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YEAR 2 Personality & ID > Mood > Flashcards

Mood Flashcards

1
Q

What is mood?

A

Affective ‘states of mind’ that underlie our subjective mental life

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2
Q

Affective ‘states of mind’ that underlie our subjective mental life

This is known as…?

A

Mood

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3
Q

What are the 2 ways Mood and Emotions are conceptually separated?

A
  1. ‘Folk Psychology’ Perspective
  2. Comparison with Academic Literature
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4
Q
  1. ‘Folk Psychology’ Perspective
  2. Comparison with Academic Literature

What are these used for?

A

Conceptual Separation of Mood and Emotion

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5
Q

Describe the ‘Folk Psychology’ Perspective of Conceptual Separation of Mood and Emotion

A

Asked 106 participants from a range of (non-psychology) professions (snowball sampling): What do you believe is the difference between an emotion and a mood?

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6
Q

Describe comparison with academic literature of Conceptual Separation of Mood and Emotion

A

65 published articles distinguishing between mood and emotion

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7
Q

What is the anatomy of emotion?

A

Related to the heart

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8
Q

What is the anatomy of mood?

A

Related to the mind

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9
Q

What is the experience of emotion?

A

Felt

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10
Q

What is the experience of mood?

A

Thought

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11
Q

What is the physiology of emotion?

A

Distinct physiological patterning

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12
Q

What is the physiology of mood?

A

No distinct physiological patterning

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13
Q

What is the cause of emotion?

A

Caused by a specific event or object

e.g. feeling happiness when receiving a gift from a friend, intentionality (about something), can influence responses we make

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14
Q

What is the cause of mood?

A

The cause is less well-defined

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15
Q

What is the awareness of cause of emotion?

A

The individual is aware of the cause

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16
Q

What is the awareness of cause of mood?

A

Individuals may be unaware of the cause

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17
Q

What is the intentionality of emotion?

A

About something

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18
Q

What is the intentionality of mood?

A

Not about anything in particular

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19
Q

What is the clarity of emotion?

A

Clearly defined

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20
Q

What is the clarity of mood?

A

Diffuse and nebulous

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21
Q

What is the control of emotions?

A

Not controllable

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22
Q

What is the control of mood?

A

Controllable

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23
Q

What is the display of emotion?

A

Displayed

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24
Q

What is the display of mood?

A

Not displayed

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25
Q

What is the intensity of emotion?

A

Intense

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26
Q

What is the intensity of mood?

A

Mild

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27
Q

What is the stability of emotion?

A

Fleeting and volatile

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28
Q

What is the stability of mood?

A

Stable

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29
Q

What is the timing of emotion?

A

Rises and dissipates quickly

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30
Q

What is the timing of mood?

A

Rises and dissipates slowly

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31
Q

What is the duration of emotion?

A

Brief

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32
Q

What is the duration of mood?

A

Enduring

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33
Q

What are the consequences of emotion?

A

Largely behavioural and expressive

Intended to communicate feelings to other people or cause a change in our goals/priorities in response to feeling

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34
Q

What are the consequences of mood?

A

Largely cognitive

Impairing/promoting creativity and problem solving

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35
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Related to the mind

A

Mood

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36
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Distinct physiological patterning

A

Emotion

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37
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Felt

A

Emotion

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38
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

About something

A

Emotion

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39
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Related to the heart

A

Emotion

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40
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Thought

A

Mood

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41
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Caused by a specific event or object

e.g. feeling happiness when receiving a gift from a friend, intentionality (about something), can influence responses we make

A

Emotion

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42
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

No distinct physiological patterning

A

Mood

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43
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Individuals may be unaware of the cause

A

Mood

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44
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Not controllable

A

Emotion

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45
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Not about anything in particular

A

Mood

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46
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Displayed

A

Emotion

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47
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

The individual is aware of the cause

A

Emotion

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48
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Clearly defined

A

Emotion

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49
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Diffuse and nebulous

A

Mood

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50
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Controllable

A

Mood

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51
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Mild

A

Mood

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52
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Fleeting and volatile

A

Emotion

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53
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Intense

A

Emotion

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54
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Stable

A

Mood

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55
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Enduring

A

Mood

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56
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Rises and dissipates quickly

A

Emotion

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57
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Largely behavioural and expressive

Intended to communicate feelings to other people or cause a change in our goals/priorities in response to feeling

A

Emotion

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58
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Brief

A

Emotion

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59
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Rises and dissipates slowly

A

Mood

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60
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Largely cognitive

Impairing/promoting creativity and problem solving

A

Mood

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61
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

The cause is less well-defined

A

Mood

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62
Q

Does this apply to emotion or mood?

