Mood Flashcards
What is mood?
Affective ‘states of mind’ that underlie our subjective mental life
Affective ‘states of mind’ that underlie our subjective mental life
This is known as…?
Mood
What are the 2 ways Mood and Emotions are conceptually separated?
- ‘Folk Psychology’ Perspective
- Comparison with Academic Literature
- ‘Folk Psychology’ Perspective
- Comparison with Academic Literature
What are these used for?
Conceptual Separation of Mood and Emotion
Describe the ‘Folk Psychology’ Perspective of Conceptual Separation of Mood and Emotion
Asked 106 participants from a range of (non-psychology) professions (snowball sampling): What do you believe is the difference between an emotion and a mood?
Describe comparison with academic literature of Conceptual Separation of Mood and Emotion
65 published articles distinguishing between mood and emotion
What is the anatomy of emotion?
Related to the heart
What is the anatomy of mood?
Related to the mind
What is the experience of emotion?
Felt
What is the experience of mood?
Thought
What is the physiology of emotion?
Distinct physiological patterning
What is the physiology of mood?
No distinct physiological patterning
What is the cause of emotion?
Caused by a specific event or object
e.g. feeling happiness when receiving a gift from a friend, intentionality (about something), can influence responses we make
What is the cause of mood?
The cause is less well-defined
What is the awareness of cause of emotion?
The individual is aware of the cause
What is the awareness of cause of mood?
Individuals may be unaware of the cause
What is the intentionality of emotion?
About something
What is the intentionality of mood?
Not about anything in particular
What is the clarity of emotion?
Clearly defined
What is the clarity of mood?
Diffuse and nebulous
What is the control of emotions?
Not controllable
What is the control of mood?
Controllable
What is the display of emotion?
Displayed
What is the display of mood?
Not displayed
What is the intensity of emotion?
Intense
What is the intensity of mood?
Mild
What is the stability of emotion?
Fleeting and volatile
What is the stability of mood?
Stable
What is the timing of emotion?
Rises and dissipates quickly
What is the timing of mood?
Rises and dissipates slowly
What is the duration of emotion?
Brief
What is the duration of mood?
Enduring
What are the consequences of emotion?
Largely behavioural and expressive
Intended to communicate feelings to other people or cause a change in our goals/priorities in response to feeling
What are the consequences of mood?
Largely cognitive
Impairing/promoting creativity and problem solving
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Related to the mind
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Distinct physiological patterning
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Felt
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
About something
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Related to the heart
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Thought
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Caused by a specific event or object
e.g. feeling happiness when receiving a gift from a friend, intentionality (about something), can influence responses we make
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
No distinct physiological patterning
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Individuals may be unaware of the cause
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Not controllable
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Not about anything in particular
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Displayed
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
The individual is aware of the cause
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Clearly defined
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Diffuse and nebulous
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Controllable
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Mild
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Fleeting and volatile
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Intense
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Stable
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Enduring
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Rises and dissipates quickly
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Largely behavioural and expressive
Intended to communicate feelings to other people or cause a change in our goals/priorities in response to feeling
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Brief
Emotion
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Rises and dissipates slowly
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Largely cognitive
Impairing/promoting creativity and problem solving
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
The cause is less well-defined
Mood
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Not displayed
Mood
What are the 4 limitations to conceptual distinction between emotion and mood?
- Some criteria require testing
- Interactions between the two
- Not universally agreed
- Terminology used inconsistently in the literature
In general, some people are generally more positive or more negative than others
This is known as…?
Dispositional patterns = mood traits
What are mood traits?
Dispositional patterns of mood
Dispositional patterns of mood
This is known as…?
Mood traits
What do mood traits reflect?
The capacity and tendency to experience mood states
What reflects the capacity and tendency to experience mood states?
Mood traits
According to Costa et al (1987), mood is ____ (r ~ .44 correlation) over time
Moderately stable
True or False?
Mood is extremely stable over time
False
Mood is moderately stable over time
According to Costa et al (1987), what is a better predictor of a person’s future mood?
A person’s prior mood is a better predictor of their future mood than things like changes in their significant life circumstances (e.g. marriage, employment)
True or False?
