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YEAR 2 Personality & ID > Personality and Mental Health > Flashcards

Personality and Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Diathesis-Stress Model propose?

A

It is recognised that both stable and experiential or situational factors can influence the risk of developing mental health problems

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2
Q

It is recognised that both stable and experiential or situational factors can influence the risk of developing mental health problems

Which model proposes this?

A

Diathesis-Stress Model

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3
Q

Describe Diathesis

A

An inherent vulnerability to develop an illness

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4
Q

Describe Stress

A

Increases the risk of developing an illness, represents experiential factors

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5
Q

Increases the risk of developing an illness, represents experiential factors

This is known as…?

A

Stress

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6
Q

What did Haslam (2007) say about Diathesis-Stress Models?

A

Metaphorically, diatheses make people brittle, and life stress delivers the blows that make them crack

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6
Q

An inherent vulnerability to develop an illness

This is known as…?

A

Diathesis

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6
Q

What are the 3 potential relationships between diathesis and risk levels?

A
  1. Linear relationship
  2. Exponential relationship
  3. Step-change relationship
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6
Q

Which potential relationship between diathesis and risk levels does this apply to?

The rate of increasing risk gets bigger with the increase in levels of diathesis

a. Linear relationship
b. Exponential relationship
c. Step-change relationship

A

b. Exponential relationship

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6
Q

Which potential relationship between diathesis and risk levels does this apply to?

Every increase in the level of diathesis results in an increase in risk

a. Linear relationship
b. Exponential relationship
c. Step-change relationship

A

a. Linear relationship

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6
Q

Which potential relationship between diathesis and risk levels does this apply to?

Initially increases in the level of diathesis don’t actually increase a person’s risk at all but once a certain critical point is reached, we see a step change in the level of risk (categorical, all-or-nothing response)

a. Linear relationship
b. Exponential relationship
c. Step-change relationship

A

c. Step-change relationship

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7
Q

True or False?

Diathesis and stress effects are simply additive

A

False

Diathesis and stress effects are unlikely to be simply additive

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8
Q

Give 3 reasons why identifying personality diatheses can be difficult

A
  1. There could be several diatheses per disorder
  2. There may be protective factors
  3. Diatheses may be differentially sensitive to certain types of (congruent) stressors
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9
Q

Identifying personality diatheses can be difficult because there could be several diatheses per disorder

Elaborate on this (List 2 points)

A
  1. There are other stable factors that could contribute to vulnerability to MH problems such as genetic risk factors and sociocultural risk factors
  2. This could include a range of different personality traits, facets that might work independently or might interact with one another to increase the risk of developing a mental health problem
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10
Q

Identifying personality diatheses can be difficult because there may be protective factors

Elaborate on this (List 2 points)

A
  1. Social support, Personality trait, Self-esteem
  2. These may buffer the effect of other diatheses or stress that make us vulnerable
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11
Q

Identifying personality diatheses can be difficult because diatheses may be differentially sensitive to certain types of (congruent) stressors

Elaborate on this (List 3 points)

A
  1. e.g. Unemployment acts as a stressor, may impact personality diathesis x more than personality diathesis y
  2. e.g. But Bullying acts as a stressor, may impact personality diathesis y more than personality diathesis x
  3. SVH: the Specific Vulnerability Hypothesis (Blatt & Zuroff, 1992)
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12
Q

These may buffer the effect of other diatheses or stress that make us vulnerable

This is known as…?

A

Protective factors

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13
Q

What are the 9 symptoms of depression?

A
  1. Prolonged depressed mood
  2. Loss of interest and pleasure
  3. Weight or appetite changes
  4. Sleep difficulties
  5. Agitated or slowed behaviour
  6. Fatigue or energy loss
  7. Reduced concentration
  8. Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
  9. Thoughts of death or suicide
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14
Q

What are the 4 diatheses of depression?

A
  1. Female gender
  2. Relative with depression
  3. Death of parent in childhood
  4. Lack of social support
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15
Q

What diathesis is this?

Female gender

A

Depression

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16
Q

What diathesis is this?

Relative with depression

A

Depression

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17
Q

What diathesis is this?

