Approaches to Personality II Flashcards
1
Q
What is the lexical hypothesis?
A
All aspects of individual personality can be described from single words used in language
2
Q
All aspects of individual personality can be described from single words used in language
This is known as…?
A
The lexical hypothesis
3
Q
Describe Allport and Odbert’s (1936) study
List 3 points
A
- Drawing on Baumgarten’s work, they collected all personality terms from Webster’s Dictionary (555,000 terms originally)
- Selected all terms referring to behavioural differences = 18,000
- Removed terms relating to cognitive, physical or transient state = 4,500 (represent smaller number of distinct traits)
4
Q
What are latent variables?
A
Variables that cannot be directly observed
5
Q
Variables that cannot be directly observed
This is known as…?
A
Latent variables
6
Q
Most psychological variables (individual differences)
a. cannot be directly observed
b. can be directly observed
A
a. cannot be directly observed
7
Q
Most psychological variables (individual differences) cannot be directly observed
This is known as…?
A
Latent variables
8
Q
Many physical variables(e.g. height, weight) can be directly observed and measured
This is known as…?
A
Observable variables
9
Q
Individual differences are…?
a. Observable
b. Latent
A
b. Latent
10
Q
How can we ‘observe’ individual differences (latent variables)?
A
By inferring/estimating them
e.g. on the basis of behaviour and self-reported experience
11
Q
What are Psychometrics?
A
The scientific measurement of psychological variables
12
Q
The scientific measurement of psychological variables
This is known as…?
A
Psychometrics
13
Q
Extraversion is a…?
a. Latent variable
b. Observable variable
A
a. Latent variable
14
Q
What 4 things is extraversion (latent variable) associated with?
A
- Talkative (enjoys talking to others)
- Sociable (enjoys socialising with people)
- Friendly (makes friends easily)
- Lively (are the life and soul of the party)
15
Q
What are correlations used for?
A
Used to identify words that are similar enough in meaning to essentially be considered the same thing
16
Q
Used to identify words that are similar enough in meaning to essentially be considered the same thing
This is known as…?
A
Correlations
17
Q
The basis of ‘data reduction’ techniques
This is known as…?
A
Correlatins
18
Q
Enable us to determine which terms are related to one another, and so represent a common ‘latent factor’
This is known as…?
A
Correlations
19
Q
What do correlations enable us to determine?
A
Which terms are related to one another, and so represent a common ‘latent factor’
20
Q
“I am a relaxed person & I am a carefree person”
Has a strong positive correlation between the two terms (r = .84)
What does this suggest?
A
It is highly likely that these 2 traits might belong to the same underlying factor (relaxed and carefree might be related to neuroticism, a common factor driving these responses to these 2 items)
simply = relaxed and carefree are related to a common latent factor of neuroticism
21
Q
“I am a relaxed person & I am a anxious person”
Has a strong negative correlation between the two terms (r = -.78)
What does this suggest?
A
It is highly likely that these 2 traits might belong to the same underlying factor (relaxed and anxious might be related to neuroticism, a common factor driving these responses to these 2 items)
simply = relaxed and anxious are related to a common latent factor of neuroticism
22
Q
“I am a relaxed person & I am a friendly person”
Has no correlation between the two terms (r = .06)
What does this suggest?
A
It is highly likely that these 2 traits do not belong to the same underlying factor (relaxed and friendly might not be related to neuroticism, a common factor driving these responses to these 2 items)
simply = relaxed and friendly are not related to a common latent factor of neuroticism
23
Q
Why is conducting several correlations problematic to identify words that are similar enough in meaning to essentially be considered the same thing?
A
A little more difficult to work out which items belong together
Imagine if there were 4500 items: it is impossible to identify which items belong to each other just by looking at the correlations
24
Q
Correlations can be problematic because it is a little more difficult to work out which items belong together
What is a solution for this?
A
Factor analysis
25
What is factor analysis?
List 3 points
1. A ‘multivariate’ ‘data reduction’ technique
2. Looks for the set of ‘latent variables’ (factors) that best account for the pattern of correlation within the dataset
3. Involves multiple variables; aims to reduce these multiple variables to a smaller number of variables based on the degree to which these variables correlate to each other
26
A ‘multivariate’ ‘data reduction’ technique
This is known as...?
Factor analysis
27
Looks for the set of ‘latent variables’ (factors) that best account for the pattern of correlation within the dataset
This is known as...?
