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YEAR 2 Personality & ID > Approaches to Personality II > Flashcards

Approaches to Personality II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lexical hypothesis?

A

All aspects of individual personality can be described from single words used in language

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2
Q

All aspects of individual personality can be described from single words used in language

This is known as…?

A

The lexical hypothesis

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3
Q

Describe Allport and Odbert’s (1936) study

List 3 points

A
  1. Drawing on Baumgarten’s work, they collected all personality terms from Webster’s Dictionary (555,000 terms originally)
  2. Selected all terms referring to behavioural differences = 18,000
  3. Removed terms relating to cognitive, physical or transient state = 4,500 (represent smaller number of distinct traits)
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4
Q

What are latent variables?

A

Variables that cannot be directly observed

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5
Q

Variables that cannot be directly observed

This is known as…?

A

Latent variables

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6
Q

Most psychological variables (individual differences)

a. cannot be directly observed

b. can be directly observed

A

a. cannot be directly observed

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7
Q

Most psychological variables (individual differences) cannot be directly observed

This is known as…?

A

Latent variables

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8
Q

Many physical variables(e.g. height, weight) can be directly observed and measured

This is known as…?

A

Observable variables

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9
Q

Individual differences are…?

a. Observable
b. Latent

A

b. Latent

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10
Q

How can we ‘observe’ individual differences (latent variables)?

A

By inferring/estimating them

e.g. on the basis of behaviour and self-reported experience

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11
Q

What are Psychometrics?

A

The scientific measurement of psychological variables

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12
Q

The scientific measurement of psychological variables

This is known as…?

A

Psychometrics

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13
Q

Extraversion is a…?

a. Latent variable
b. Observable variable

A

a. Latent variable

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14
Q

What 4 things is extraversion (latent variable) associated with?

A
  1. Talkative (enjoys talking to others)
  2. Sociable (enjoys socialising with people)
  3. Friendly (makes friends easily)
  4. Lively (are the life and soul of the party)
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15
Q

What are correlations used for?

A

Used to identify words that are similar enough in meaning to essentially be considered the same thing

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16
Q

Used to identify words that are similar enough in meaning to essentially be considered the same thing

This is known as…?

A

Correlations

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17
Q

The basis of ‘data reduction’ techniques

This is known as…?

A

Correlatins

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18
Q

Enable us to determine which terms are related to one another, and so represent a common ‘latent factor’

This is known as…?

A

Correlations

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19
Q

What do correlations enable us to determine?

A

Which terms are related to one another, and so represent a common ‘latent factor’

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20
Q

“I am a relaxed person & I am a carefree person”

Has a strong positive correlation between the two terms (r = .84)

What does this suggest?

A

It is highly likely that these 2 traits might belong to the same underlying factor (relaxed and carefree might be related to neuroticism, a common factor driving these responses to these 2 items)

simply = relaxed and carefree are related to a common latent factor of neuroticism

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21
Q

“I am a relaxed person & I am a anxious person”

Has a strong negative correlation between the two terms (r = -.78)

What does this suggest?

A

It is highly likely that these 2 traits might belong to the same underlying factor (relaxed and anxious might be related to neuroticism, a common factor driving these responses to these 2 items)

simply = relaxed and anxious are related to a common latent factor of neuroticism

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22
Q

“I am a relaxed person & I am a friendly person”

Has no correlation between the two terms (r = .06)

What does this suggest?

A

It is highly likely that these 2 traits do not belong to the same underlying factor (relaxed and friendly might not be related to neuroticism, a common factor driving these responses to these 2 items)

simply = relaxed and friendly are not related to a common latent factor of neuroticism

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23
Q

Why is conducting several correlations problematic to identify words that are similar enough in meaning to essentially be considered the same thing?

A

A little more difficult to work out which items belong together

Imagine if there were 4500 items: it is impossible to identify which items belong to each other just by looking at the correlations

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24
Q

Correlations can be problematic because it is a little more difficult to work out which items belong together

What is a solution for this?

A

Factor analysis

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25
Q

What is factor analysis?

