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YEAR 2 Personality & ID > Approaches to Personality I > Flashcards

Approaches to Personality I Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality?

A

A non-physical, behavioural or psychological aspect of a person

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2
Q

A non-physical, behavioural or psychological aspect of a person

This is known as…?

A

Personality

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3
Q

What is a persona?

A

Mask worn to portray a character

The role/character one plays in life’s drama

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4
Q

Mask worn to portray a character

This is known as…?

A

Persona

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5
Q

What is the key connotation of personality?

A

Trying to understand the real causes of individuals’ thoughts and feelings that are expressed through the mask of behaviour

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6
Q

Trying to understand the real causes of individuals’ thoughts and feelings that are expressed through the mask of behaviour

This is the key connotation to…?

A

Personality

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7
Q

The role/character one plays in life’s drama

This is known as…?

A

Persona

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8
Q

Who claimed that personality is ‘an individual’s characteristic pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechansims - hidden or not - behind those patterns.’?

A

Funder (1997)

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9
Q

Who claimed that personality is a ‘dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophsyiological systems that create a person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings.‘?

A

Carver & Scheier (2000)

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10
Q

Who claimed that Abstractions that explain patterns of: Affect, Behaviour, Cognition (and, sometimes, Desires)?

A

Wilt & Revelle (2014)

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11
Q

Personality is said to be a characteristic pattern of thoughts, emotions and behaviours.

What does this mean?

A

People’s thoughts, emotions and behaviours are predictable/knowable

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12
Q

Personality is said to be a characteristic pattern of _______, ________ and ________.

A
  1. Thoughts
  2. Emotions
  3. Behaviours
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13
Q

What are the 4 Overarching Approaches to Personality?

A
  1. Nomothetic
  2. Idiographic
  3. Dispositional
  4. Situational
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14
Q

What is the Nomothetic approach to personality?

A

Individual differences can be described and explained in terms of predefined attributes

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15
Q

What is the Idiographic approach to personality?

A

Individuals are so unique that two different people cannot be described using the same concepts.

E.g. Freud’s psychodynamic theory

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16
Q

What is the Dispositional approach to personality?

A

Personality seen as consistent, internal dispositions to think/act/feel in similar ways, largely independent of situation

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17
Q

What is the Situational approach to personality?

A

Personality is a series of largely unrelated states, primarily determined by situational factors. No core essence, just distinct behavioural signatures made of ‘if A then B’ rules

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18
Q

Personality is a series of largely unrelated states, primarily determined by situational factors. No core essence, just distinct behavioural signatures made of ‘if A then B’ rules

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

A

d. Situational

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19
Q

Personality seen as consistent, internal dispositions to think/act/feel in similar ways, largely independent of situation

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

A

c. Dispositional

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20
Q

Individuals are so unique that two different people cannot be described using the same concepts.

E.g. Freud’s psychodynamic theory

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

A

b. Idiographic

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21
Q

Individual differences can be described and explained in terms of predefined attributes

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

A

a. Nomothetic

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22
Q

The same set of descriptive words can be used for everyone

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

A

a. Nomothetic

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23
Q

Linked to common, underlying physiological mechanisms

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

A

a. Nomothetic

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24
Q

Reject the idea that there is a common descriptive term that can be used for anyone

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

A

b. Idiographic

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25
Q

True or False?

Dispositional theorists deny a role of context/situation in moderating behaviour

A

False

Dispositional theorists do not deny a role of context/situation in moderating behaviour

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26
Q

What do dispositional theorists do?

A

They do not deny a role of context/situation in moderating behaviour

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27
Q

Who found a significant correlation between traits and behaviour (estimates of r = 0.40)

A

Funder (2001)

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28
Q

True or False?

There is a non significant correlation between traits and behaviour (estimates of r = 0.40)

A

False

There is a significant correlation between traits and behaviour (estimates of r = 0.40)

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29
Q

There is a significant correlation between traits and behaviour

What are the estimates of r?

A

r = 0.40

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30
Q

What do traits influence?

A

Traits also influence the types of situations encountered

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31
Q

True or False?

Traits do not influence the types of situations encountered

A

False

Traits influence the types of situations encountered

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32
Q

Origins of Personality theory in ancient Greece philosophy

This is known as…?