Death of parent in childhood

A

Depression

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18
Q

What diathesis is this?

Lack of social support

A

Depression

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19
Q
  1. Divorce
  2. Unemployment
  3. Physical illness

These are known as…?

A

Stressors

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20
Q

How can people be vulnerable to depression?

List 2 points

A
  1. Having several diatheses of depression
  2. Being reactive to stressors
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21
Q

According to Haslam (2007), what are the 4 most extensively researched personality diatheses?

A
  1. High autonomy
  2. High dependency
  3. Self-critical personality style
  4. Pessimistic explanatory style
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22
Q

Describe High Autonomy

List 2 points

A
  1. ‘Compulsive self-reliance’
  2. Aversion to being controlled by/dependent on others
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23
Q

Describe High Dependency

List 3 points

A
  1. ‘Anxious attachment’
  2. Exaggerated need for others’ guidance, nurturance and approval
  3. Fears of separation and abandonment
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24
Q

Describe self-critical personality style

A

Hold unreasonably high standards for self and are prone to punishing self-evaluations

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25
Q

Describe pessimistic explanatory style

List 2 points

A
  1. Explain negative events according to stable and global causes
  2. Feel unable to avoid negative events
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26
Q

What personality diatheses is this?

Hold unreasonably high standards for self and are prone to punishing self-evaluations

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

c. Self-critical personality style

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27
Q

What personality diatheses is this?

‘Anxious attachment’

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

b. High dependency

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28
Q

What personality diatheses is this?

Explain negative events according to stable and global causes

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

d. Pessimistic explanatory style

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29
Q

What personality diatheses is this?

Exaggerated need for others’ guidance, nurturance and approval

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

b. High dependency

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30
Q

What personality diatheses is this?

‘Compulsive self-reliance’

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

a. High autonomy

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31
Q

What personality diatheses is this?

Feel unable to avoid negative events

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

d. Pessimistic explanatory style

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32
Q

What personality diatheses is this?

Aversion to being controlled by/dependent on others

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

a. High autonomy

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33
Q

What personality diatheses is this?

Fears of separation and abandonment

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

b. High dependency

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34
Q

What are the Predicted Domain-Congruent Stressors (SVH) of high autonomy?

A

Indicators of personal failure

e.g. Poor exam performance, failure to get a promotion

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35
Q

What are the Predicted Domain-Congruent Stressors (SVH) of high dependency?

A

Events related to interpersonal conflict, loss, rejection and separation

e.g. Relationship break-up

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36
Q

What are the Predicted Domain-Congruent Stressors (SVH) of self-critical personality style?

A

Negative life events that they feel responsible for

e.g. Accidents or mistakes

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37
Q

What are the Predicted Domain-Congruent Stressors (SVH) of pessimistic explanatory style?

A

Negative life vents that could be attributed to stable/global causes

e.g. Failure

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38
Q

These Predicted Domain-Congruent Stressors (SVH) apply to which personality diatheses?

Events related to interpersonal conflict, loss, rejection and separation

e.g. Relationship break-up

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

b. High dependency

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39
Q

These Predicted Domain-Congruent Stressors (SVH) apply to which personality diatheses?

Indicators of personal failure

e.g. Poor exam performance, failure to get a promotion

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

a. High autonomy

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40
Q

These Predicted Domain-Congruent Stressors (SVH) apply to which personality diatheses?

Negative life vents that could be attributed to stable/global causes

e.g. Failure

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

d. Pessimistic explanatory style

41
Q

These Predicted Domain-Congruent Stressors (SVH) apply to which personality diatheses?

Negative life events that they feel responsible for

e.g. Accidents or mistakes

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

c. Self-critical personality style

42
Q

According to the Specific Vulnerability Hypothesis, which personality diatheses are focussed on achievement?

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

a. High autonomy
c. Self-critical personality style

43
Q

According to the Specific Vulnerability Hypothesis, which personality diatheses are focussed on relationships?

a. High autonomy
b. High dependency
c. Self-critical personality style
d. Pessimistic explanatory style

A

b. High dependency

44
Q

What happens when people with high autonomy and self-critical personality style meet achievement-related stressful events?