List 3 points

A
  1. A ‘multivariate’ ‘data reduction’ technique
  2. Looks for the set of ‘latent variables’ (factors) that best account for the pattern of correlation within the dataset
  3. Involves multiple variables; aims to reduce these multiple variables to a smaller number of variables based on the degree to which these variables correlate to each other
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26
Q

A ‘multivariate’ ‘data reduction’ technique

This is known as…?

A

Factor analysis

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27
Q

Looks for the set of ‘latent variables’ (factors) that best account for the pattern of correlation within the dataset

This is known as…?

A

Factor analysis

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28
Q

Involves multiple variables; aims to reduce these multiple variables to a smaller number of variables based on the degree to which these variables correlate to each other

This is known as…?

A

Factor analysis

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29
Q

What does factor analysis look for?

A

The set of ‘latent variables’ (factors) that best account for the pattern of correlation within the dataset

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30
Q

What is the aim of factor analysis?

A

To reduce multiple variables to a smaller number of variables based on the degree to which these variables correlate to each other

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31
Q

How does factor analysis simplify correlations?

A

It reorganises the correlation matrix to simplify it

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32
Q

Reorganises the correlation matrix to simplify it

This is known as…?

A

Factor analysis

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33
Q

e.g. Data have been ‘reduced’ from 7 items to two underlying latent factors

This is an example of…?

A

Factor analysis

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34
Q

A statistical technique that uses patterns of correlations between several variables to identify a smaller number of underlying latent variables

This is known as…?

A

Factor analysis

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35
Q

Factor analysis is a statistical technique that uses ______ between several variables to identify a smaller number of underlying latent variables

A

Patterns of correlations

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36
Q

Factor analysis is a statistical technique that uses patterns of correlations between several variables to identify …?

A

A smaller number of underlying latent variables

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37
Q

What is the aim of factor analysis?

A

To identify independent factors where each item only loads strongly onto one factor and not others

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38
Q

Aims to identify independent factors where each item only loads strongly onto one factor and not others

This is known as…?

A

Factor analysis

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39
Q

What 3 things should researchers do when running factor analysis?

A
  1. Researcher must decide how many factors to extract
  2. Researcher names factors based on the items that load on it
  3. For independent factors, items should load strongly on only one factor (with low cross-loadings)
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40
Q

Define factor loadings

A

Correlations between score for each item and each of the two underlying factors

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41
Q

Correlations between score for each item and each of the two underlying factors

This is known as…?

A

Factor loadings

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42
Q

An item has high cross-loadings

What does this suggest about the 2 factors?

A

The 2 factors are not independent

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43
Q

An item has low cross-loadings

What does this suggest about the 2 factors?

A

The 2 factors are independent

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44
Q

Ideally, do we want items with low or high cross-loadings?

A

Low cross-loadings

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45
Q

Where each item loads strongly onto one factor but not on other factor

a. High cross-loadings
b. Low cross-loadings

A

b. Low cross-loadings

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46
Q

Where each item loads strongly onto both factors

a. High cross-loadings
b. Low cross-loadings

A

a. High cross-loadings

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47
Q

Define low cross-loadings

A

Where each item loads strongly onto one factor but not on other factor

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48
Q

Define high cross-loadings

A

Where each item loads strongly onto both factors

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49
Q

Who proposed the 16 Personality Factor Model?

A

Raymond Cattell (1905-1998)

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50
Q

What model did Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) propose?

A

16 Personality Factor Model

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51
Q

What did Cattell do to create the 16 Personality Factor Model?

List 7 things

A
  1. Made groups of synonyms
    e.g. approachable, welcoming, friendly
  2. Made pairs of antonyms
    e.g. unapproachable, hostile, unfriendly
  3. Selected exemplar from each
    - Came up with 171 exemplars
  • e.g. Friendly was selected as the best exemplar of all the words related to friendliness, hostility and approachability
    100 people each rated one/two people on all 171 terms
  1. Examined correlations to identify 60 clusters
  2. Added a few more terms from the psychiatric literature
  3. Reduced to about 45 terms based on own judgement and guidance from the literature
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52
Q

What did Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model analyse?

