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YEAR 2 Personality & ID > Narrow Personality Traits > Flashcards

Narrow Personality Traits Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things are part of the hierarchy of personality description?

A
  1. General Personality Factor ‘Big One’
  2. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)
  3. ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)
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2
Q

Who proposed:

  1. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)
  2. ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)
A

Digman (1977)

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3
Q

What did Digman (1977) propose about personality

A
  1. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)
  2. ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)

As part of the hierarchy of personality description

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4
Q

Who proposed:

General Personality Factor ‘Big One’

A

Musek (2007)

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5
Q

What did Musek (2007) propose?

A

General Personality Factor ‘Big One’

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of traits in Digman’s (1977) ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)?

A
  1. Agreeableness
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Neuroticism
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7
Q

What are the 2 types of traits in Digman’s (1977) ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)?

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. Openness
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8
Q

What are the 6 facets that make up the agreeableness factor, according to Digman (1977)?

A
  1. Compliance
  2. Modesty
  3. Tender-Mindedness
  4. Straightforwardness
  5. Altruism
  6. Trust
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9
Q

What are the 6 facets that make up the conscientiousness factor, according to Digman (1977)?

A
  1. Achievement-striving
  2. Competence
  3. Deliberation
  4. Order
  5. Self-discipline
  6. Dutifulness
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10
Q

What are the 6 facets that make up the neuroticism factor, according to Digman (1977)?

A
  1. Vulnerability
  2. Anxiety
  3. Angry hostility
  4. Impulsiveness
  5. Self-consciousness
  6. Depression
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11
Q

What are the 6 facets that make up the extraversion factor, according to Digman (1977)?

A
  1. Assertiveness
  2. Gregariousness
  3. Warmth
  4. Activity
  5. Excitement-seeking
  6. Positive emotions
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12
Q

What are the 6 facets that make up the openness factor, according to Digman (1977)?

A
  1. Actions
  2. Values
  3. Ideas
  4. Feelings
  5. Aesthetics
  6. Fantasy
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13
Q

Which part of the hierarchy of personality description does this apply to?

Agreeableness

a. General Personality Factor ‘Big One’

b. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)

c. ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)

A

b. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)

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14
Q

Which part of the hierarchy of personality description does this apply to?

Extraversion

a. General Personality Factor ‘Big One’

b. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)

c. ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)

A

c. ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)

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15
Q

Which part of the hierarchy of personality description does this apply to?

Openness

a. General Personality Factor ‘Big One’

b. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)

c. ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)

A

c. ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)

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16
Q

Which part of the hierarchy of personality description does this apply to?

Neuroticism

a. General Personality Factor ‘Big One’

b. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)

c. ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)

A

b. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)

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17
Q

Which part of the hierarchy of personality description does this apply to?

Conscientiousness

a. General Personality Factor ‘Big One’

b. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)

c. ‘Beta’ Factor (‘Plasticity’)

A

b. ‘Alpha’ Factor (‘Stability)

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18
Q

Describe the Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma (Cronbach & Gleser, 1965)

A

A trade-off between the breadth and accuracy of the prediction

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19
Q

A trade-off between the breadth and accuracy of the prediction

This is known as…?

A

Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma

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20
Q

Who proposed the Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma?

A

Cronbach & Gleser (1965)

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21
Q

What 2 things do we consider during the Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma?

A
  1. Broader, higher-level descriptors
  2. Narrower, lower-level descriptors
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22
Q

What are 2 features of Narrower, lower-level descriptors?

A
  1. Predict fewer behaviours
  2. But with more accuracy

i.e. Like a small flashlight that focuses on limited things, specific

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23
Q

What are 2 features of Broader, higher-level descriptors?