A

They experience high risk of depression

45
Q

What happens when people with high autonomy and self-critical personality style meet relationship-related stressful events?

A

They experience lower risk of depression

46
Q

What happens when people with high dependency meet relationship-related stressful events?

A

They experience high risk of depression

47
Q

What happens when people with high dependency meet achievement-related stressful events?

A

They experience lower risk of depression

48
Q

True or False?

People who are high on dependency who experience achievement-related stressors are at increased risk of depression and are likely to show higher rates of depression symptoms

A

False

People who are high on dependency who experience achievement-related stressors are at decreased risk of depression and are likely to show lower rates of depression symptoms

49
Q

True or False?

People who are high on autonomy and self-critical personality styles and who experience achievement-related stressors are at increased risk of depression and are likely to show higher rates of depression symptoms

A

True

50
Q

True or False?

People who are high in autonomy and self-critical who experience relationship-related stressful events, and domain-incongruent stressors, should be at a relatively lower risk of depression compared to those who experienced congruent achievement-related stressful events

A

True

51
Q

Abela et al.’s (2012) study on the Specific Vulnerability Hypothesis found mixed results in tests of this hypothesis

What are the 3 possible causes of such inconsistencies?

A
  1. Little focus on other risk and protective factors (e.g. self-esteem)
  2. Too much focus on individual stress levels relative to group
  3. Researcher cannot classify stressful events for each individual (differences in interpretation, plus ‘spill over’ effects.)
52
Q
  1. Little focus on other risk and protective factors (e.g. self-esteem)
  2. Too much focus on individual stress levels relative to group
  3. Researcher cannot classify stressful events for each individual (differences in interpretation, plus ‘spill over’ effects.)

These are causes of inconsistencies for …?

A

Specific Vulnerability Hypothesis

53
Q

True or False?

Trying to classify stressors into achievement or relationship-related stressors is easy

A

False

Trying to classify stressors into achievement or relationship-related stressors is difficult

54
Q

If someone believes they are a worthwhile, lovable person, this could _____ the impact of some of those congruent stressful experiences

a. Reduce
b. Increase

A

a. Reduce

55
Q

Describe Abela et al.’s (2012) study on the Specific Vulnerability Hypothesis

List 5 points

A
  1. 140 children, 6-14 years
  2. At least one parent with past/current depression
  3. Took part in:
  • Children’s Depressive Experience Questionnaire (dependency and self-critical)
  • Self-Esteem Questionnaire
  • Children’s Depression Inventory
  • Children’s Hassles Scale
  1. Follow up for 1 year, every six weeks
  2. Gathered data from the Children’s Depression Inventory and Children’s Hassles Scale
56
Q

Describe what Abela et al.’s (2012) study on the Specific Vulnerability Hypothesis aimed to measure

List 3 points

A
  1. Ability of Dependency and Self-Crit to predict depression
  2. Effect of increased amount of total stress (not congruence)
  3. Role of self-esteem as a protective factor
57
Q

Describe the results of Abela et al.’s (2012) study on the Specific Vulnerability Hypothesis

A
  1. No evidence that self-criticism acts as a diathesis
  2. Diathesis-stress effects apparent for Dependency
  3. Dependency acts as a diathesis but is buffered by protective effects of self-esteem
58
Q
  1. No evidence that self-criticism acts as a diathesis
  2. Diathesis-stress effects apparent for Dependency
  3. Dependency acts as a diathesis but is buffered by protective effects of self-esteem

What do these results explain?

A

Explains why previous studies were unable to detect these stress effects for dependency because they didn’t measure self-esteem

59
Q

What is the Schizotypy model based on?

A

Meehl (1962, 1990)

60
Q

Based on the Schizotypy model by Meehl (1962, 1990), what is DNA known as?

A

Schzo genes

61
Q

Based on the Schizotypy model by Meehl (1962, 1990), what is CNS abnormalities known as?

A

Schizotaxia

62
Q

Based on the Schizotypy model by Meehl (1962, 1990), what is Personality diathesis known as?

A

Schizotypy

63
Q

Based on the Schizotypy model by Meehl (1962, 1990), what is are the 3 types of personality disorders?