A

A range of data relating to 45 ‘surface traits’

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53
Q

Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model analysed a range of data relating to 45 ‘surface traits’

How did they do this? (List 3 ways)

A
  1. Self ratings
  2. Other ratings
  3. Test performance
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54
Q

Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model analysed a range of data relating to 45 ‘surface traits’

How did they analyse the data to eventually identify 16 personality factors (source traits)?

List 3 ways

A
  1. Self ratings
  2. Other ratings
  3. Test performance
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55
Q

Source traits are known as…?

A

16 personality factors

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56
Q

16 personality factors are known as…?

A

Source traits

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57
Q

What do source traits explain?

A

Surface trait variability

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58
Q

What do source traits explain ?

A

Surface trait variability

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59
Q

What are the 2 features of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF) - 1946?

A
  1. Consists of scale, not categories
  2. Listed in order of importance/variance explained
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60
Q
  1. Consists of scale, not categories
  2. Listed in order of importance/variance explained

This is known as…?

A

Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF) - 1946

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61
Q

True or False?

Factor A is less important than Factor G in Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF) - 1946

A

False

Factor A is more important than Factor G in Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF) - 1946

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62
Q

What are the 4 pros of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)?

A
  1. Methodical, data-driven approach to theory development
  2. Promoted use of Factor analysis in personality research (PhD student of
    Charles Spearman)
  3. Revised 16PF questionnaires still used
  4. Formed the basis of subsequent ‘big 5’ models
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63
Q

What are the 5 cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)?

A
  1. Subjectivity and arbitrariness in analysis
  2. Many failures to replicate 16-factor structure
  3. Sixteen – too many factors to work with
  4. Correlations between factors – not independent
  5. Better accounted for by fewer, independent factors?
  • Analyses of same data: 5 independent ‘second-order’ factors of: Extraversion, Anxiety, Self-Control, Independence/Accommodation, & Openness
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64
Q

What is the alternative for Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)?

A

The big five model of personality

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65
Q

The big five model of personality is an alternative for…?

A

Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

66
Q

Methodical, data-driven approach to theory development

What does this apply to?

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

b. Other contemporary alternatives

c. The big five model of personality

A

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

67
Q

Better accounted for by fewer, independent factors?

Analyses of same data: 5 independent ‘second-order’ factors of: Extraversion, Anxiety, Self-Control, Independence/Accommodation, & Openness

What does this apply to?

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

b. Other contemporary alternatives

c. The big five model of personality

A

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

68
Q

Correlations between factors – not independent

What does this apply to?

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

b. Other contemporary alternatives

c. The big five model of personality

A

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

69
Q

Sixteen – too many factors to work with

What does this apply to?

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

b. Other contemporary alternatives

c. The big five model of personality

A

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

70
Q

Promoted use of Factor analysis in personality research (PhD student of Charles Spearman)

What does this apply to?

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

b. Other contemporary alternatives

c. The big five model of personality

A

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

71
Q

Revised 16PF questionnaires still used

What does this apply to?

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

b. Other contemporary alternatives

c. The big five model of personality

A

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

72
Q

Formed the basis of subsequent ‘big 5’ models

What does this apply to?

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

b. Other contemporary alternatives

c. The big five model of personality

A

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

73
Q

Many failures to replicate 16-factor structure

What does this apply to?

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

b. Other contemporary alternatives

c. The big five model of personality

A

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

74
Q

Subjectivity and arbitrariness in analysis

What does this apply to?

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

b. Other contemporary alternatives

c. The big five model of personality

A

a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

75
Q

Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF) provides evidence for…?

A

Five ‘super’ factors

76
Q

True or False?

Other work based on ‘lexical hypothesis’ showed 2 factors

A

False

Other work based on ‘lexical hypothesis’ showed 5 factors

77
Q

The convergence of models showed _____ independent factors

A

5

78
Q

True or False?

Factor models aligned with one another

A

True

79
Q

According to Costa and McCrae, 5 factors are ____ and ____ for describing major features of personality at a global level

A

Necessary and reasonably sufficient

80
Q

According to Costa and McCrae, five factors are ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing …?