A

The Four Temperaments

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33
Q

Rooted in descriptions of physical and mental disturbance

This is related to…?

A

The Four Temperaments

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34
Q

What is The Four Temperaments approach?

List 3 points

A
  1. Origins of Personality theory in ancient Greece philosophy
  2. Rooted in descriptions of physical and mental disturbance
  3. Balance of bodily fluids determines balance of temperaments
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35
Q

Who were the foundations behind The Four Temperaments?

List 2 points

A
  1. Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
  2. Galen (AD 130-200)
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36
Q

What did Hippocrates (460-377 BC) propose?

A

Described physical illnesses as arising from the balance of bodily fluids (‘humours’)

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37
Q

What did Galen (AD 130-200) propose?

A

Applied theory to describe temperament

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38
Q

Applied theory to describe temperament

a. Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

b. Galen (AD 130-200)

A

b. Galen (AD 130-200)

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39
Q

Described physical illnesses as arising from the balance of bodily fluids (‘humours’)

a. Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

b. Galen (AD 130-200)

A

a. Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

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40
Q

What does the Four Temperaments approach propose about our personality?

A
  1. There are Four temperaments/ type of personality
  2. Balance of bodily fluids determines balance of temperaments
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41
Q

Balance of bodily fluids determines balance of temperaments

What approach does this apply to?

A

The Four Temperaments

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42
Q

Access of these fluids can lead to a mental illness related to particularly high levels of these characteristics

What approach does this apply to?

A

The Four Temperaments

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43
Q

According to The Four Temperaments approach, what 5 characteristics are associated with melancholic (depressed) personality?

A
  • Sad
  • Depressed
  • Reflective
  • Asocial
  • Pessimistic
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44
Q

According to The Four Temperaments approach, what 5 characteristics are associated with choleric (angry) personality?

A
  • Aggressive
  • Tense
  • Volatile
  • Impulsive
  • Restless
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45
Q

According to The Four Temperaments approach, what 4 characteristics are associated with sanguine (happy) personality?

A
  • Enthusiastic
  • Positive
  • Cheerful
  • Satisfied
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46
Q

According to The Four Temperaments approach, what 6 characteristics are associated with phlegmatic (calm) personality?

A
  • Dull
  • Lazy
  • Apathetic
  • Slow
  • Controlled
  • Careful
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47
Q

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is melancholic?

a. Depressed
b. Angry
c. Happy
d. Calm

A

a. Depressed

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48
Q

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is choleric?

a. Depressed
b. Angry
c. Happy
d. Calm

A

b. Angry

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49
Q

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is sanguine?

a. Depressed
b. Angry
c. Happy
d. Calm

A

c. Happy

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50
Q

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is phlegmatic?

a. Depressed
b. Angry
c. Happy
d. Calm

A

d. Calm

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51
Q

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is due to excess black bile?

a. Melancholic
b. Choleric
c. Sanguine
d. Phlegmatic

A

a. Melancholic

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52
Q

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is due to excess bile?

a. Melancholic
b. Choleric
c. Sanguine
d. Phlegmatic

A

b. Choleric

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53
Q

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is due to excess mucus?

a. Melancholic
b. Choleric
c. Sanguine
d. Phlegmatic

A

d. Phlegmatic

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54
Q

According to the Four Temperaments, melancholic personality is due to excess in…?

a. Black bile
b. Mucus
c. Bile

A

a. Black bile

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55
Q

According to the Four Temperaments, choleric personality is due to excess in…?

a. Black bile
b. Mucus
c. Bile

A

c. Bile

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56
Q

According to the Four Temperaments, phlegmatic personality is due to excess in…?

a. Black bile
b. Mucus
c. Bile

A

b. Mucus

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57
Q

What are the 3 contributions of the Four Temperaments?

A
  1. Notion of personality
    ‘types’
  2. Temperament descriptors have influenced modern theories of personality
  3. Specifies links between biology and temperament
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58
Q
  1. Notion of personality
    ‘types’
  2. Temperament descriptors have influenced modern theories of personality
  3. Specifies links between biology and temperament

These are contributions made by…?

A

The Four Temperaments

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59
Q
  • Dull
  • Lazy
  • Apathetic
  • Slow
  • Controlled
  • Careful

These are personality traits relating to excess in…?

a. Black bile
b. Mucus
c. Bile

A

b. Mucus

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60
Q
  • Aggressive
  • Tense
  • Volatile
  • Impulsive
  • Restless

These are personality traits relating to excess in…?

a. Black bile
b. Mucus
c. Bile

A

c. Bile

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61
Q
  • Sad
  • Depressed
  • Reflective
    -Asocial
    -Pessimistic

These are personality traits relating to excess in…?

a. Black bile
b. Mucus
c. Bile

A

a. Black bile

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62
Q

According to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory, what are the 2 dimensions of personality?

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. Neuroticism
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63
Q
  1. Extraversion
  2. Neuroticism

These are…?

A

The 2 dimensions of personality according to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory

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64
Q

What are the 5 things proposed by the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory based on extraversion and neuroticism?

A
  1. Dimensions on which
    everyone can be placed
  2. Orthogonal to one another
  3. Normal distribution for each dimension
  4. ‘Super traits’ that provide complete description
  5. Biological underpinning
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65
Q
  1. Dimensions on which
    everyone can be placed
  2. Orthogonal to one another
  3. Normal distribution for each dimension
  4. ‘Super traits’ that provide complete description
  5. Biological underpinning

These are proposed by…?

A

The initial Eysenck’s PEN theory

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66
Q

True or False?

Neuroticism and extraversion are dependent on each other

A

False

Neuroticism and extraversion are independent of each other

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67
Q

According to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory, what are the 6 traits of High N (neuroticism)?

A
  • Anxious
  • Moody
  • Depressed
  • Pessimistic
  • Tense
  • Shy
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68
Q

According to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory, what are the 6 traits of Low N (neuroticism)?

A
  • Stable
  • Positive
  • Calm
  • Optimistic
  • Confident
  • Relaxed
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69
Q

According to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory, what are the 5 traits of High E (extraversion)?

A
  • Social
  • Talkative
  • Outgoing
  • Lively
  • Energetic
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70
Q

According to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory, what are the 5 traits of Low E (extraversion)?

A
  • Asocial
  • Passive
  • Slow
  • Reflective
  • Quiet
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71
Q
  • Asocial
  • Passive
  • Slow
  • Reflective
  • Quiet

These are traits associated with…?

a. High N
b. Low N
c. High E
d. Low E

A

d. Low E

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72
Q
  • Anxious
  • Moody
  • Depressed
  • Pessimistic
  • Tense
  • Shy

These are traits associated with…?

a. High N
b. Low N
c. High E
d. Low E

A

a. High N

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73
Q
  • Social
  • Talkative
  • Outgoing
  • Lively
  • Energetic

These are traits associated with…?

a. High N
b. Low N
c. High E
d. Low E

A

c. High E

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74
Q
  • Stable
  • Positive
  • Calm
  • Optimistic
  • Confident
  • Relaxed

These are traits associated with…?

a. High N
b. Low N
c. High E
d. Low E

A

b. Low N

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75
Q

What does Low E mean?

A

Introversion

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76
Q

What does High E mean?

A

Extraversion

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77
Q

What does High N mean?

A

Neuroticism

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78
Q

What does Low N mean?

A

Emotional stability

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79
Q

The level of emotionality and tendency to worry is known as…?

A

Neuroticism

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80
Q

What is Eysenck’s PEN theory inspired by?

A

Galen’s four temperament model

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81
Q

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model

Where is High N (neuroticism) located among the four temperaments?

A

Between Melancholic and Choleric

82
Q

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model

Where is Low N (emotional stability) located among the four temperaments?

A

Between Sanguine and Phlegmatic

83
Q

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model

Where is High E (extraversion) located among the four temperaments?

A

Between Choleric and Sanguine

84
Q

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model’

Where is Low E (introversion) located among the four temperaments?

A

Between Phlegmatic and Melancholic

85
Q

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model

Which personality is located between Melancholic and Choleric temperaments?

a. Low E
b. Low N
c. High E
d. High N

A

d. High N

86
Q

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model

Which personality is located between Sanguine and Phlegmatic temperaments?

a. Low E
b. Low N
c. High E
d. High N

A

b. Low N

87
Q

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model

Which personality is located between Choleric and Sanguine temperaments?

a. Low E
b. Low N
c. High E
d. High N

A

c. High E

88
Q

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model

Which personality is located between Phlegmatic and Melancholic temperaments?

a. Low E
b. Low N
c. High E
d. High N

A

a. Low E

89
Q

Individuals who are emotionally unstable (N), but with lower levels of fear and anxiety, lack of remorse or conscience, and lack of appreciation of consequences of actions

This is known as…?

A

Psychopaths

90
Q

Define psychopaths

List 4 points

A

Individuals who are:

  1. emotionally unstable (N)
  2. lower levels of fear and anxiety
  3. lack of remorse or conscience
  4. lack of appreciation of consequences of actions
91
Q

Who added the ‘Psychoticism’ dimension?

A

Eysenck & Eysenck

92
Q

What dimension did Eysenck & Eysenck add?

A

‘Psychoticism’ dimension

93
Q

According to the ‘Psychoticism’ dimension, what are the 6 traits of High P (psychoticism)?

A
  • Unempathetic
  • Aggressive
  • Cold
  • Impersonal
  • Antisocial
  • Creative
94
Q

According to the ‘Psychoticism’ dimension, what are the 6 traits of Low P (tender mindedness)?

A
  • Altruistic
  • Rational
  • Patient
  • Conformist
  • Organised
  • Empathic
95
Q
  • Unempathetic
  • Aggressive
  • Cold
  • Impersonal
  • Antisocial
  • Creative

These are traits of…?

A

High P (psychoticism)

96
Q
  • Altruistic
  • Rational
  • Patient
  • Conformist
  • Organised
  • Empathic

These are traits of…?

A

Low P (tender mindedness)

97
Q

What are the 2 conditions of the ‘Psychoticism’ dimension added by Eysenck & Eysenck?

A
  1. Not normally distributed
  2. Not independent of N (some positive correlation)
98
Q

Define Psychosis

A

A mental disturbance associated with a break from reality, such as in Schizophrenia

Someone with psychosis may be described as being ‘psychotic’

More closely linked to personality trait ‘schizotypy’

99
Q

Define Psychoticism

A

A major trait in Eysenck’s PEN model of personality

‘Almost certainly misnamed’ = better to be labelled as psychopathy

100
Q

Define Psychopath

A

An extreme personality associated with a callous, deceptive, manipulated nature, an inability to feel remorse, empathy, or deep-seated emotions, and a tendency to violate social conventions and norms

101
Q

An extreme personality associated with a callous, deceptive, manipulated nature, an inability to feel remorse, empathy, or deep-seated emotions, and a tendency to violate social conventions and norms

This is known as…?

a. Psychopath
b. Psychoticism
c. Psychosis

A

a. Psychopath

102
Q

A major trait in Eysenck’s PEN model of personality

‘Almost certainly misnamed’ = better to be labelled as psychopathy

This is known as…?

a. Psychopath
b. Psychoticism
c. Psychosis

A

b. Psychoticism

103
Q

A mental disturbance associated with a break from reality, such as in Schizophrenia

This is known as…?

a. Psychopath
b. Psychoticism
c. Psychosis

A

c. Psychosis

104
Q

Someone with psychosis may be described as being …?

A

‘Psychotic’

105
Q

Psychosis is more closely linked to personality trait …?

A

‘Schizotypy’

106
Q

What can Extraversion – Introversion be explained by?

A

Different activity levels in the reticulo-cortical system

107
Q

Different activity levels in the reticulo-cortical system

This can explain…?

A

Extraversion – Introversion

108
Q

What 2 parts make up the reticulo-cortical system?

A
  1. Cortex
  2. ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activation System)
109
Q

What does ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activation System) in the brain stem do?

A

Modulates the amount of electrical activity in the cortex

110
Q

What modulates the amount of electrical activity in the cortex?