Factor analysis
28
Involves multiple variables; aims to reduce these multiple variables to a smaller number of variables based on the degree to which these variables correlate to each other
This is known as...?
Factor analysis
29
What does factor analysis look for?
The set of ‘latent variables’ (factors) that best account for the pattern of correlation within the dataset
30
What is the aim of factor analysis?
To reduce multiple variables to a smaller number of variables based on the degree to which these variables correlate to each other
31
How does factor analysis simplify correlations?
It reorganises the correlation matrix to simplify it
32
Reorganises the correlation matrix to simplify it
This is known as...?
Factor analysis
33
e.g. Data have been ‘reduced’ from 7 items to two underlying latent factors
This is an example of...?
Factor analysis
34
A statistical technique that uses patterns of correlations between several variables to identify a smaller number of underlying latent variables
This is known as...?
Factor analysis
35
Factor analysis is a statistical technique that uses ______ between several variables to identify a smaller number of underlying latent variables
Patterns of correlations
36
Factor analysis is a statistical technique that uses patterns of correlations between several variables to identify ...?
A smaller number of underlying latent variables
37
What is the aim of factor analysis?
To identify independent factors where each item only loads strongly onto one factor and not others
38
Aims to identify independent factors where each item only loads strongly onto one factor and not others
This is known as...?
Factor analysis
39
What 3 things should researchers do when running factor analysis?
1. Researcher must decide how many factors to extract
2. Researcher names factors based on the items that load on it
3. For independent factors, items should load strongly on only one factor (with low cross-loadings)
40
Define factor loadings
Correlations between score for each item and each of the two underlying factors
41
Correlations between score for each item and each of the two underlying factors
This is known as...?
Factor loadings
42
An item has high cross-loadings
What does this suggest about the 2 factors?
The 2 factors are not independent
43
An item has low cross-loadings
What does this suggest about the 2 factors?
The 2 factors are independent
44
Ideally, do we want items with low or high cross-loadings?
Low cross-loadings
45
Where each item loads strongly onto one factor but not on other factor
a. High cross-loadings
b. Low cross-loadings
b. Low cross-loadings
46
Where each item loads strongly onto both factors
a. High cross-loadings
b. Low cross-loadings
a. High cross-loadings
47
Define low cross-loadings
Where each item loads strongly onto one factor but not on other factor
48
Define high cross-loadings
Where each item loads strongly onto both factors
49
Who proposed the 16 Personality Factor Model?
Raymond Cattell (1905-1998)
50
What model did Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) propose?
16 Personality Factor Model
51
What did Cattell do to create the 16 Personality Factor Model?
List 7 things
1. Made groups of synonyms
e.g. approachable, welcoming, friendly
2. Made pairs of antonyms
e.g. unapproachable, hostile, unfriendly
4. Selected exemplar from each
- Came up with 171 exemplars
- e.g. Friendly was selected as the best exemplar of all the words related to friendliness, hostility and approachability
100 people each rated one/two people on all 171 terms
5. Examined correlations to identify 60 clusters
6. Added a few more terms from the psychiatric literature
7. Reduced to about 45 terms based on own judgement and guidance from the literature
52
What did Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model analyse?
A range of data relating to 45 ‘surface traits’
53
Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model analysed a range of data relating to 45 ‘surface traits’
How did they do this? (List 3 ways)
1. Self ratings
2. Other ratings
3. Test performance
54
Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model analysed a range of data relating to 45 ‘surface traits’
How did they analyse the data to eventually identify 16 personality factors (source traits)?
List 3 ways
1. Self ratings
2. Other ratings
3. Test performance
55
Source traits are known as...?
16 personality factors
56
16 personality factors are known as...?
Source traits
57
What do source traits explain?
Surface trait variability
58
What do source traits explain ?
Surface trait variability
59
What are the 2 features of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF) - 1946?
1. Consists of scale, not categories
2. Listed in order of importance/variance explained
60
1. Consists of scale, not categories
2. Listed in order of importance/variance explained
This is known as...?
Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF) - 1946
61
True or False?
Factor A is less important than Factor G in Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF) - 1946
False
Factor A is more important than Factor G in Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF) - 1946
62
What are the 4 pros of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)?
1. Methodical, data-driven approach to theory development
2. Promoted use of Factor analysis in personality research (PhD student of
Charles Spearman)
3. Revised 16PF questionnaires still used
4. Formed the basis of subsequent ‘big 5’ models
63
What are the 5 cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)?