A
  1. Schizophrenia
  2. Schizotypic disorders
  3. Endophenotypes
64
Q

Describe the Schizotypy. Model based on Meehl (1962, 1990)

List 4 points

A
  1. Schzo genes
  2. Schizotaxia
  3. Schizotypy
  4. Schizotypic disorders, Endophenotypes
65
Q

What are schzo genes?

A

DNA of Schizotypy

66
Q

What is Schizotaxia?

List 3 points

A

CNS abnormalities associated with Schizotypy

These genes cause abnormalities in the circuitry of the brain

Schizotaxia can manifest itself in the personality diathesis of schizotypy

67
Q

What is Schizotypy?

A

Personality diatheses

68
Q

What are endophenotypes?

A

Showing clusters of schizophrenia-like symptoms or phenotypes, perhaps some of the attention or working memory problems in schizophrenia)

69
Q

Showing clusters of schizophrenia-like symptoms or phenotypes, perhaps some of the attention or working memory problems in schizophrenia)

This is known as…?

A

Endophenotypes

70
Q

CNS abnormalities associated with Schizotypy

These genes cause abnormalities in the circuitry of the brain

Schizotaxia can manifest itself in the personality diathesis of schizotypy

This s known as…?

A

Schizotaxia

71
Q

On top of Schizotypy (personality diatheses), what else contributes to Schizophrenia, Schizotypic disorders, Endophenotypes?

List 2 things

A
  1. Potentiator
  2. Stressor
72
Q

Describe Kwapil et al.’s (2013) study on Schizotypy

List 4 points

A
  1. 534 undergraduates
  2. Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales
  • Positive schizotypy
  • Negative schizotypy
  1. 10 year follow-up (508 participants)
  2. Clinical assessments:
  • Mood disorders and substance abuse [Positive schizotypy only]
  • Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders [Positive and Negative schizotypy]
  • Schizoid traits and lower relationship closeness [Negative schizotypy only]
73
Q

Name the 3 clinical experiments conducted by Kwapil et al. (2013) on Schizotypy

A
  1. Mood disorders and substance abuse [Positive schizotypy only]
  2. Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders [Positive and Negative schizotypy]
  3. Schizoid traits and lower relationship closeness [Negative schizotypy only]
74
Q

Describe positive schizotypy

List 2 points

A
  1. Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation
  2. Atypical perceptions and bodily distortions
75
Q

Describe negative schizotypy

A

Physical and Social Anhedonia

76
Q

Physical and Social Anhedonia

This is known as…?

A

Negative schizotypy

77
Q
  1. Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation
  2. Atypical perceptions and bodily distortions

This is known as…?

A

Positive schizotypy

78
Q

Confirm whether these clinical assessments conducted Kwapil et al. (2013) on Schizotypy are for positive or negative Schizotypy

Mood disorders and substance abuse

A

Positive schizotypy only

79
Q

Confirm whether these clinical assessments conducted Kwapil et al. (2013) on Schizotypy are for positive or negative Schizotypy

Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders

A

Positive and Negative schizotypy

80
Q

Confirm whether these clinical assessments conducted Kwapil et al. (2013) on Schizotypy are for positive or negative Schizotypy

Schizoid traits and lower relationship closeness

A

Negative schizotypy only

81
Q

What are the Specific Vulnerabilities in Positive Schizotypy?

A

Chaotic environment

82
Q

What are the specific Vulnerabilities in Negative Schizotypy?

A

Birth complications

83
Q

How can people with positive schizotypy experience Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders?

A

Positive schizotypy →
Chaotic environment →
Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders

84
Q

How can people with negative schizotypy experience Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders?

A

Negative schizotypy →
Birth complications →
Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders

85
Q

What 2 things is Schizotypy is linked with?

A
  1. Psychosis
  2. Creativity
86
Q

List 2 reasons why Schizotypy is linked with creativity?

A
  1. ‘Overinclusive’ thinking in schizophrenia
  2. ‘Bisocition’ in Comedy-writing
87
Q

What does ‘Overinclusive’ thinking in schizophrenia mean?

A

Thought and speech containing illogically connected ideas

88
Q

What does ‘Bisocition’ in Comedy-writing mean?