Not displayed

A

Mood

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63
Q

What are the 4 limitations to conceptual distinction between emotion and mood?

A
  1. Some criteria require testing
  2. Interactions between the two
  3. Not universally agreed
  4. Terminology used inconsistently in the literature
64
Q

In general, some people are generally more positive or more negative than others

This is known as…?

A

Dispositional patterns = mood traits

65
Q

What are mood traits?

A

Dispositional patterns of mood

66
Q

Dispositional patterns of mood

This is known as…?

A

Mood traits

67
Q

What do mood traits reflect?

A

The capacity and tendency to experience mood states

68
Q

What reflects the capacity and tendency to experience mood states?

A

Mood traits

69
Q

According to Costa et al (1987), mood is ____ (r ~ .44 correlation) over time

A

Moderately stable

70
Q

True or False?

Mood is extremely stable over time

A

False

Mood is moderately stable over time

71
Q

According to Costa et al (1987), what is a better predictor of a person’s future mood?

A

A person’s prior mood is a better predictor of their future mood than things like changes in their significant life circumstances (e.g. marriage, employment)

72
Q

True or False?

Changes in a person’s significant life circumstances (e.g. marriage, employment) is a better predictor of their future mood than a person’s prior mood

A

False

A person’s prior mood was a better predictor of their future mood than things like changes in their significant life circumstances (e.g. marriage, employment)

73
Q

What did McConville and Cooper (1992) found about mood states?

A

Characteristic patterns of variability of mood states

Simply = people differ in terms of how variable their moods are from day to day

74
Q

Describe Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) study on the structure of mood

A

Reviewed previous factor analysis studies of mood adjective ratings

75
Q

Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) reviewed previous factor analysis studies of mood adjective ratings

Describe their findings (List 2 points)

A

Found 2 (at least partly) orthogonal (independent) dimensions:

  1. Positive Affect (PA)
  2. Negative Affect (NA)
76
Q

True or False?

According to Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) structure of mood, our level on one dimension tells us a lot about our level on another dimension because these dimensions are codependent

A

False

According to Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) structure of mood, our level on one dimension tells us very little about our level on another dimension because these dimensions are independent

77
Q

True or False?

According to Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) structure of mood, it is not possible to experience high levels of positive affect at the same time as high negative affect

A

False

According to Watson and Tellegen’s (1985) structure of mood, it should be possible to experience high levels of positive affect at the same time as high negative affect

78
Q

What is High Positive Affect?

A

Positive zest for life

79
Q

What is Low Positive Affect?

A

Low levels of positive energy

80
Q

What is High Negative Affect?

A

Unpleasant arousal

81
Q

What is Low Negative Affect?

A

Feeling low arousal

82
Q

What 3 things are associated with High Positive Affect?

A
  1. Active
  2. Elated
  3. Excited
83
Q

What 3 things are associated with Low Positive Affect?

A
  1. Drowsy
  2. Sleepy
  3. Sluggish
84
Q

What 3 things are associated with High Negative Affect?

A
  1. Distressed
  2. Fearful
  3. Nervous
85
Q

What 3 things are associated with Low Negative Affect?

A
  1. Calm
  2. Placid
  3. Relaxed
86
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Distressed

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

b. High Negative Affect

87
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Calm

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

d. Low Negative Affect

88
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Drowsy

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

c. Low Positive Affect

89
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Fearful

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

b. High Negative Affect

90
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Active

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

a. High Positive Affect

91
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Elated

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

a. High Positive Affect

92
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Placid

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

d. Low Negative Affect

93
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Sleepy

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

c. Low Positive Affect

94
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Nervous

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

b. High Negative Affect

95
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Excited

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

a. High Positive Affect

96
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Relaxed

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

d. Low Negative Affect

97
Q

What Affect does this apply to?