A

ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activation System)

111
Q

What levels of cortical arousal are preferred?

a. High
b. Moderate
c. Low
d. None

A

b. Moderate

112
Q

Extraverts have…?

a. Lower levels of cortical arousal

b. Higher levels of cortical arousal

c. No cortical arousal

A

a. Lower levels of cortical arousal

113
Q

Introverts have…?

a. Lower levels of cortical arousal

b. Higher levels of cortical arousal

c. No cortical arousal

A

b. Higher levels of cortical arousal

114
Q

Extraverts…?

a. Avoid external stimulation

b. Seek out external stimulation

A

b. Seek out external stimulation

115
Q

Introverts…?

a. Avoid external stimulation

b. Seek out external stimulation

A

a. Avoid external stimulation

116
Q

Why do extraverts seek out external stimulation?

A

Because they have lower levels of cortical arousal

117
Q

Why do introverts avoid external stimulation?

A

because they have higher levels of cortical arousal

118
Q

What is the hypothesis for Eysenck’s PEN theory?

A

In a given situation, extraverts will have lower levels of cortical arousal than introverts

119
Q

In a given situation, extraverts will have lower levels of cortical arousal than introverts

This is the hypothesis for…?

A

Eysenck’s PEN theory

120
Q

What is the frequency for lower cortical arousal?

a. Higher frequency
b. Lower frequency
c. No frequency

A

b. Lower frequency

121
Q

What is the frequency for higher cortical arousal?

a. Higher frequency
b. Lower frequency
c. No frequency

A

a. Higher frequency

122
Q

What is the amplitude EEG traces for lower cortical arousal?

a. Higher amplitude
b. Lower amplitude
c. No amplitude

A

a. Higher amplitude

123
Q

What is the amplitude EEG traces for higher cortical arousal?

a. Higher amplitude
b. Lower amplitude
c. No amplitude

A

b. Lower amplitude

124
Q

Lower frequency, higher
amplitude EEG traces

a. Higher cortical arousal
b. Lower cortical arousal

A

b. Lower cortical arousal

125
Q

Higher frequency, lower
amplitude EEG traces

a. Higher cortical arousal
b. Lower cortical arousal

A

a. Higher cortical arousal

126
Q

Describe Gale’s (1983) study on Eysenck’s PEN theory

List 2 points

A
  1. Gale (1983) reviewed studies that tested this hypothesis
  2. Mixed evidence – the majority support theory
127
Q

What were the 2 methodological issues identified in Gale’s (1983) study on Eysenck’s PEN theory studies

A

Studies on Eysenck’s PEN theory were:

  1. An unsystematic use of personality measures

Different people are using different scales, measuring different concepts, to measure extraversion

  1. Very high/low arousal level of task will cause Extraverts or Introverts to adapt to preferred level of cortical arousal – obscures differences
128
Q

Describe Tran, Craig & McIsaac (2001) study on Eysenck’s PEN theory

A

Addressed some methodological issues in studies testing Eysenck’s PEN theory

Compared mean amplitude of EEG activity between extraverts and introverts

129
Q

Tran, Craig & McIsaac (2001) addressed some methodological issues of studies investigating Eysenck’s PEN theory

What 3 issues did they address?

A
  1. Activity measured from frontal regions of the brain
  2. Older participants (22-60 years, mean age=38.3 years)
  3. Used ‘moderately demanding’ task (opening and closing eyes)
130
Q

Based on Tran, Craig & McIsaac’s (2001) study, the mean peak amplitude of EEG for introverts was…?

A

4.5 microvolts

131
Q

Based on Tran, Craig & McIsaac’s (2001) study, the mean peak amplitude of EEG for extraverts was…?

A

6.8 microvolts

132
Q

Who has the higher mean peak amplitude of EEG?

a. Introverts
b. Extraverts

A

b. Extraverts

133
Q

Who has the lower mean peak amplitude of EEG?

a. Introverts
b. Extraverts

A

a. Introverts

134
Q

What is explained by differential activity levels in the reticulo-limbic system?

A

Neuroticism-Stability

135
Q

Neuroticism-Stability is explained by …?

A

Different activity levels in the reticulo-limbic system

136
Q

What are the 6 parts that make up the reticulo-limbic system?

A
  1. Cingulate cortex
  2. Fornix
  3. Mammillary body
  4. Hippocampus
  5. Amygdala
  6. Hypothalamus
137
Q

What system is involved with emotional processing?