Changes in a person’s significant life circumstances (e.g. marriage, employment) is a better predictor of their future mood than a person’s prior mood
False
A person’s prior mood was a better predictor of their future mood than things like changes in their significant life circumstances (e.g. marriage, employment)
What did McConville and Cooper (1992) found about mood states?
Characteristic patterns of variability of mood states
Simply = people differ in terms of how variable their moods are from day to day
Describe Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) study on the structure of mood
Reviewed previous factor analysis studies of mood adjective ratings
Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) reviewed previous factor analysis studies of mood adjective ratings
Describe their findings (List 2 points)
Found 2 (at least partly) orthogonal (independent) dimensions:
- Positive Affect (PA)
- Negative Affect (NA)
True or False?
According to Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) structure of mood, our level on one dimension tells us a lot about our level on another dimension because these dimensions are codependent
False
According to Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) structure of mood, our level on one dimension tells us very little about our level on another dimension because these dimensions are independent
True or False?
According to Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) structure of mood, it is not possible to experience high levels of positive affect at the same time as high negative affect
False
According to Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) structure of mood, it should be possible to experience high levels of positive affect at the same time as high negative affect
What is High Positive Affect?
Positive zest for life
What is Low Positive Affect?
Low levels of positive energy
What is High Negative Affect?
Unpleasant arousal
What is Low Negative Affect?
Feeling low arousal
What 3 things are associated with High Positive Affect?
- Active
- Elated
- Excited
What 3 things are associated with Low Positive Affect?
- Drowsy
- Sleepy
- Sluggish
What 3 things are associated with High Negative Affect?
- Distressed
- Fearful
- Nervous
What 3 things are associated with Low Negative Affect?
- Calm
- Placid
- Relaxed
What Affect does this apply to?
Distressed
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
b. High Negative Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Calm
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Drowsy
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Fearful
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
b. High Negative Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Active
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
a. High Positive Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Elated
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
a. High Positive Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Placid
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Sleepy
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Nervous
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
b. High Negative Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Excited
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
a. High Positive Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Relaxed
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
What Affect does this apply to?
Sluggish
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
Describe Larsen et al.’s (2001) study on the co-occurrence of positive and negative mood
List 3 points
- Examined co-activation of happiness and sadness
- 189 Participants
- ‘Emotional state’ ratings before and after watching a ‘tragic comedy’ film
Describe the results of Larsen et al.’s (2001) study on the co-occurrence of positive and negative mood
After the film, there was an evidence of co-activation = ‘Bittersweetness’
Larsen et al. (2001) forund evidence for bittersweet feelings on…?
List 2 occassions
- Dorm’ move-out day
- Graduation
- Dorm’ move-out day
- Graduation
These are 2 events that have evidence for what mood?
Bittersweetness
According to Conrad et al. (2019), ___% of songs that people listen to on repeat reflect bittersweet feelings
16%
16% of songs that people listen to on repeat reflect _____ feelings
Bittersweet
What does bittersweetness suggest about the co-occurrence of happiness and sadness?
Co-activation of positive and negative feelings (even ‘Happiness’ and ‘Sadness’) is possible (though probably not common)
True or False?
Co-activation of positive and negative feelings (even ‘Happiness’ and ‘Sadness’) is possible (though probably not common)
True
Describe Matthew et al.’s (1990) factor analysis on mood
Factor analysed responses to 48 item ‘University of Wales Institute of Science & Technology Mood Adjective Checklist’ (UMACL)
Describe the results of Matthew et al.’s (1990) factor analysis on mood
List 2 points
- Proposed three-dimensional model of mood
- Hedonic tone is modestly associated with arousal scales
According to Matthew et al.(1990), what are the 3 components of the three-dimensional model of mood?
- Tense Arousal
- Energetic Arousal
- Hedonic Tone
What 4 moods are associated with the positive extreme of Tense Arousal?
- Calm
- Relaxed
- Peaceful
- Placid
What 4 moods are associated with the negative extreme of Tense Arousal?
- Anxious
- Jittery
- Fearful
- Stressed
What 3 moods are associated with the positive extreme of Energetic Arousal?
- Active
- Alert
- Vigorous
What 4 moods are associated with the negative extreme of Energetic Arousal?
- Idle
- Sleepy
- Sluggish
- Tired
What 3 moods are associated with the positive extreme of Hedonic Tone?
- Pleased
- Cheerful
- Happy
What 3 moods are associated with the negative extreme of Hedonic Tone?
- Low-spirited
- Gloomy
- Sad
What is the definition of happiness according to Diener (2000)?
Overall balance of Positive Affect and Negative Affect
Overall balance of Positive Affect and Negative Affect
This is known as…?
Happiness
Most methods for assessing individual differences in mood involve …?
Retrospective judgements
Most methods for assessing ______ involve retrospective judgements
Individual differences in mood
e.g. How happy did you feel yesterday?
e.g. How happy did you feel last Friday?
These are examples of…?
Retrospective judgements
What are the 4 biases associated with retrospective judgement?
- Your current mood
- Your most extreme mood state during the period covered (‘peak’ mood)
- Your mood state at the end of the period covered (‘end’ mood)
- Beliefs, stereotypes, and expectations about mood patterns
- Your current mood
- Your most extreme mood state during the period covered (‘peak’ mood)
- Your mood state at the end of the period covered (‘end’ mood)
- Beliefs, stereotypes, and expectations about mood patterns
These are biases associated with…?
Retrospective judgement
What is peak mood?
Your most extreme mood state during the period covered
Your most extreme mood state during the period covered
This is known as…?
Peak mood
What is end mood?
Your mood state at the end of the period covered
Your mood state at the end of the period covered
This is known as…?
End mood
What is the typical cultural mood stereotype?
Monday is when we are at our lowest mood, Fridays and Saturdays are when we are at our highest mood
Monday is when we are at our lowest mood, Fridays and Saturdays are when we are at our highest mood
This is known as…?
Cultural Mood Stereotype
Describe Areni and Burger’s (2008) study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes
List 3 points
- Ps were asked: Do beliefs about our typical moods fit with cultural stereotypes about the days of the week?
- 202 participants were recruited into an online study, all in full-time employment
- Ps were then asked:
Think of the time when you first wake up in the morning…
On what morning of the week are you typically in your best mood?
On what morning of the week are you typically in your worst mood?
Think of that period in the evening after dinner but before you go to sleep…
On what evening of the week are you typically in your best mood?
On what evening of the week are you typically in your worst mood?
Describe the results of Areni and Burger’s (2008) study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes
List 2 points
- People were generally in their best moods on Friday evenings and Saturday mornings
- People were generally in their worst moods on Monday mornings and evenings
Describe Areni and Burger’s (2008) 2nd study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes
List 3 points
- 351 participants
Days 1-7: Daily momentary mood assessments
- What is your mood like right now? - Day 8: Mood stereotypes
- What is your mood like on a typical Wednesday/Thursday/etc? - Day 8: Retrospective mood assessments
- What was your mood like last Wednesday/Thursday? Etc
What data did Areni and Burger’s (2008) 2nd study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes looked at? List 3
- What Ps mood was like on each day
- What Ps thought their mood tended to be like on each day
- How Ps remembered their mood on each day of the previous week
Describe the results of Areni and Burger’s (2008) 2nd study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes
List 2 points
- Little evidence that mood stereotypes reflect real moods
- For Mondays: Mood stereotypes were a better predictor of remembered mood than actual moods were
Areni and Burger’s (2008) 2nd study found little evidence that mood stereotypes reflect real moods
Explain this further
List 4 points
- Ps ‘Typical’ (expected) mood reflects cultural stereotypes where people feel best moods on Friday/Saturday and worst moods on Monday
- Ps actual moods show much less variation in mood over the week than people expect
- There is no real evidence that people’s real moods fit with that expected pattern
e.g. There’s a very slight trend towards better moods on Fridays and the weekend but there aren’t any high moods on Tuesdays - Ps report feeling their worst on Wednesdays rather than Mondays
Areni and Burger’s (2008) 2nd study found for Mondays, mood stereotypes were a better predictor of remembered mood than actual moods were
Explain this further
List 2 points
- When looking at memories of their previous moods, people’s beliefs about their mood were stronger predictors of their remembered moods than the ratings of their actual moods were
- Suggests that holding an incorrect belief that we tend to feel lowest on certain days of the week can cause us to misremember our previous moods as being worse than they actually are
What 2 factors affect out current mood rating?