Sluggish

a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect

A

c. Low Positive Affect

98
Q

Describe Larsen et al.’s (2001) study on the co-occurrence of positive and negative mood

List 3 points

A
  1. Examined co-activation of happiness and sadness
  2. 189 Participants
  3. ‘Emotional state’ ratings before and after watching a ‘tragic comedy’ film
99
Q

Describe the results of Larsen et al.’s (2001) study on the co-occurrence of positive and negative mood

A

After the film, there was an evidence of co-activation = ‘Bittersweetness’

100
Q

Larsen et al. (2001) forund evidence for bittersweet feelings on…?

List 2 occassions

A
  1. Dorm’ move-out day
  2. Graduation
101
Q
  1. Dorm’ move-out day
  2. Graduation

These are 2 events that have evidence for what mood?

A

Bittersweetness

102
Q

According to Conrad et al. (2019), ___% of songs that people listen to on repeat reflect bittersweet feelings

A

16%

103
Q

16% of songs that people listen to on repeat reflect _____ feelings

A

Bittersweet

104
Q

What does bittersweetness suggest about the co-occurrence of happiness and sadness?

A

Co-activation of positive and negative feelings (even ‘Happiness’ and ‘Sadness’) is possible (though probably not common)

105
Q

True or False?

Co-activation of positive and negative feelings (even ‘Happiness’ and ‘Sadness’) is possible (though probably not common)

A

True

106
Q

Describe Matthew et al.’s (1990) factor analysis on mood

A

Factor analysed responses to 48 item ‘University of Wales Institute of Science & Technology Mood Adjective Checklist’ (UMACL)

107
Q

Describe the results of Matthew et al.’s (1990) factor analysis on mood

List 2 points

A
  1. Proposed three-dimensional model of mood
  2. Hedonic tone is modestly associated with arousal scales
108
Q

According to Matthew et al.(1990), what are the 3 components of the three-dimensional model of mood?

A
  1. Tense Arousal
  2. Energetic Arousal
  3. Hedonic Tone
109
Q

What 4 moods are associated with the positive extreme of Tense Arousal?

A
  1. Calm
  2. Relaxed
  3. Peaceful
  4. Placid
110
Q

What 4 moods are associated with the negative extreme of Tense Arousal?

A
  1. Anxious
  2. Jittery
  3. Fearful
  4. Stressed
111
Q

What 3 moods are associated with the positive extreme of Energetic Arousal?

A
  1. Active
  2. Alert
  3. Vigorous
112
Q

What 4 moods are associated with the negative extreme of Energetic Arousal?

A
  1. Idle
  2. Sleepy
  3. Sluggish
  4. Tired
113
Q

What 3 moods are associated with the positive extreme of Hedonic Tone?

A
  1. Pleased
  2. Cheerful
  3. Happy
114
Q

What 3 moods are associated with the negative extreme of Hedonic Tone?

A
  1. Low-spirited
  2. Gloomy
  3. Sad
115
Q

What is the definition of happiness according to Diener (2000)?

A

Overall balance of Positive Affect and Negative Affect

116
Q

Overall balance of Positive Affect and Negative Affect

This is known as…?

A

Happiness

117
Q

Most methods for assessing individual differences in mood involve …?

A

Retrospective judgements

118
Q

Most methods for assessing ______ involve retrospective judgements

A

Individual differences in mood

119
Q

e.g. How happy did you feel yesterday?

e.g. How happy did you feel last Friday?

These are examples of…?

A

Retrospective judgements

120
Q

What are the 4 biases associated with retrospective judgement?

A
  1. Your current mood
  2. Your most extreme mood state during the period covered (‘peak’ mood)
  3. Your mood state at the end of the period covered (‘end’ mood)
  4. Beliefs, stereotypes, and expectations about mood patterns
121
Q
  1. Your current mood
  2. Your most extreme mood state during the period covered (‘peak’ mood)
  3. Your mood state at the end of the period covered (‘end’ mood)
  4. Beliefs, stereotypes, and expectations about mood patterns

These are biases associated with…?

A

Retrospective judgement

122
Q

What is peak mood?

