients to reinterpret experiences
3. Mood swings are expressed as multiple personalities
4. A culture-bound phenomenon (not ‘faking’)
179
Hypnosis and leading questions cause patients to ...?
Reinterpret experiences
180
______ cause patients to reinterpret experiences
Hypnosis and leading questions
181
Mood swings are expressed as ...?
Multiple personalities
182
According to the socio-cognitive model of DID, suggestibility increases ...?
Susceptibility to interpret their symptoms in the way that their therapist presents to them
183
According to the socio-cognitive model of DID, ___ increases susceptibility to interpret their symptoms in the way that their therapist presents to them
Suggestibility
184
According to the socio-cognitive model of DID, suggestibility increases susceptibility to interpret their symptoms in the way that their therapist presents to them
What does this account for? (List 2 things)
1. Clustering of cases
2. Rise in prevalence and severity
185
According to Spanos (1994), experimental, hypnotic manipulations can ‘reveal’ ...?
Apparent hidden self or past life identities in psychologically healthy individuals
186
According to Spanos (1994), _________ can ‘reveal’ apparent hidden self or past life identities in psychologically healthy individuals
Experimental, hypnotic manipulations
187
According to Paris (2012), transcripts of ‘Sybil’’s therapy sessions show that the multiple personality narrative was ...?
Imposed upon her
188
What are the 2 main debates on Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
1. The causes of the disorder
2. It’s validity as a scientific concept
189
A brief fad that was never accepted by the scientific community
This is known as...?
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
190
Only DSM-5 has failed to notice that this diagnosis fails to meet criteria for a valid diagnosis
This is known as...?
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
191
True or False?
There is increasing evidence linking dissociative disorders to trauma and specific neural mechanisms
True
192
There is increasing evidence linking dissociative disorders to trauma and specific neural mechanisms
Give an example
e.g. Abnormalities in the blood flow to the arbitrary frontal region of the brain
or
e.g. Frontal and occipital perfusion changes in dissociative identity disorder