1. Subjectivity and arbitrariness in analysis
2. Many failures to replicate 16-factor structure
3. Sixteen – too many factors to work with
4. Correlations between factors – not independent
5. Better accounted for by fewer, independent factors?
- Analyses of same data: 5 independent ‘second-order’ factors of: Extraversion, Anxiety, Self-Control, Independence/Accommodation, & Openness
64
What is the alternative for Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)?
The big five model of personality
65
The big five model of personality is an alternative for...?
Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
66
Methodical, data-driven approach to theory development
What does this apply to?
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. Other contemporary alternatives
c. The big five model of personality
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
67
Better accounted for by fewer, independent factors?
Analyses of same data: 5 independent ‘second-order’ factors of: Extraversion, Anxiety, Self-Control, Independence/Accommodation, & Openness
What does this apply to?
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. Other contemporary alternatives
c. The big five model of personality
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
68
Correlations between factors – not independent
What does this apply to?
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. Other contemporary alternatives
c. The big five model of personality
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
69
Sixteen – too many factors to work with
What does this apply to?
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. Other contemporary alternatives
c. The big five model of personality
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
70
Promoted use of Factor analysis in personality research (PhD student of Charles Spearman)
What does this apply to?
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. Other contemporary alternatives
c. The big five model of personality
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
71
Revised 16PF questionnaires still used
What does this apply to?
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. Other contemporary alternatives
c. The big five model of personality
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
72
Formed the basis of subsequent ‘big 5’ models
What does this apply to?
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. Other contemporary alternatives
c. The big five model of personality
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
73
Many failures to replicate 16-factor structure
What does this apply to?
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. Other contemporary alternatives
c. The big five model of personality
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
74
Subjectivity and arbitrariness in analysis
What does this apply to?
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. Other contemporary alternatives
c. The big five model of personality
a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
75
Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF) provides evidence for...?
Five ‘super’ factors
76
True or False?
Other work based on ‘lexical hypothesis’ showed 2 factors
False
Other work based on ‘lexical hypothesis’ showed 5 factors
77
The convergence of models showed _____ independent factors
5
78
True or False?
Factor models aligned with one another
True
79
According to Costa and McCrae, 5 factors are ____ and ____ for describing major features of personality at a global level
Necessary and reasonably sufficient
80
According to Costa and McCrae, five factors are ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing ...?
Major features of personality at a global level
81
What are the 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)?
1. Neuroticism
2. Extraversion
3. Openness to Experience
4. Agreeableness
5. Conscientiousness
82
Neuroticism is 1 of 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)
How did they come up with this factor?
They identified it from Cattell's items
83
Extraversion is 1 of 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)
How did they come up with this factor?
They identified it from Cattell's items
84
Openness to Experience is 1 of 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)
How did they come up with this factor?
More 'O' items added
85
Agreeableness is 1 of 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)
How did they come up with this factor?
Items were added to capture 2 factors from Goldberg's five factor model
86
Conscientiousness is 1 of 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)
How did they come up with this factor?
Items were added to capture 2 factors from Goldberg's five factor model
87
Items were added to capture 2 factors from Goldberg's five factor model
Select all that apply
a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Openness to Experience
d. Agreeableness
e. Conscientiousness
d. Agreeableness
e. Conscientiousness
88
More 'O' items added
Select all that apply
a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Openness to Experience
d. Agreeableness
e. Conscientiousness
c. Openness to Experience
89
Identified from Cattell's items
Select all that apply
a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Openness to Experience
d. Agreeableness
e. Conscientiousness
a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
90
Who proposed the NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN)?
Costa and McCrae
91
What model did Costa and McCrae propose?
NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN)
92
What is the revised version of NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN)?
NEO-PI-R
93
Measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait
NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN)
94
What does NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measure?
6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait
95
NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait
What are the 6 facets of neuroticism?
1. Anxiety
2. Vulnerability
3. Angry hostility
4. Depression
5. Self-consciousness
6. Impulsiveness
96
NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait
What are the 6 facets of extraversion?
1. Warmth
2. Gregariousness
3. Assertiveness
4. Activity
5. Positive emotions
6. Excitement-seeking
97
1. Rarely get irritated
2. Seldom feel blue
3. Feel comfortable with self
4. Not easily bothered by things
What do these suggest?
Low neuroticism
98
What are the 4 characteristics of someone who has low neuroticism?