A

Major features of personality at a global level

81
Q

What are the 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)?

A
  1. Neuroticism
  2. Extraversion
  3. Openness to Experience
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness
82
Q

Neuroticism is 1 of 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)

How did they come up with this factor?

A

They identified it from Cattell’s items

83
Q

Extraversion is 1 of 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)

How did they come up with this factor?

A

They identified it from Cattell’s items

84
Q

Openness to Experience is 1 of 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)

How did they come up with this factor?

A

More ‘O’ items added

85
Q

Agreeableness is 1 of 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)

How did they come up with this factor?

A

Items were added to capture 2 factors from Goldberg’s five factor model

86
Q

Conscientiousness is 1 of 5 factors ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level according to Costa and McCrae (1985)

How did they come up with this factor?

A

Items were added to capture 2 factors from Goldberg’s five factor model

87
Q

Items were added to capture 2 factors from Goldberg’s five factor model

Select all that apply

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Openness to Experience
d. Agreeableness
e. Conscientiousness

A

d. Agreeableness
e. Conscientiousness

88
Q

More ‘O’ items added

Select all that apply

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Openness to Experience
d. Agreeableness
e. Conscientiousness

A

c. Openness to Experience

89
Q

Identified from Cattell’s items

Select all that apply

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Openness to Experience
d. Agreeableness
e. Conscientiousness

A

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion

90
Q

Who proposed the NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN)?

A

Costa and McCrae

91
Q

What model did Costa and McCrae propose?

A

NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN)

92
Q

What is the revised version of NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN)?

A

NEO-PI-R

93
Q

Measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait

A

NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN)

94
Q

What does NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measure?

A

6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait

95
Q

NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait

What are the 6 facets of neuroticism?

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Vulnerability
  3. Angry hostility
  4. Depression
  5. Self-consciousness
  6. Impulsiveness
96
Q

NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait

What are the 6 facets of extraversion?

A
  1. Warmth
  2. Gregariousness
  3. Assertiveness
  4. Activity
  5. Positive emotions
  6. Excitement-seeking
97
Q
  1. Rarely get irritated
  2. Seldom feel blue
  3. Feel comfortable with self
  4. Not easily bothered by things

What do these suggest?

A

Low neuroticism

98
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of someone who has low neuroticism?

A
  1. Rarely get irritated
  2. Seldom feel blue
  3. Feel comfortable with self
  4. Not easily bothered by things
99
Q
  1. Often feel blue
  2. Dislike myself
  3. Panic easily
  4. Frequent mood swings

What do these suggest?

A

High neuroticism

100
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of someone who has high neuroticism?

A
  1. Often feel blue
  2. Dislike myself
  3. Panic easily
  4. Frequent mood swings
101
Q
  1. Have little to say
  2. Keep in the background
  3. Don’t like to draw attention to self

What do these suggest?

A

Low extraversion

102
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of someone who has low extraversion?

A
  1. Have little to say
  2. Keep in the background
  3. Don’t like to draw attention to self
103
Q
  1. Comfortable around people
  2. Make friends easily
  3. Life of the party
  4. Warm up to others quickly

What do these suggest?

A

High extraversion

104
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of someone who has high extraversion?

A
  1. Comfortable around people
  2. Make friends easily
  3. Life of the party
  4. Warm up to others quickly
105
Q

What does low neuroticism mean?

A

Emotionally stable

106
Q

What does low extraversion mean?

A

Introverted

107
Q

NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait

What are the 6 facets of Openness to Experience?

A
  1. Fantasy
  2. Aesthetics
  3. Feelings
  4. Actions
  5. Ideas
  6. Values
108
Q

Define Openness to Experience

A

Tendency to engage in intellectual activities and experience new sensations and ideas

109
Q

Tendency to engage in intellectual activities and experience new sensations and ideas

This is known as…?

A

Openness to Experience

110
Q

Openness to Experience is related to curiosity, imagination, unconventional attitudes, aesthetic and sensitivity

What does this suggest?

A

People who are open to experience engage in intellectual activities and experience new sensations and ideas

111
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of someone who has low Openness to Experience?