A
  1. Predict more behaviours
  2. But with lower accuracy

i.e. Like a big flashlight that looks at everything, broad

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24
Q

Which descriptor predicts more behaviours?

a. Broader, higher-level descriptors

b. Narrower, lower-level descriptors

A

a. Broader, higher-level descriptors

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25
Q

Which descriptor predicts fewer behaviours?

a. Broader, higher-level descriptors

b. Narrower, lower-level descriptors

A

b. Narrower, lower-level descriptors

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26
Q

Which descriptor predicts behaviours with more accuracy?

a. Broader, higher-level descriptors

b. Narrower, lower-level descriptors

A

b. Narrower, lower-level descriptors

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27
Q

Which descriptor predicts behaviours with lower accuracy?

a. Broader, higher-level descriptors

b. Narrower, lower-level descriptors

A

a. Broader, higher-level descriptors

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28
Q

Which descriptor provides narrower, richer descriptions?

a. Broader, higher-level descriptors

b. Narrower, lower-level descriptors

A

b. Narrower, lower-level descriptors

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29
Q

Which descriptor provides stronger predictors of specific behaviours?

a. Broader, higher-level descriptors

b. Narrower, lower-level descriptors

A

b. Narrower, lower-level descriptors

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30
Q

Describe Paunonen & Ashton’s (2001) study on lower-level descriptors

List 2 points

A
  1. 717 Ψ students completed Big 5 scale
  2. Looked at correlations between grades and pre-selected big factors and ‘lower level’ traits (from 21 in scale)
  3. Focussed on Ps incidence of plagiarism, number of books read and meeting deadlines
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31
Q

Describe the results of Paunonen & Ashton’s (2001) study on lower-level descriptors

List 4 points

A
  1. Conscientiousness significantly correlated with Final Grade (r = .21*)
  2. Need for achievement significantly correlated with Final Grade (r = .26*)
  3. Openness to Experience not significantly correlated with Final Grade (r = -.04)
  4. Need for understanding significantly correlated with Final Grade (r = .23*)
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32
Q

Which of these factors significantly correlates with final grades?

Select all that apply

a. Conscientiousness
b. Need for achievement
c. Openness to Experience
d. Need for understanding

A

a. Conscientiousness
b. Need for achievement
d. Need for understanding

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33
Q

Which of these factors do not correlate with final grades?

Select all that apply

a. Conscientiousness
b. Need for achievement
c. Openness to Experience
d. Need for understanding

A

c. Openness to Experience

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34
Q

What is the aim of Holistic Models of Entire Personality?

A

Aims for a simple model of the entire personality space, with fewer, broad traits

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35
Q

Aims for a simple model of the entire personality space, with fewer, broad traits

This is known as…?

A

Holistic Models of Entire Personality

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36
Q

What is the aim of Narrow Measures of Specific Part(s) of Personality?

A

Aims to focus on part of personality relevant to specific behaviour, with specific, narrow traits

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37
Q

Aims to focus on part of personality relevant to specific behaviour, with specific, narrow traits

This is known as…?

A

Narrow Measures of Specific Part(s) of Personality

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38
Q

Simple model of the entire personality space

a. Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma

b. Holistic Models of Entire Personality

c. Narrow Measures of Specific Part(s) of Personality

d. Authoritarianism

A

b. Holistic Models of Entire Personality

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39
Q

Fewer, broad traits

a. Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma

b. Holistic Models of Entire Personality

c. Narrow Measures of Specific Part(s) of Personality

d. Authoritarianism

A

b. Holistic Models of Entire Personality

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40
Q

Focus on part of personality relevant to specific behaviour

a. Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma

b. Holistic Models of Entire Personality

c. Narrow Measures of Specific Part(s) of Personality

d. Authoritarianism

A

c. Narrow Measures of Specific Part(s) of Personality

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41
Q

Specific, narrow traits

a. Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma

b. Holistic Models of Entire Personality

c. Narrow Measures of Specific Part(s) of Personality

d. Authoritarianism

A

c. Narrow Measures of Specific Part(s) of Personality

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42
Q

What are the 6 beliefs of authoritarianism /conservatism?

A
  1. Preference for unambiguous, familiar routines
  2. Strong views on crime and punishment
  3. Respect for institutions
  4. Uncritical acceptance of authority in society
  5. Reluctance to introspect
  6. The belief that pleasure is wrong
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43
Q

Who made an attempt to explain recent examples of prejudice and extreme views towards others?

A

Adorno et al (1950)

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44
Q

What did Adorno et al (1950) do?

A

Attempted to explain recent examples of prejudice and extreme views towards others

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45
Q

What evidence did Bouchard et al. (2003) propose regarding authoritarianism/conservatism?

A

Evidence for heritability of conservatism from twins reared apart

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46
Q

What evidence did Amodio et al. (2007) propose regarding authoritarianism/conservatism?