1. Rarely get irritated
2. Seldom feel blue
3. Feel comfortable with self
4. Not easily bothered by things
99
1. Often feel blue
2. Dislike myself
3. Panic easily
4. Frequent mood swings
What do these suggest?
High neuroticism
100
What are the 4 characteristics of someone who has high neuroticism?
1. Often feel blue
2. Dislike myself
3. Panic easily
4. Frequent mood swings
101
1. Have little to say
2. Keep in the background
3. Don't like to draw attention to self
What do these suggest?
Low extraversion
102
What are the 3 characteristics of someone who has low extraversion?
1. Have little to say
2. Keep in the background
3. Don't like to draw attention to self
103
1. Comfortable around people
2. Make friends easily
3. Life of the party
4. Warm up to others quickly
What do these suggest?
High extraversion
104
What are the 4 characteristics of someone who has high extraversion?
1. Comfortable around people
2. Make friends easily
3. Life of the party
4. Warm up to others quickly
105
What does low neuroticism mean?
Emotionally stable
106
What does low extraversion mean?
Introverted
107
NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait
What are the 6 facets of Openness to Experience?
1. Fantasy
2. Aesthetics
3. Feelings
4. Actions
5. Ideas
6. Values
108
Define Openness to Experience
Tendency to engage in intellectual activities and experience new sensations and ideas
109
Tendency to engage in intellectual activities and experience new sensations and ideas
This is known as...?
Openness to Experience
110
Openness to Experience is related to curiosity, imagination, unconventional attitudes, aesthetic and sensitivity
What does this suggest?
People who are open to experience engage in intellectual activities and experience new sensations and ideas
111
What are the 3 characteristics of someone who has low Openness to Experience?
1. Not interested in abstract ideas
2. Avoid philosophical discussions
3. Do not enjoy going to museums
112
What are the 4 characteristics of someone who has high Openness to Experience?
1. Believe in the importance of art
2. Have a vivid imagination
3. Enjoy hearing new ideas
4. Carry the conversation to a higher level
113
1. Not interested in abstract ideas
2. Avoid philosophical discussions
3. Do not enjoy going to museums
What do these suggest?
Low Openness to Experience
114
1. Believe in the importance of art
2. Have a vivid imagination
3. Enjoy hearing new ideas
4. Carry the conversation to a higher level
What do these suggest?
High Openness to Experience
115
NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait
What are the 6 facets of Agreeableness?
1. Trust
2. Altruism
3. Straightforwardness
4. Compliance
5. Modesty
6. Tender-mindedness
116
Define agreeableness
List 3 points
1. Friendly, considerate, and modest behaviour
2. Caring, nurturing and tolerant
3. Predisposition to pro-social behaviour
117
1. Friendly, considerate, and modest behaviour
2. Caring, nurturing and tolerant
3. Predisposition to pro-social behaviour
These are traits of...?
Agreeableness
118
What are the 5 characteristics of someone who has low agreeableness?
1. Have a sharp tongue
2. Suspect hidden motives in others
3. Get back at others
4. insult people
5. Contradict others
119
What are the 4 characteristics of someone who has high agreeableness?
1. Have a good word for everyone
2. Accept people as they are
3. Believe that others have good intentions
4. Respect others
120
1. Have a sharp tongue
2. Suspect hidden motives in others
3. Get back at others
4. insult people
5. Contradict others
What do these suggest?
Low agreeableness
121
1. Have a good word for everyone
2. Accept people as they are
3. Believe that others have good intentions
4. Respect others
What do these suggest?
High agreeableness
122
NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait
What are the 6 facets of Conscientiousness?
1. Competence
2. Order
3. Dutifulness
4. Self-discipline
5. Deliberation
6. Achievement-striving
123
What are the 5 characteristics of someone who has low conscientiousness?
1. Waste my time
2. Don't see things through
3. Find it difficult to get down to work
4. Shirk my duties
5. Need a push to get started
124
What are the 5 characteristics of someone who has high conscientiousness?
1. Always prepared
2. Pay attention to details
3. Get chores done right away
4. Make plans and stick to them
125
1. Always prepared
2. Pay attention to details
3. Get chores done right away
4. Make plans and stick to them
What do these suggest?
High conscientiousness
126
1. Waste my time
2. Don't see things through
3. Find it difficult to get down to work
4. Shirk my duties
5. Need a push to get started
What do these suggest?