- The time that we make the mood rating
- Peak-End Theory
The time that we make the mood rating influences our current mood rating
Describe Schwartz and Clore’s (1983) study on this
Telephone interviews with participants on sunny or rainy days
‘How happy do you feel at this moment? (1-10)
‘How happy do you feel about your life as a whole?’ (1-10)
The time that we make the mood rating influences our current mood rating
Describe the results of Schwartz and Clore’s (1983) study on this (List 2 points)
- Mean levels of mood were higher on sunny days compared to rainy days
- Mean levels of global life happiness were higher on sunny days than on rainy days. This suggests global happiness was influenced by current mood (day-to-day fluctuations)
Mean levels of global life happiness were higher on sunny days than on rainy days.
What does this suggest?
This suggests global happiness was influenced by current mood (day-to-day fluctuations)
Peak-End Theory influences our current mood rating
Describe the results of Redelmeier and Kahneman’s (1996) study on this (List 2 points)
- Patients’ retrospective ratings were strongly influenced by Peak and End experiences
- Lower correlations with duration of experiences (‘duration neglect’)
Simply = People’s ratings don’t take sufficient account of how long these 2 periods were; the whole procedure was generally not very painful but there’s one brief moment where it was extremely painful or the final bit was very painful then the overall memory of the pain will be much higher than what they actually experienced (neglect the fact that these painful experiences are quite small and instead focuses on that overall extreme rating or end rating)
Describe Chajut et al.’s (2014) study on the peak-end theory and retrospective pain ratings
List 4 points
- 324 pregnant women (mean age = 30.4 years) recruited on entering delivery dept
- Momentary pain reports every 20 minutes until birth
- 0 = No pain at all, 100 = Worst pain imaginable
- Retrospective pain ratings (of entire period) taken 2 days/months later
Describe the results of Chajut et al.’s (2014) study on the peak-end theory and retrospective pain ratings
Average of peak and end pain ratings were stronger predictors of remembered pain ratings than actual average levels of pain experienced
Average of peak and end pain ratings were stronger predictors of ____ than actual average levels of pain experienced
Remembered pain ratings
Which of these is a stronger predictor of remembered pain ratings?
a. Average of peak and end pain ratings
b. Actual average levels of pain experienced
a. Average of peak and end pain ratings
According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect
What are memories of Negative Affects influenced more by?
Peak experiences
According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect
What are memories of Positive Affects influenced more by?
End experiences
According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect
What do end experiences influence?
a. Positive Affects
b. Negative Affects
a. Positive Affects
According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect
What do peak experiences influence?
a. Positive Affects
b. Negative Affects
b. Negative Affects
Memories of Negative Affects were influenced more by peak experiences
Memories of Positive Affects were influenced more by end experiences
What is the supposed reason behind this?
Not clear why but authors believe it has something to do with the greater evolutionary value of negative info which is more likely to be communicating risks of danger therefore might be better attended to and have a greater bias of peak experiences
What are the 3 types of Contemporaneous Mood Assessment?
- Momentary Mood Assessment
- Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)
- Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM)
Collected contemporaneously with the experience
e.g. How happy do you feel right now?
This is known as…?
Contemporaneous Mood Assessment
What are the 3 advantages of Contemporaneous Mood Assessment?
- Accurate snapshot of mood state
- Free of (memory-related) cognitive biases
- Temporal precision
What are the 3 disadvantages of Contemporaneous Mood Assessment?
- A single snapshot only
- How to know how representative your measure is of a person’s average mood
- Interfere with everyday activities
- Can change mood and introduce a new bias
- Tells you nothing about people’s memories of their experiences …
…which influence future behaviour;
… inform our sense of wellbeing;
… and contribute to our sense of who we are
- Accurate snapshot of mood state
- Free of (memory-related) cognitive biases
- Temporal precision
These are 3 advantages of what type of assessment?
Contemporaneous Mood Assessment
- A single snapshot only
- How to know how representative your measure is of a person’s average mood
- Interfere with everyday activities
- Can change mood and introduce a new bias
- Tells you nothing about people’s memories of their experiences …
…which influence future behaviour;
… inform our sense of wellbeing;
… and contribute to our sense of who we are
These are 3 advantages of what type of assessment?
Contemporaneous Mood Assessment
Retrospective and contemporaneous mood measures can be important and meaningful as it really depends on …?
The particular research question