A
  1. Comedians train their brains to think in wide associative patterns. This relates to joke writing, where the word “bicycle: brings up a picture of a bicycle in the mind of a non-comedian, but for the comedian, it’s like running a search on the internet
  2. Putting together 2 incongruous ideas or references in order to create humour and the apparent cornerstone of comedy writing
89
Q
  1. Comedians train their brains to think in wide associative patterns. This relates to joke writing, where the word “bicycle: brings up a picture of a bicycle in the mind of a non-comedian, but for the comedian, it’s like running a search on the internet
  2. Putting together 2 incongruous ideas or references in order to create humour and the apparent cornerstone of comedy writing

This is known as…?

A

‘Bisocition’ in Comedy-writing

90
Q

Thought and speech containing illogically connected ideas

This is known as…?

A

‘Overinclusive’ thinking in schizophrenia

91
Q

Describe Ando, Claridge & Clark’s (2014) study on Schizotypy and Creativity with actors and comedians

A

Comedians (N=523), Actors (N=364) compared with existing ‘normal’ groups on schizotypy levels

92
Q

Describe the results of Ando, Claridge & Clark’s (2014) study on Schizotypy and Creativity with actors and comedians

List 3 points

A
  1. Actors and comedians scored higher in schizotypy than normal controls on most subscales
  2. Comedians scored higher in schizotypy than actors for three subscales
  3. Having high levels of schizotypy predisposes people to the type of creative associative thinking that makes them good at comedy writing
93
Q

True or False?

Actors and comedians scored lower in schizotypy than normal controls on most subscales

A

False

Actors and comedians scored higher in schizotypy than normal controls on most subscales

94
Q

True or False?

Actors scored higher in schizotypy than Comedians for three subscales

A

False

Comedians scored higher in schizotypy than actors for three subscales

95
Q

True or False?

Having high levels of schizotypy predisposes people to the type of creative associative thinking that makes them good at comedy writing

A

True

96
Q

What makes people with higher levels of schizotypy good at comedy writing?

A

Having high levels of schizotypy predisposes people to the type of creative associative thinking

97
Q

Describe Mason, Hort and Woo’s (2015) study on Schizotypy and Creativity with poets

A

Online recruitment of 294 poets, compared with existing ‘normal’ groups on Schizotypy levels

98
Q

Describe the results of Mason, Hort and Woo’s (2015) study on Schizotypy and Creativity with poets

List 4 points

A
  1. 18.37% met diagnostic criteria for self-reported bipolar (cf population level: 3.7%)
  2. Highest levels of schizotypy for ‘avant-garde’ poets

Avant-garde = expérimental poetry, the most creative type

  1. Poets generally scored higher on levels of schizotypy than the controls
  2. Levels of self-reported bipolar disorder, which can have some symptoms of schizophrenia, were several times higher in poets than in controls
99
Q

True or False?

Lowest levels of schizotypy were reported for ‘avant-garde’ poets

A

False

Highest levels of schizotypy were reported for ‘avant-garde’ poets

100
Q

True or False?

Poets generally scored higher on levels of schizotypy than the controls

A

True

101
Q

Levels of self-reported _____, which can have some symptoms of schizophrenia, were several times higher in poets than in controls

A

Bipolar disorder

102
Q

True or False?

Levels of self-reported bipolar disorder, which can have some symptoms of schizophrenia, were several times higher in controls than in poets

A

False

Levels of self-reported bipolar disorder, which can have some symptoms of schizophrenia, were several times higher in poets than in controls

103
Q

High levels of schizotypy are linked with both an increased _____, but also _____

A
  1. Increased risk of severe mental illness
  2. Higher levels of creative thinking and expression
104
Q

_____ are linked with both an increased risk of severe mental illness, but also with higher levels of creative thinking and expression

A

High levels of schizotypy

105
Q

True or False?

Low levels of schizotypy are linked with both an increased risk of severe mental illness, but also with higher levels of creative thinking and expression

A

False

High levels of schizotypy are linked with both an increased risk of severe mental illness, but also with higher levels of creative thinking and expression

YEAR 2 Personality & ID (10 decks)

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