Low conscientiousness
127
Define conscientiousness
List 2 points
1. Proactivity, responsibility, and self-discipline
2. Efficiency, organisation, determination and productivity
128
1. Proactivity, responsibility, and self-discipline
2. Efficiency, organisation, determination and productivity
This is known as...?
Conscientiousness
129
What did Eysenck – Three factors (PEN) suggest about openness?
Openness is intelligence, not personality
130
What did Eysenck – Three factors (PEN) suggest about agreeableness?
Agreeableness is just Low Psychoticism, Low Neuroticism, and High Extraversion
131
Suggests:
1. Openness is intelligence, not personality
2. Agreeableness is just Low P, Low N, and High E
Who proposed this?
Eysenck – Three factors (PEN)
132
According to Eysenck – Three factors (PEN), agreeableness is just...?
List 3 points
1. Low Psychoticism
2. Low Neuroticism
3. High Extraversion
133
Costa and McCrae (1985) – reported correlations between scores on PEN and OCEAN scales
What did they find? List 3 points
1. Neuroticism in PEN and OCEAN scales have high positive correlation
2. Extraversion in PEN and OCEAN scales have high positive correlation
3. The rest all have low correlation
134
What are the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995)?
1. Factors derived from factor analysis depend on which variables are entered...and on a number of factors extracted (different solutions)
2. Single words are insufficient to describe all aspects of personality: sentences and paragraphs needed!
3. Overreliance on laypersons (especially undergraduates), results in important omissions (e.g. ‘capricious’, ‘censorious’ etc)
4. Simple correlations do not capture the full complexity of relationships between terms
5. Arbitrary choice of 6 facets per factor
6. Some important factors not represented
135
1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is that factors derived from factor analysis depend on...?
List 2 things
1. Which variables are entered
2. On a number of factors extracted (different solutions)
136
1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is that single words are ...?
Insufficient to describe all aspects of personality: sentences and paragraphs needed!
E.g. ‘pecking order personality’
137
1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is that it is over-reliant on _____, which results in _____
1. Laypersons (especially undergraduates)
2. Important omissions (e.g. ‘capricious’, ‘censorious’ etc)
138
1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is that it is over-reliant on laypersons (especially undergraduates), results in important omissions (e.g. ‘capricious’, ‘censorious’ etc)
Why does this happen?
List 2 points
1. Because researchers know that lay people are going to be rating their words, this might led them to deliberately omit words that they felt many people wouldn’t understand
2. Undergraduate students = are not representative of the general pop., not a full picture of adult personality (young adults may not have developed their full personality yet)
139
1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is the ____ choice of 6 facets per factor
Arbitrary (random)
140
1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is that some important factors ...?
Not represented
e.g.narcissism
141
What are the 4 pros of OCEAN?
1. Evidence for cross-cultural stability of factors
2. Emerging evidence for biological basis
3. The most widely-used model of personality
4. A useful ‘common currency’ in personality research
142
e.g. Thalmayer & Saucier (2014): measurement invariance across 26 nations.
This is evidence for...?
Evidence for cross-cultural stability of factors for OCEAN
143
e.g. Čukić & Bates (2014): openness associated with increased ANS activation at rest
This is evidence for...?
Emerging evidence for biological basis for OCEAN
144
Give an example of:
Emerging evidence for biological basis for OCEAN
Čukić & Bates (2014): openness associated with increased ANS activation at rest
145
Give an example of:
Evidence for cross cultural variability for OCEAN
Thalmayer & Saucier (2014): measurement invariance across 26 nations
146
Name 2 other big trait models
1. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al. (1999)
2. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton (2004)
147
List the 6 factors included in the HEXACO; Lee & Ashton (2004)
1. Honesty-Humility (6th factor)
2. Emotionality
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Conscientiousness
6. Openness to Experience
148
List the 5 factors included in the Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al. (1999
1. Impulsive Unsocialised Sensation Seeking
2. Aggression-Hostility
3. Activity
4. Sociability
5. Neuroticism-Anxiety
149
Agreeableness
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
150
Neuroticism-Anxiety
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
151
Honesty-Humility
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
152
Emotionality
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
153
Sociability
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
154
Extraversion
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
155
Activity
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
156
Aggression-Hostility
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
157
Conscientiousness
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
158
Openness to Experience
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
159
Impulsive Unsocialised Sensation Seeking
This is a factor on...? (Select all that apply)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
160
Which model is exactly the same as Costa and McCrae’s Big Five but it has an additional 6th factor?
a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton
