Approaches to Personality I Flashcards by D E

What is personality?

A non-physical, behavioural or psychological aspect of a person

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A non-physical, behavioural or psychological aspect of a person

This is known as…?

Personality

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What is a persona?

Mask worn to portray a character

The role/character one plays in life’s drama

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Mask worn to portray a character

This is known as…?

Persona

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What is the key connotation of personality?

Trying to understand the real causes of individuals’ thoughts and feelings that are expressed through the mask of behaviour

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Trying to understand the real causes of individuals’ thoughts and feelings that are expressed through the mask of behaviour

This is the key connotation to…?

Personality

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The role/character one plays in life’s drama

This is known as…?

Persona

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Who claimed that personality is ‘an individual’s characteristic pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechansims - hidden or not - behind those patterns.’?

Funder (1997)

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Who claimed that personality is a ‘dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophsyiological systems that create a person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings.‘?

Carver & Scheier (2000)

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Who claimed that Abstractions that explain patterns of: Affect, Behaviour, Cognition (and, sometimes, Desires)?

Wilt & Revelle (2014)

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Personality is said to be a characteristic pattern of thoughts, emotions and behaviours.

What does this mean?

People’s thoughts, emotions and behaviours are predictable/knowable

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Personality is said to be a characteristic pattern of _______, ________ and ________.

Thoughts
Emotions
Behaviours

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What are the 4 Overarching Approaches to Personality?

Nomothetic
Idiographic
Dispositional
Situational

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What is the Nomothetic approach to personality?

Individual differences can be described and explained in terms of predefined attributes

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What is the Idiographic approach to personality?

Individuals are so unique that two different people cannot be described using the same concepts.

E.g. Freud’s psychodynamic theory

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What is the Dispositional approach to personality?

Personality seen as consistent, internal dispositions to think/act/feel in similar ways, largely independent of situation

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What is the Situational approach to personality?

Personality is a series of largely unrelated states, primarily determined by situational factors. No core essence, just distinct behavioural signatures made of ‘if A then B’ rules

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Personality is a series of largely unrelated states, primarily determined by situational factors. No core essence, just distinct behavioural signatures made of ‘if A then B’ rules

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

d. Situational

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Personality seen as consistent, internal dispositions to think/act/feel in similar ways, largely independent of situation

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

c. Dispositional

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Individuals are so unique that two different people cannot be described using the same concepts.

E.g. Freud’s psychodynamic theory

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

b. Idiographic

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Individual differences can be described and explained in terms of predefined attributes

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

a. Nomothetic

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The same set of descriptive words can be used for everyone

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

a. Nomothetic

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Linked to common, underlying physiological mechanisms

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

a. Nomothetic

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Reject the idea that there is a common descriptive term that can be used for anyone

a. Nomothetic
b. Idiographic
c. Dispositional
d. Situational

b. Idiographic

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True or False? Dispositional theorists deny a role of context/situation in moderating behaviour

False Dispositional theorists do not deny a role of context/situation in moderating behaviour

What do dispositional theorists do?

They do not deny a role of context/situation in moderating behaviour

Who found a significant correlation between traits and behaviour (estimates of r = 0.40)

Funder (2001)

True or False? There is a non significant correlation between traits and behaviour (estimates of r = 0.40)

False There is a significant correlation between traits and behaviour (estimates of r = 0.40)

There is a significant correlation between traits and behaviour What are the estimates of r?

r = 0.40

What do traits influence?

Traits also influence the types of situations encountered

True or False? Traits do not influence the types of situations encountered

False Traits influence the types of situations encountered

Origins of Personality theory in ancient Greece philosophy This is known as...?

The Four Temperaments

Rooted in descriptions of physical and mental disturbance This is related to...?

The Four Temperaments

What is The Four Temperaments approach? List 3 points

1. Origins of Personality theory in ancient Greece philosophy 2. Rooted in descriptions of physical and mental disturbance 3. Balance of bodily fluids determines balance of temperaments

Who were the foundations behind The Four Temperaments? List 2 points

1. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) 2. Galen (AD 130-200)

What did Hippocrates (460-377 BC) propose?

Described physical illnesses as arising from the balance of bodily fluids (‘humours’)

What did Galen (AD 130-200) propose?