A

Your most extreme mood state during the period covered

123
Q

Your most extreme mood state during the period covered

This is known as…?

A

Peak mood

124
Q

What is end mood?

A

Your mood state at the end of the period covered

125
Q

Your mood state at the end of the period covered

This is known as…?

A

End mood

126
Q

What is the typical cultural mood stereotype?

A

Monday is when we are at our lowest mood, Fridays and Saturdays are when we are at our highest mood

127
Q

Monday is when we are at our lowest mood, Fridays and Saturdays are when we are at our highest mood

This is known as…?

A

Cultural Mood Stereotype

128
Q

Describe Areni and Burger’s (2008) study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes

List 3 points

A
  1. Ps were asked: Do beliefs about our typical moods fit with cultural stereotypes about the days of the week?
  2. 202 participants were recruited into an online study, all in full-time employment
  3. Ps were then asked:

Think of the time when you first wake up in the morning…

On what morning of the week are you typically in your best mood?

On what morning of the week are you typically in your worst mood?

Think of that period in the evening after dinner but before you go to sleep…

On what evening of the week are you typically in your best mood?

On what evening of the week are you typically in your worst mood?

129
Q

Describe the results of Areni and Burger’s (2008) study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes

List 2 points

A
  1. People were generally in their best moods on Friday evenings and Saturday mornings
  2. People were generally in their worst moods on Monday mornings and evenings
130
Q

Describe Areni and Burger’s (2008) 2nd study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes

List 3 points

A
  1. 351 participants
    Days 1-7: Daily momentary mood assessments
    - What is your mood like right now?
  2. Day 8: Mood stereotypes
    - What is your mood like on a typical Wednesday/Thursday/etc?
  3. Day 8: Retrospective mood assessments
    - What was your mood like last Wednesday/Thursday? Etc
131
Q

What data did Areni and Burger’s (2008) 2nd study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes looked at? List 3

A
  1. What Ps mood was like on each day
  2. What Ps thought their mood tended to be like on each day
  3. How Ps remembered their mood on each day of the previous week
132
Q

Describe the results of Areni and Burger’s (2008) 2nd study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes

List 2 points

A
  1. Little evidence that mood stereotypes reflect real moods
  2. For Mondays: Mood stereotypes were a better predictor of remembered mood than actual moods were
133
Q

Areni and Burger’s (2008) 2nd study found little evidence that mood stereotypes reflect real moods

Explain this further

List 4 points

A
  1. Ps ‘Typical’ (expected) mood reflects cultural stereotypes where people feel best moods on Friday/Saturday and worst moods on Monday
  2. Ps actual moods show much less variation in mood over the week than people expect
  3. There is no real evidence that people’s real moods fit with that expected pattern
    e.g. There’s a very slight trend towards better moods on Fridays and the weekend but there aren’t any high moods on Tuesdays
  4. Ps report feeling their worst on Wednesdays rather than Mondays
134
Q

Areni and Burger’s (2008) 2nd study found for Mondays, mood stereotypes were a better predictor of remembered mood than actual moods were

Explain this further

List 2 points

A
  1. When looking at memories of their previous moods, people’s beliefs about their mood were stronger predictors of their remembered moods than the ratings of their actual moods were
  2. Suggests that holding an incorrect belief that we tend to feel lowest on certain days of the week can cause us to misremember our previous moods as being worse than they actually are
135
Q

What 2 factors affect out current mood rating?

A
  1. The time that we make the mood rating
  2. Peak-End Theory
136
Q

The time that we make the mood rating influences our current mood rating

Describe Schwartz and Clore’s (1983) study on this

A

Telephone interviews with participants on sunny or rainy days

‘How happy do you feel at this moment? (1-10)

‘How happy do you feel about your life as a whole?’ (1-10)

137
Q

The time that we make the mood rating influences our current mood rating

Describe the results of Schwartz and Clore’s (1983) study on this (List 2 points)

A
  1. Mean levels of mood were higher on sunny days compared to rainy days
  2. Mean levels of global life happiness were higher on sunny days than on rainy days. This suggests global happiness was influenced by current mood (day-to-day fluctuations)
138
Q

Mean levels of global life happiness were higher on sunny days than on rainy days.