A

Conservatism associated with decreased neural response to suppressing a habitual response in Go/No-Go task (and lower response accuracy)

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47
Q

True or False?

There is no evidence for heritability of conservatism from twins reared apart

A

False

There is evidence for heritability of conservatism from twins reared apart

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48
Q

True or False?

Conservatism is associated with decreased neural response to suppressing a habitual response in Go/No-Go task (and lower response accuracy)

A

True

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49
Q

Conservatism associated with _____ in Go/No-Go task (and lower response accuracy)

A

Decreased neural response to suppressing a habitual response

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50
Q

Describe the Go / No-Go Task

List 2 points

A
  1. Clap your hands every time you see the letter M on the screen (Go trials)
  2. Make no response when you see the letter W on the screen (No-Go trials)
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51
Q

What was the result of the Go / No-Go task?

List 2 points

A
  1. People who are higher in conservatism have smaller responses to those No-Go signals
  2. People higher in conservatism made more errors on the task; they incorrectly responded to more of the No-Go signals compared to people with lower conservatism
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52
Q

People who are higher in conservatism have smaller responses to those No-Go signals

What does this suggest?

A

This is in line with the hypothesis that people who are higher in conservatism are less sensitive to detecting those signals

Simply = A non-habitual response is required rather than a habitual response (change in behaviour)

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53
Q

People higher in conservatism made more errors on the task; they incorrectly responded to more of the No-Go signals compared to people with lower conservatism

What does this suggest?

A

Suggests differences in conservatism or authoritarianism are partly genetically determined, they have a biological substantiation in the brain

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54
Q

True or False?

Differences in conservatism or authoritarianism are partly genetically determined, they have a biological substantiation in the brain

A

True

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55
Q

Differences in conservatism or authoritarianism are partly genetically determined, they have a biological substantiation in the brain

What is this evidence of?

A

Evidence that conservatism is a stable personality trait rather than an attitude that can be changed according to situations

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56
Q

True or False?

Conservatism is an attitude that can be changed according to situations rather than a stable personality trait

A

False

Conservatism is a stable personality trait rather than an attitude that can be changed according to situations

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57
Q

Brain activity during No-Go trials reflects a neural response to signals that require…?

A

A non-routine response

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58
Q

What does brain activity during No-Go trials reflect?

A

A neural response to signals that require a non-routine response

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59
Q

Correlated items based on clinical descriptions of schizophrenia

This is known as…?

A

Schizotypy

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59
Q

Define Schizotypy

A

Correlated items based on clinical descriptions of schizophrenia

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60
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis?

A

There is no discontinuity between ‘normality’ and illness

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61
Q

There is no discontinuity between ‘normality’ and illness

This is known as…?

A

Continuity hypothesis

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62
Q

According to the continuity hypothesis, what would we be able to find?

A

We should be able to find personality traits in non-clinical populations that are related to psychosis

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63
Q

What are the 4 most common symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A
  1. Delusions (e.g. paranoia, grandeur)
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganised speech and behaviour
  4. Negative symptoms such as blunted affect, avolition and poverty of speech
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64
Q
  1. Delusions (e.g. paranoia, grandeur)
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganised speech and behaviour
  4. Negative symptoms such as blunted affect, avolition and poverty of speech

These are the most common symptoms of…?

A

Schizophrenia

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65
Q

List 2 concepts/measures of Schizotypy

A
  1. Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE)
  2. Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ)
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66
Q

Who proposed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ)?

A

Raine (1991)

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67
Q

Who proposed the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE)?

A

Mason, Claridge & Jackson (1995)

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68
Q

What is the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE) based on?

A

Factor analysis of several measures of psychosis-related symptoms

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69
Q

Based on factor analysis of several measures of psychosis-related symptoms

This is known as…?

A

Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE)

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70
Q

Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE) is based on factor analysis of several measures of psychosis-related symptoms

What are the 4 measures of psychosis-related symptoms?

A
  1. Unusual Experiences
  2. Cognitive Disorganisation
  3. Introvertive Anhedonia
  4. Impulsive Nonconformity
71
Q
  1. Unusual Experiences
  2. Cognitive Disorganisation
  3. Introvertive Anhedonia
  4. Impulsive Nonconformity

These are measures related to which concept/model of Schizotypy?

A

Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE)

72
Q

According to the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE), what are unusual experiences related to?

List 3 things

A
  1. Perceptual distortions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Magical thinking
73
Q

According to the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE), what is cognitive disorganisation related to?

List 3 things

A
  1. Cognitive difficulties
  2. Sense of purposelessness
  3. Anxiety
74
Q

According to the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE), what are introvertive anhedonia related to?

List 2 points

A
  1. Lack of enjoyment from social sources
  2. Dislike of intimacy
75
Q

According to the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE), what are impulsive nonconformity related to?

List 2 things

A
  1. Impulsive behaviour
  2. Disinhibited behaviour
76
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Are your thoughts sometimes so strong you can almost hear them?

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

d. Unusual Experiences

77
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Are you sometimes so nervous that you are blocked?

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

c. Cognitive Disorganisation

78
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Are you much too independent to really get involved with people?

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

a. Introvertive Anhedonia

79
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Have you ever felt you have special, almost magical powers?

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

d. Unusual Experiences

80
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Do you ever have the urge to break or smash things?

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

b. Impulsive Nonconformity

81
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Do you feel very close to your friends? → Reverse scored = disagree with the statement means high levels of schizotypy

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

a. Introvertive Anhedonia

82
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Do you overindulge in alcohol or food?

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

b. Impulsive Nonconformity

83
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

No matter how hard you concentrate, do unrelated thoughts always creep into your mind?

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

c. Cognitive Disorganisation

84
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Related to impulsive and disinhibited behaviour

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

b. Impulsive Nonconformity

85
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Related to cognitive difficulties, sense of purposelessness, anxiety etc

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

c. Cognitive Disorganisation

86
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Related to lack of enjoyment from social sources, and dislike of intimacy

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

a. Introvertive Anhedonia

87
Q

What measure of psychosis-related symptoms does this apply to?

Related to perceptual distortions, hallucinations, and magical thinking

a. Introvertive Anhedonia
b. Impulsive Nonconformity
c. Cognitive Disorganisation
d. Unusual Experiences

A

d. Unusual Experiences

88
Q

What is the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ)?

A

Items developed to capture the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder (DSM-III-R)

89
Q

Items developed to capture the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder (DSM-III-R)

This is known as…?

A

Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ)

90
Q

What are the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder (DSM-III-R)?

A
  1. Ideas of Reference
  2. Excessive Social Anxiety
  3. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
  4. Unusual Perceptual Experiences
  5. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
  6. No Close Friends
  7. Odd Speech
  8. Constricted Affect
  9. Suspiciousness
91
Q

Which of the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder does this apply to?

I rarely laugh and smile.

a. Ideas of Reference
b. Excessive Social Anxiety
c. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
d. Unusual Perceptual Experiences
e. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
f. No Close Friends
g. Odd Speech
h. Constricted Affect
i. Suspiciousness

A

h. Constricted Affect

92
Q

Which of the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder does this apply to?

Do you sometimes feel that people are talking about you?

a. Ideas of Reference
b. Excessive Social Anxiety
c. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
d. Unusual Perceptual Experiences
e. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
f. No Close Friends
g. Odd Speech
h. Constricted Affect
i. Suspiciousness

A

a. Ideas of Reference

93
Q

Which of the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder does this apply to?

I feel that others have it in for me.

a. Ideas of Reference
b. Excessive Social Anxiety
c. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
d. Unusual Perceptual Experiences
e. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
f. No Close Friends
g. Odd Speech
h. Constricted Affect
i. Suspiciousness

A

i. Suspiciousness

94
Q

Which of the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder does this apply to?

Other people see me as slightly eccentric (odd).

a. Ideas of Reference
b. Excessive Social Anxiety
c. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
d. Unusual Perceptual Experiences
e. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
f. No Close Friends
g. Odd Speech
h. Constricted Affect
i. Suspiciousness

A

e. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour

95
Q

Which of the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder does this apply to?

I feel very uneasy talking to people I do not know well.

a. Ideas of Reference
b. Excessive Social Anxiety
c. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
d. Unusual Perceptual Experiences
e. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
f. No Close Friends
g. Odd Speech
h. Constricted Affect
i. Suspiciousness

A

b. Excessive Social Anxiety

96
Q

Which of the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder does this apply to?