A

Limbic system

138
Q

What is the limbic system involved in?

A

Emotional processing

139
Q

Baseline high level of activity in their limbic system (prone to high emotional reactivity)

a. High N
b. Low N

A

a. High N

140
Q

Baseline low level of activity in their limbic system (prone to low emotional reactivity)

a. High N
b. Low N

A

b. Low N

141
Q

What is the baselines level of activity in the limbic system for individuals with High N?

a. Low level of activity
b. High level of activity
c. No level of activity

A

b. High level of activity

142
Q

What is the baselines level of activity in the limbic system for individuals with Low N?

a. Low level of activity
b. High level of activity
c. No level of activity

A

a. Low level of activity

143
Q

Prone to high emotional reactivity

a. High N
b. Low N

A

a. High N

144
Q

Prone to low emotional reactivity

a. High N
b. Low N

A

b. Low N

145
Q

Eysenck proposed that:

Neuroticism is due to …?

A

Greater arousal in the reticulo-limbic system

146
Q

Eysenck proposed that psychoticism is linked to …?

A

Male hormones or dopamine levels

147
Q

Due to greater arousal in the reticulo-limbic system

a. Neuroticism
b. Psychoticism

A

a. Neuroticism

148
Q

Linked to male hormones or dopamine levels

a. Neuroticism
b. Psychoticism

A

b. Psychoticism

149
Q

True or False?

There is good (cross-cultural) evidence for E and N factors

A

True

150
Q

True or False?

Eysenck’s PEN theory is a major contribution to trait and biological theories of personality

A

True

151
Q

Eysenck’s PEN theory is a major contribution to ____ and _____ theories of personality

A
  1. Trait
  2. Biological
152
Q

Eysenck’s PEN theory led to the development of several personality questionnaires

List 4

A
  1. EPI : Eysenck Personality Inventory
  2. MMQ: Maudsley Medical Questionnaire
  3. EPQ-R : Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (revised)
  4. EPP : Eysenck Personality Profiler
153
Q

What are the 3 limitations of Eysenck’s PEN theory?

A
  1. P factor less accepted – not featured in other models
  2. Neurobiology of emotional processing more complex than originally thought
  3. Too much focus on biology/genetics
154
Q

Who proposed the BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory?

A

Jeffrey Gray (1934-2004)

155
Q

Jeffrey Gray (1934-2004) proposed which theory?

A

BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory

156
Q

Which theory is the development of/alternative to Eysenck?

A

BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory

157
Q

What is the BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory based on?

A

Based on work with non-human animals (applied to all mammals)

158
Q

Based on work with non-human animals (applied to all mammals)

Which theory is this?

A

BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory

159
Q

Individual differences lie in strengths of …?

A

BAS and BIS

160
Q

______ lie in strengths of BAS and BIS

A

Individual differences

161
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain involved in the BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Ventromedial hypothalamus
  3. Midbrain gray matter
162
Q
  1. Amygdala
  2. Ventromedial hypothalamus
  3. Midbrain gray matter

These parts of the brain are involved in…?

A

BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory

163
Q

What is the Behavioural Activation System (BAS)?

List 3 points

A
  1. Activates ‘approach’ behaviour toward goal
  2. Motivated to seek reward.
  3. Based on conditioned responses associated with positive events
164
Q

What is the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)?

List 3 points

A
  1. Focuses attention on potential costs.
  2. Inhibits behaviours associated with negative events
  3. Motivated to avoid harm and punishment
165
Q

Activates ‘approach’ behaviour toward goal

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

A

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)

166
Q

Focuses attention on potential costs

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

A

b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

167
Q

Motivated to seek reward

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

A

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)

168
Q

Based on conditioned responses associated with positive events

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

A

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)

169
Q

Inhibits behaviours associated with negative events

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

A

b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

170
Q

Motivated to avoid harm and punishment

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

A

b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

171
Q

If you have previously got pleasure from talking to large groups of people, you would feel motivated to approach any large group of people you see

Which system is activated?

a. BAS
b. BIS

A

a. BAS

172
Q

Being offered to give an oral presentation to a big audience, you decline the offer if you struggle with anxiety/public speaking

Which system is activated?

a. BAS
b. BIS

A

b. BIS

173
Q

True or False?