A
  1. Not interested in abstract ideas
  2. Avoid philosophical discussions
  3. Do not enjoy going to museums
112
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of someone who has high Openness to Experience?

A
  1. Believe in the importance of art
  2. Have a vivid imagination
  3. Enjoy hearing new ideas
  4. Carry the conversation to a higher level
113
Q
  1. Not interested in abstract ideas
  2. Avoid philosophical discussions
  3. Do not enjoy going to museums

What do these suggest?

A

Low Openness to Experience

114
Q
  1. Believe in the importance of art
  2. Have a vivid imagination
  3. Enjoy hearing new ideas
  4. Carry the conversation to a higher level

What do these suggest?

A

High Openness to Experience

115
Q

NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait

What are the 6 facets of Agreeableness?

A
  1. Trust
  2. Altruism
  3. Straightforwardness
  4. Compliance
  5. Modesty
  6. Tender-mindedness
116
Q

Define agreeableness

List 3 points

A
  1. Friendly, considerate, and modest behaviour
  2. Caring, nurturing and tolerant
  3. Predisposition to pro-social behaviour
117
Q
  1. Friendly, considerate, and modest behaviour
  2. Caring, nurturing and tolerant
  3. Predisposition to pro-social behaviour

These are traits of…?

A

Agreeableness

118
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of someone who has low agreeableness?

A
  1. Have a sharp tongue
  2. Suspect hidden motives in others
  3. Get back at others
  4. insult people
  5. Contradict others
119
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of someone who has high agreeableness?

A
  1. Have a good word for everyone
  2. Accept people as they are
  3. Believe that others have good intentions
  4. Respect others
120
Q
  1. Have a sharp tongue
  2. Suspect hidden motives in others
  3. Get back at others
  4. insult people
  5. Contradict others

What do these suggest?

A

Low agreeableness

121
Q
  1. Have a good word for everyone
  2. Accept people as they are
  3. Believe that others have good intentions
  4. Respect others

What do these suggest?

A

High agreeableness

122
Q

NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOAC/OCEAN) measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait

What are the 6 facets of Conscientiousness?

A
  1. Competence
  2. Order
  3. Dutifulness
  4. Self-discipline
  5. Deliberation
  6. Achievement-striving
123
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of someone who has low conscientiousness?

A
  1. Waste my time
  2. Don’t see things through
  3. Find it difficult to get down to work
  4. Shirk my duties
  5. Need a push to get started
124
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of someone who has high conscientiousness?

A
  1. Always prepared
  2. Pay attention to details
  3. Get chores done right away
  4. Make plans and stick to them
125
Q
  1. Always prepared
  2. Pay attention to details
  3. Get chores done right away
  4. Make plans and stick to them

What do these suggest?

A

High conscientiousness

126
Q
  1. Waste my time
  2. Don’t see things through
  3. Find it difficult to get down to work
  4. Shirk my duties
  5. Need a push to get started

What do these suggest?

A

Low conscientiousness

127
Q

Define conscientiousness

List 2 points

A
  1. Proactivity, responsibility, and self-discipline
  2. Efficiency, organisation, determination and productivity
128
Q
  1. Proactivity, responsibility, and self-discipline
  2. Efficiency, organisation, determination and productivity

This is known as…?

A

Conscientiousness

129
Q

What did Eysenck – Three factors (PEN) suggest about openness?

A

Openness is intelligence, not personality

130
Q

What did Eysenck – Three factors (PEN) suggest about agreeableness?

A

Agreeableness is just Low Psychoticism, Low Neuroticism, and High Extraversion

131
Q

Suggests:

  1. Openness is intelligence, not personality
  2. Agreeableness is just Low P, Low N, and High E

Who proposed this?

A

Eysenck – Three factors (PEN)

132
Q

According to Eysenck – Three factors (PEN), agreeableness is just…?