I often ramble on too much.

a. Ideas of Reference
b. Excessive Social Anxiety
c. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
d. Unusual Perceptual Experiences
e. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
f. No Close Friends
g. Odd Speech
h. Constricted Affect
i. Suspiciousness

A

g. Odd Speech

97
Q

Which of the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder does this apply to?

Do you believe in telepathy (mind-reading)?

a. Ideas of Reference
b. Excessive Social Anxiety
c. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
d. Unusual Perceptual Experiences
e. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
f. No Close Friends
g. Odd Speech
h. Constricted Affect
i. Suspiciousness

A

c. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking

98
Q

Which of the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder does this apply to?

Have you ever seen things invisible to other people?

a. Ideas of Reference
b. Excessive Social Anxiety
c. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
d. Unusual Perceptual Experiences
e. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
f. No Close Friends
g. Odd Speech
h. Constricted Affect
i. Suspiciousness

A

d. Unusual Perceptual Experiences

99
Q

Which of the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder does this apply to?

I prefer to keep myself to myself.

a. Ideas of Reference
b. Excessive Social Anxiety
c. Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
d. Unusual Perceptual Experiences
e. Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
f. No Close Friends
g. Odd Speech
h. Constricted Affect
i. Suspiciousness

A

f. No Close Friends

100
Q

What is negative priming?

A

A measure of cognitive inhibition

101
Q

A measure of cognitive inhibition

This is known as…?

A

Negative priming

102
Q

What is usually reduced in schizophrenia?

A

Negative priming

103
Q

Describe Steel, Hemsley & Jones’s (1996) study providing for conceptual validity

List 3 points

A
  1. 36 Participants
  2. 3 conditions: “Name the colour of the ink as fast as you can.”
  • Baseline Control Condition
  • Stroop Condition (distractor word is unrelated to the next ink colour)
  • Priming Condition (distractor word predicts the next ink colour)
  1. These tasks require inhibition and selective attention
104
Q

Describe the results of Steel, Hemsley & Jones’s (1996) study providing for conceptual validity

List 2 points

A
  1. Priming Condition (distractor word predicts the next ink colour) had the longest response time
  2. Size of Negative Priming Effect smaller in High Schizotypy than Low Schizotypy

Simply = Reduced negative priming in high schizotypy scorers

105
Q

How was negative priming effect calculated in Steel, Hemsley & Jones’s (1996) study providing for conceptual validity?

A

Negative Priming effect = (Priming - Stroop)

106
Q

There is reduced negative priming in

a. high schizotypy scorers
b. low schizotypy scorers
c. neither scorers
d. both scorers

A

a. high schizotypy scorers

107
Q

What were the conclusions of Steel, Hemsley & Jones’s (1996) study providing for conceptual validity

List 2 points

A
  1. In schizophrenia, cognitive inhibition is reduced
  2. Those who are higher in schizotypy showed evidence of the kinds of reduced level of cognitive inhibition that are typical of people with schizophrenia
108
Q

In schizophrenia, cognitive inhibition is reduced

People with schizophrenia show a smaller negative priming effect

Why?

A

Because their brains are less effective at inhibiting the colour name in the first place so that they have less of a stroop effect in condition 2

109
Q

People with schizophrenia show a smaller negative priming effect because their brains are less effective at inhibiting the colour name in the first place so that they have less of a stroop effect in condition 2

What does this mean?

A

This means there’s a smaller difference between the stroop condition and the negative priming condition because it is less inhibition in the first place, less additional interference in negative priming condition

110
Q

Those who are higher in schizotypy showed evidence of the kinds of reduced level of cognitive inhibition that are typical of people with schizophrenia

What evidence does this provide?

A

Evidence for the validity of schizotypy as a concept

111
Q

What were the 6 principles for gaining and maintaining political power proposed by Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)?

A
  1. Better to be feared than loved
  2. Trust no one
  3. Make decisions for the benefit of the group, with the absence of morality. The ends justify the means
  4. Be cunning and strong
  5. Make friends with powerful people
  6. Importance of how you appear to be
112
Q

Who developed the Mach-IV?

A

Christie and Geis (1970)

113
Q

Christie and Geis (1970) developed the ___ based on Machiavellianism

A

Mach-IV

114
Q

Why was the Mach-IV developed?

A

Developed to describe manipulative ‘Machiavellian’ personality

115
Q

How many items were in the Mach-IV and what were the responses like?