What does this suggest?

A

This suggests global happiness was influenced by current mood (day-to-day fluctuations)

139
Q

Peak-End Theory influences our current mood rating

Describe the results of Redelmeier and Kahneman’s (1996) study on this (List 2 points)

A
  1. Patients’ retrospective ratings were strongly influenced by Peak and End experiences
  2. Lower correlations with duration of experiences (‘duration neglect’)

Simply = People’s ratings don’t take sufficient account of how long these 2 periods were; the whole procedure was generally not very painful but there’s one brief moment where it was extremely painful or the final bit was very painful then the overall memory of the pain will be much higher than what they actually experienced (neglect the fact that these painful experiences are quite small and instead focuses on that overall extreme rating or end rating)

140
Q

Describe Chajut et al.’s (2014) study on the peak-end theory and retrospective pain ratings

List 4 points

A
  1. 324 pregnant women (mean age = 30.4 years) recruited on entering delivery dept
  2. Momentary pain reports every 20 minutes until birth
  3. 0 = No pain at all, 100 = Worst pain imaginable
  4. Retrospective pain ratings (of entire period) taken 2 days/months later
141
Q

Describe the results of Chajut et al.’s (2014) study on the peak-end theory and retrospective pain ratings

A

Average of peak and end pain ratings were stronger predictors of remembered pain ratings than actual average levels of pain experienced

142
Q

Average of peak and end pain ratings were stronger predictors of ____ than actual average levels of pain experienced

A

Remembered pain ratings

143
Q

Which of these is a stronger predictor of remembered pain ratings?

a. Average of peak and end pain ratings

b. Actual average levels of pain experienced

A

a. Average of peak and end pain ratings

144
Q

According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect

What are memories of Negative Affects influenced more by?

A

Peak experiences

145
Q

According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect

What are memories of Positive Affects influenced more by?

A

End experiences

146
Q

According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect

What do end experiences influence?

a. Positive Affects
b. Negative Affects

A

a. Positive Affects

147
Q

According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect

What do peak experiences influence?

a. Positive Affects
b. Negative Affects

A

b. Negative Affects

148
Q

Memories of Negative Affects were influenced more by peak experiences

Memories of Positive Affects were influenced more by end experiences

What is the supposed reason behind this?

A

Not clear why but authors believe it has something to do with the greater evolutionary value of negative info which is more likely to be communicating risks of danger therefore might be better attended to and have a greater bias of peak experiences

149
Q

What are the 3 types of Contemporaneous Mood Assessment?

A
  1. Momentary Mood Assessment
  2. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)
  3. Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM)
150
Q

Collected contemporaneously with the experience

e.g. How happy do you feel right now?

This is known as…?

A

Contemporaneous Mood Assessment

151
Q

What are the 3 advantages of Contemporaneous Mood Assessment?

A
  1. Accurate snapshot of mood state
  2. Free of (memory-related) cognitive biases
  3. Temporal precision
152
Q

What are the 3 disadvantages of Contemporaneous Mood Assessment?

A
  1. A single snapshot only
  • How to know how representative your measure is of a person’s average mood
  1. Interfere with everyday activities
  • Can change mood and introduce a new bias
  1. Tells you nothing about people’s memories of their experiences …

…which influence future behaviour;

… inform our sense of wellbeing;

… and contribute to our sense of who we are

153
Q
  1. Accurate snapshot of mood state
  2. Free of (memory-related) cognitive biases
  3. Temporal precision

These are 3 advantages of what type of assessment?

A

Contemporaneous Mood Assessment

154
Q
  1. A single snapshot only
  • How to know how representative your measure is of a person’s average mood
  1. Interfere with everyday activities
  • Can change mood and introduce a new bias
  1. Tells you nothing about people’s memories of their experiences …

…which influence future behaviour;

… inform our sense of wellbeing;

… and contribute to our sense of who we are

These are 3 advantages of what type of assessment?

A

Contemporaneous Mood Assessment

155
Q

Retrospective and contemporaneous mood measures can be important and meaningful as it really depends on …?

A

The particular research question

YEAR 2 Personality & ID (10 decks)

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