Applied theory to describe temperament

Applied theory to describe temperament a. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) b. Galen (AD 130-200)

b. Galen (AD 130-200)

Described physical illnesses as arising from the balance of bodily fluids (‘humours’) a. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) b. Galen (AD 130-200)

a. Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

What does the Four Temperaments approach propose about our personality?

1. There are Four temperaments/ type of personality 2. Balance of bodily fluids determines balance of temperaments

Balance of bodily fluids determines balance of temperaments What approach does this apply to?

The Four Temperaments

Access of these fluids can lead to a mental illness related to particularly high levels of these characteristics What approach does this apply to?

The Four Temperaments

According to The Four Temperaments approach, what 5 characteristics are associated with melancholic (depressed) personality?

- Sad - Depressed - Reflective - Asocial - Pessimistic

According to The Four Temperaments approach, what 5 characteristics are associated with choleric (angry) personality?

- Aggressive - Tense - Volatile - Impulsive - Restless

According to The Four Temperaments approach, what 4 characteristics are associated with sanguine (happy) personality?

- Enthusiastic - Positive - Cheerful - Satisfied

According to The Four Temperaments approach, what 6 characteristics are associated with phlegmatic (calm) personality?

- Dull - Lazy - Apathetic - Slow - Controlled - Careful

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is melancholic? a. Depressed b. Angry c. Happy d. Calm

a. Depressed

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is choleric? a. Depressed b. Angry c. Happy d. Calm

b. Angry

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is sanguine? a. Depressed b. Angry c. Happy d. Calm

c. Happy

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is phlegmatic? a. Depressed b. Angry c. Happy d. Calm

d. Calm

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is due to excess black bile? a. Melancholic b. Choleric c. Sanguine d. Phlegmatic

a. Melancholic

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is due to excess bile? a. Melancholic b. Choleric c. Sanguine d. Phlegmatic

b. Choleric

According to the Four Temperaments, what personality is due to excess mucus? a. Melancholic b. Choleric c. Sanguine d. Phlegmatic

d. Phlegmatic

According to the Four Temperaments, melancholic personality is due to excess in...? a. Black bile b. Mucus c. Bile

a. Black bile

According to the Four Temperaments, choleric personality is due to excess in...? a. Black bile b. Mucus c. Bile

c. Bile

According to the Four Temperaments, phlegmatic personality is due to excess in...? a. Black bile b. Mucus c. Bile

b. Mucus

What are the 3 contributions of the Four Temperaments?

1. Notion of personality ‘types’ 2. Temperament descriptors have influenced modern theories of personality 3. Specifies links between biology and temperament

1. Notion of personality ‘types’ 2. Temperament descriptors have influenced modern theories of personality 3. Specifies links between biology and temperament These are contributions made by...?

The Four Temperaments

- Dull - Lazy - Apathetic - Slow - Controlled - Careful These are personality traits relating to excess in...? a. Black bile b. Mucus c. Bile

b. Mucus

- Aggressive - Tense - Volatile - Impulsive - Restless These are personality traits relating to excess in...? a. Black bile b. Mucus c. Bile

c. Bile

- Sad - Depressed - Reflective -Asocial -Pessimistic These are personality traits relating to excess in...? a. Black bile b. Mucus c. Bile

a. Black bile

According to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory, what are the 2 dimensions of personality?

1. Extraversion 2. Neuroticism

1. Extraversion 2. Neuroticism These are...?

The 2 dimensions of personality according to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory

What are the 5 things proposed by the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory based on extraversion and neuroticism?

1. Dimensions on which everyone can be placed 2. Orthogonal to one another 3. Normal distribution for each dimension 4. ‘Super traits’ that provide complete description 5. Biological underpinning

1. Dimensions on which everyone can be placed 2. Orthogonal to one another 3. Normal distribution for each dimension 4. ‘Super traits’ that provide complete description 5. Biological underpinning These are proposed by...?

The initial Eysenck’s PEN theory

True or False? Neuroticism and extraversion are dependent on each other

False Neuroticism and extraversion are independent of each other

According to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory, what are the 6 traits of High N (neuroticism)?

- Anxious - Moody - Depressed - Pessimistic - Tense - Shy

According to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory, what are the 6 traits of Low N (neuroticism)?