A
  1. 20 items
  2. Likert-type response
116
Q

What are the 3 traits the Mach-IV measures?

A
  1. Tactics
  2. Views
  3. Morality
117
Q

Which trait measured by the Mach-IV does this apply to?

The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear

a. Views
b. Tactics
c. Morality

A

b. Tactics

118
Q

Which trait measured by the Mach-IV does this apply to?

All in all, it is better to be humble and honest than important and dishonest (-ve)

a. Views
b. Tactics
c. Morality

A

c. Morality

119
Q

Which trait measured by the Mach-IV does this apply to?

Generally speaking, men won’t work hard unless forced to do so

a. Views
b. Tactics
c. Morality

A

a. Views

120
Q

Which trait measured by the Mach-IV does this apply to?

It’s hard to get ahead without cutting corners here and there

a. Views
b. Tactics
c. Morality

A

a. Views

121
Q

Which trait measured by the Mach-IV does this apply to?

One should take action only when sure it is morally right (-ve)

a. Views
b. Tactics
c. Morality

A

b. Tactics

122
Q

Which trait measured by the Mach-IV does this apply to?

Most people are generally good and kind (-ve)

a. Views
b. Tactics
c. Morality

A

a. Views

123
Q

What are 2 things measured by the Mach-IV under the tactics trait?

A
  1. The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear
  2. One should take action only when sure it is morally right (-ve)
124
Q

What are 3 things measured by the Mach-IV under the views trait?

A
  1. Generally speaking, men won’t work hard unless forced to do so
  2. It’s hard to get ahead without cutting corners here and there
  3. Most people are generally good and kind (-ve)
125
Q

What is measured by the Mach-IV under the morality trait?

A

All in all, it is better to be humble and honest than important and dishonest (-ve)

126
Q

Describe a study validating the Mach-IV scale

List 3 points

A
  1. Hypothesis: People with high Machiavellianism are better able to maintain eye contact with the researcher after they have been accused of cheating (better liars)
  2. Confederates encouraged participants to cheat on experimental task
  3. The amount of eye contact with the experimenter measured following the accusation of cheating
127
Q

Describe the results of a study validating the Mach-IV scale

A

People with high Machiavellianism made longer eye contact with the researcher after being accused of cheating than people with low Machiavellianism

128
Q

What is the Dark Triad?

A

Three overlapping, yet distinct, ‘dark’ personality traits relating to social malevolence, coldness, aggressiveness, self-promotion and duplicity

129
Q

Three overlapping, yet distinct, ‘dark’ personality traits relating to social malevolence, coldness, aggressiveness, self-promotion and duplicity

This is known as…?

A

The Dark Triad

130
Q

Who proposed the Dark Triad?

A

Paulhaus and Williams (2002

131
Q

What did Paulhaus and Williams (2002 propose?

A

The Dark Triad

132
Q

What are the 3 things included in the Dark Triad?

A
  1. Narcissism
  2. Psychopathy
  3. Machiavellianism
133
Q

Feeling low empathy, remorse and guilt

a. Narcissism
b. Psychopathy
c. Machiavellianism

A

b. Psychopathy

134
Q

Subclinical measure of Narcissistic Personality Disorder

a. Narcissism
b. Psychopathy
c. Machiavellianism

A

a. Narcissism

135
Q

Feelings of grandiosity, superiority, dominance, self-focus and entitlement

a. Narcissism
b. Psychopathy
c. Machiavellianism

A

a. Narcissism

136
Q

Superficial charm, manipulative

a. Narcissism
b. Psychopathy
c. Machiavellianism

A

b. Psychopathy

137
Q

Impulsivity and thrill-seeking

a. Narcissism
b. Psychopathy
c. Machiavellianism

A

b. Psychopathy

138
Q

From ‘Narcissus’

a. Narcissism
b. Psychopathy
c. Machiavellianism

A

a. Narcissism

139
Q

Nonclinical features of psychopaths

a. Narcissism
b. Psychopathy
c. Machiavellianism

A

b. Psychopathy

140
Q

Define narcissism

A

Feelings of grandiosity, superiority, dominance, self-focus and entitlement

141
Q

Define psychopathy

A

Nonclinical features of psychopaths

142
Q

What is the correlation between psychopathy and narcissism?

a. .31
b. .25
c. .71
d. .50

A

d. .50

143
Q

What is the correlation between psychopathy and machiavellianism?

a. .31
b. .25
c. .71
d. .50

A

a. .31

144
Q

What is the correlation between machiavellianism and narcissism?

a. .31
b. .25
c. .71
d. .50

A

b. .25

145
Q

Who proposed the Dirty Dozen’ Measure of the Dark Triad?