Activate behaviours are deemed likely to bring us closer to our desired goals

A

True

174
Q

I go out of my way to get the things that I want

This statement measures the strength of…?

a. BAS
b. BIS

A

a. BAS

175
Q

If I think something unpleasant is going to happen I usually get pretty ‘worked up’

This statement measures the strength of…?

a. BAS
b. BIS

A

b. BIS

176
Q

I feel worried when I think I have done poorly at something

This statement measures the strength of…?

a. BAS
b. BIS

A

b. BIS

177
Q

I often act on the spur of the moment

This statement measures the strength of…?

a. BAS
b. BIS

A

a. BAS

178
Q

Criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit

This statement measures the strength of…?

a. BAS
b. BIS

A

b. BIS

179
Q

I crave excitement and new sensation

This statement measures the strength of…?

a. BAS
b. BIS

A

a. BAS

180
Q

When I get something I want, I feel excited and energized

This statement measures the strength of…?

a. BAS
b. BIS

A

a. BAS

181
Q

I worry about making mistakes

This statement measures the strength of…?

a. BAS
b. BIS

A

b. BIS

182
Q

Where is Gray’s BAS / BIS Personality Dimensions of high anxiety located among the dimensions in Eysenck’s PEN theory?

A

Between High N (neuroticism) and Low E (introversion)

183
Q

Where is Gray’s BAS / BIS Personality Dimensions of low anxiety located among the dimensions in Eysenck’s PEN theory?

A

Between High E (extraversion) and Low N (emotional stability)

184
Q

Where is Gray’s BAS / BIS Personality Dimensions of high impulsivity located among the dimensions in Eysenck’s PEN theory?

A

Between High N (neuroticism) and High E (extraversion)

185
Q

Where is Gray’s BAS / BIS Personality Dimensions of low impulsivity located among the dimensions in Eysenck’s PEN theory?

A

Between Low N (emotional stability) and Low E (introversion)

186
Q

Between High N (neuroticism) and Low E (introversion)

a. High anxiety
b. Low anxiety
c. High impulsivity
d. Low impulsivity

A

a. High anxiety

187
Q

Between High E (extraversion) and Low N (emotional stability)

a. High anxiety
b. Low anxiety
c. High impulsivity
d. Low impulsivity

A

b. Low anxiety

188
Q

Between High N (neuroticism) and High E (extraversion)

a. High anxiety
b. Low anxiety
c. High impulsivity
d. Low impulsivity

A

c. High impulsivity

189
Q

Between Low N (emotional stability) and Low E (introversion)

a. High anxiety
b. Low anxiety
c. High impulsivity
d. Low impulsivity

A

d. Low impulsivity

190
Q

Why was the BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory revised?

A

To be more in line with advances in neuroscience

191
Q

Theory revised in line with advances in neuroscience

This is known as…?

A

r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory)

192
Q

r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory) involves the development of _____ system

A

Fight/Flight/Freezing System’

193
Q

Fight/Flight/Freezing System is part of which theory?

A

r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory)

194
Q

What 2 things did Walker et al. (2017) propose as part of the r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory)?

A
  1. Development of additional ‘Fight/Flight/Freezing System’
    (FFFS)
  2. BIS as an evaluative comparator of response conflicts
195
Q

Who developed Fight/Flight/Freezing System’ (FFFS)?

A

Walker et al. (2017)

196
Q

Who proposed BIS as an evaluative comparator of response conflicts?

A

Walker et al. (2017)

197
Q

The BIS system was a system for avoiding things

This is known as…?

A

(Original) Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

198
Q

A comparator or evaluator module; evaluates whether to avoid or approach a stimulus or to do something else based on the overall strength and inhibition signals coming from 2 different systems

This is known as…?

A

r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory)

199
Q

What does the r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory) evaluate?

List 2 things

A
  1. Whether to avoid or approach a stimulus
  2. Whether to do something else based on the overall strength and inhibition signals coming from 2 different systems
200
Q

(Original) Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory is a system for…?

A

Avoiding things

YEAR 2 Personality & ID (10 decks)

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