List 3 points

A
  1. Low Psychoticism
  2. Low Neuroticism
  3. High Extraversion
133
Q

Costa and McCrae (1985) – reported correlations between scores on PEN and OCEAN scales

What did they find? List 3 points

A
  1. Neuroticism in PEN and OCEAN scales have high positive correlation
  2. Extraversion in PEN and OCEAN scales have high positive correlation
  3. The rest all have low correlation
134
Q

What are the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995)?

A
  1. Factors derived from factor analysis depend on which variables are entered…and on a number of factors extracted (different solutions)
  2. Single words are insufficient to describe all aspects of personality: sentences and paragraphs needed!
  3. Overreliance on laypersons (especially undergraduates), results in important omissions (e.g. ‘capricious’, ‘censorious’ etc)
  4. Simple correlations do not capture the full complexity of relationships between terms
  5. Arbitrary choice of 6 facets per factor
  6. Some important factors not represented
135
Q

1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is that factors derived from factor analysis depend on…?

List 2 things

A
  1. Which variables are entered
  2. On a number of factors extracted (different solutions)
136
Q

1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is that single words are …?

A

Insufficient to describe all aspects of personality: sentences and paragraphs needed!

E.g. ‘pecking order personality’

137
Q

1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is that it is over-reliant on _____, which results in _____

A
  1. Laypersons (especially undergraduates)
  2. Important omissions (e.g. ‘capricious’, ‘censorious’ etc)
138
Q

1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is that it is over-reliant on laypersons (especially undergraduates), results in important omissions (e.g. ‘capricious’, ‘censorious’ etc)

Why does this happen?

List 2 points

A
  1. Because researchers know that lay people are going to be rating their words, this might led them to deliberately omit words that they felt many people wouldn’t understand
  2. Undergraduate students = are not representative of the general pop., not a full picture of adult personality (young adults may not have developed their full personality yet)
139
Q

1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is the ____ choice of 6 facets per factor

A

Arbitrary (random)

140
Q

1 of the 6 criticisms of OCEAN (Block, 1995) is that some important factors …?

A

Not represented
e.g.narcissism

141
Q

What are the 4 pros of OCEAN?

A
  1. Evidence for cross-cultural stability of factors
  2. Emerging evidence for biological basis
  3. The most widely-used model of personality
  4. A useful ‘common currency’ in personality research
142
Q

e.g. Thalmayer & Saucier (2014): measurement invariance across 26 nations.

This is evidence for…?

A

Evidence for cross-cultural stability of factors for OCEAN

143
Q

e.g. Čukić & Bates (2014): openness associated with increased ANS activation at rest

This is evidence for…?

A

Emerging evidence for biological basis for OCEAN

144
Q

Give an example of:

Emerging evidence for biological basis for OCEAN

A

Čukić & Bates (2014): openness associated with increased ANS activation at rest

145
Q

Give an example of:

Evidence for cross cultural variability for OCEAN

A

Thalmayer & Saucier (2014): measurement invariance across 26 nations

146
Q

Name 2 other big trait models

A
  1. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al. (1999)
  2. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton (2004)
147
Q

List the 6 factors included in the HEXACO; Lee & Ashton (2004)

A
  1. Honesty-Humility (6th factor)
  2. Emotionality
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness
  6. Openness to Experience
148
Q

List the 5 factors included in the Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al. (1999

A
  1. Impulsive Unsocialised Sensation Seeking
  2. Aggression-Hostility
  3. Activity
  4. Sociability
  5. Neuroticism-Anxiety
149
Q

Agreeableness

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

150
Q

Neuroticism-Anxiety

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

151
Q

Honesty-Humility

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

152
Q

Emotionality

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

153
Q

Sociability

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

154
Q

Extraversion

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

155
Q

Activity

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

156
Q

Aggression-Hostility

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

157
Q

Conscientiousness

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

158
Q

Openness to Experience

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

159
Q

Impulsive Unsocialised Sensation Seeking

This is a factor on…? (Select all that apply)

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

c. Cons of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (PF)

A

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

160
Q

Which model is exactly the same as Costa and McCrae’s Big Five but it has an additional 6th factor?

a. Alternative Big Five Zukerman et al.

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

A

b. HEXACO; Lee & Ashton

YEAR 2 Personality & ID (10 decks)

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