A

Jonason and Webster (2010)

146
Q

What did Jonason and Webster (2010) propose?

A

Dirty Dozen’ Measure of the Dark Triad

147
Q

What are the first 4 items in the Dirty Dozen’ Measure of the Dark Triad strongly related to?

A

Machiavellianism independent factor, with low cross-loadings with other 2 factors (Psychopathy and Narcissism)

148
Q

What are the middle 4 items in the Dirty Dozen’ Measure of the Dark Triad strongly related to?

A

Psychopathy independent factor, with low cross-loadings with the other 2 factors (Machiavellianism and Narcissism)

149
Q

What are the final 4 items in the Dirty Dozen’ Measure of the Dark Triad strongly related to?

A

Narcissism independent factor, with low cross-loadings with the other 2 factors (Machiavellianism and Psychopathy)

150
Q

I tend to exploit others towards my own end.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

a. Machiavellianism

151
Q

I have used flattery to get my way.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

a. Machiavellianism

152
Q

I tend to want others to admire me.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

c. Narcissism

153
Q

I tend to lack remorse

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

b. Psychopathy

154
Q

I tend to be unconcerned with the morality of my actions.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

b. Psychopathy

155
Q

I tend to want others to pay attention to me.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

c. Narcissism

156
Q

I have used deceit or lied to get my way.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

a. Machiavellianism

157
Q

I tend to seek prestige or status.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

c. Narcissism

158
Q

I tend to be callous or insensitive.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

b. Psychopathy

159
Q

I tend to be cynical.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

b. Psychopathy

160
Q

I tend to manipulate others to get my way.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

a. Machiavellianism

161
Q

I tend to expect special favours from others.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Narcissism
d. All of the above

A

c. Narcissism

162
Q

What are the 5 things the Dark Triad is associated with?

A
  1. Preference for short-term relationships
  2. ‘Night-time’ chronotype
  3. Cruelty to animals
  4. Attractiveness to others
  5. Does ‘sadism’ make up a Dark Tetrad?
163
Q
  1. Preference for short-term relationships
  2. ‘Night-time’ chronotype
  3. Cruelty to animals
  4. Attractiveness to others
  5. Does ‘sadism’ make up a Dark Tetrad?

What do these all have in common?

A

They are all associated with the Dark Triad

164
Q

There are Differential associations between the Dark Triad and the Big 5 traits

What does this suggest?

A

People with high dark triad are generally low in agreeableness

165
Q

True or False?

People with low dark triad are generally low in agreeableness

A

False

People with high dark triad are generally low in agreeableness

166
Q

People with high narcissism are generally high in…

a. Extraversion
b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism
e. Openness

A

a. Extraversion

167
Q

People with high machiavellianism are generally high in…

a. Extraversion
b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism
e. Openness

A

c. Conscientiousness

168
Q

People with high psychopathy are generally high in…

a. Extraversion
b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism
e. Openness

A

a. Extraversion
e. Openness

169
Q

People with high narcissism are generally low in…

a. Extraversion
b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism
e. Openness

A

b. Agreeableness

170
Q

People with high machiavellianism are generally low in…

a. Extraversion
b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism
e. Openness

A

b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness

171
Q

People with high psychopathy are generally low in…

a. Extraversion
b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism
e. Openness

A

b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism

172
Q

Who proposed the HEXACO model?

A

Lee and Ashton (2014)

173
Q

What did Lee and Ashton (2014) propose?

A

The HEXACO model

174
Q

What does the HEXACO model show?

A

Shared ‘dark triad’ variance correlates up to -.94 with Honesty/Humility

175
Q

According to the HEXACO model, shared ‘dark triad’ variance correlates up to _____ with Honesty/Humility

A

-.94

176
Q

According to the HEXACO model, shared ‘dark triad’ variance correlates up to -.94 with …?

A

Honesty/Humility

YEAR 2 Personality & ID (10 decks)

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