- Stable - Positive - Calm - Optimistic - Confident - Relaxed

According to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory, what are the 5 traits of High E (extraversion)?

- Social - Talkative - Outgoing - Lively - Energetic

According to the initial Eysenck’s PEN theory, what are the 5 traits of Low E (extraversion)?

- Asocial - Passive - Slow - Reflective - Quiet

- Asocial - Passive - Slow - Reflective - Quiet These are traits associated with...? a. High N b. Low N c. High E d. Low E

d. Low E

- Anxious - Moody - Depressed - Pessimistic - Tense - Shy These are traits associated with...? a. High N b. Low N c. High E d. Low E

a. High N

- Social - Talkative - Outgoing - Lively - Energetic These are traits associated with...? a. High N b. Low N c. High E d. Low E

c. High E

- Stable - Positive - Calm - Optimistic - Confident - Relaxed These are traits associated with...? a. High N b. Low N c. High E d. Low E

b. Low N

What does Low E mean?

Introversion

What does High E mean?

Extraversion

What does High N mean?

Neuroticism

What does Low N mean?

Emotional stability

The level of emotionality and tendency to worry is known as...?

Neuroticism

What is Eysenck’s PEN theory inspired by?

Galen’s four temperament model

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model Where is High N (neuroticism) located among the four temperaments?

Between Melancholic and Choleric

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model Where is Low N (emotional stability) located among the four temperaments?

Between Sanguine and Phlegmatic

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model Where is High E (extraversion) located among the four temperaments?

Between Choleric and Sanguine

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model' Where is Low E (introversion) located among the four temperaments?

Between Phlegmatic and Melancholic

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model Which personality is located between Melancholic and Choleric temperaments? a. Low E b. Low N c. High E d. High N

d. High N

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model Which personality is located between Sanguine and Phlegmatic temperaments? a. Low E b. Low N c. High E d. High N

b. Low N

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model Which personality is located between Choleric and Sanguine temperaments? a. Low E b. Low N c. High E d. High N

c. High E

Eysenck’s PEN theory is inspired by Galen’s four temperament model Which personality is located between Phlegmatic and Melancholic temperaments? a. Low E b. Low N c. High E d. High N

a. Low E

Individuals who are emotionally unstable (N), but with lower levels of fear and anxiety, lack of remorse or conscience, and lack of appreciation of consequences of actions This is known as...?

Psychopaths

Define psychopaths List 4 points

Individuals who are: 1. emotionally unstable (N) 2. lower levels of fear and anxiety 3. lack of remorse or conscience 4. lack of appreciation of consequences of actions

Who added the ‘Psychoticism’ dimension?

Eysenck & Eysenck

What dimension did Eysenck & Eysenck add?

‘Psychoticism’ dimension

According to the ‘Psychoticism’ dimension, what are the 6 traits of High P (psychoticism)?

- Unempathetic - Aggressive - Cold - Impersonal - Antisocial - Creative

According to the ‘Psychoticism’ dimension, what are the 6 traits of Low P (tender mindedness)?

- Altruistic - Rational - Patient - Conformist - Organised - Empathic

- Unempathetic - Aggressive - Cold - Impersonal - Antisocial - Creative These are traits of...?

High P (psychoticism)

- Altruistic - Rational - Patient - Conformist - Organised - Empathic These are traits of...?

Low P (tender mindedness)

What are the 2 conditions of the ‘Psychoticism’ dimension added by Eysenck & Eysenck?

1. Not normally distributed 2. Not independent of N (some positive correlation)

Define Psychosis

A mental disturbance associated with a break from reality, such as in Schizophrenia Someone with psychosis may be described as being 'psychotic' More closely linked to personality trait 'schizotypy'

Define Psychoticism

A major trait in Eysenck's PEN model of personality 'Almost certainly misnamed' = better to be labelled as psychopathy

Define Psychopath

An extreme personality associated with a callous, deceptive, manipulated nature, an inability to feel remorse, empathy, or deep-seated emotions, and a tendency to violate social conventions and norms

An extreme personality associated with a callous, deceptive, manipulated nature, an inability to feel remorse, empathy, or deep-seated emotions, and a tendency to violate social conventions and norms This is known as...? a. Psychopath b. Psychoticism c. Psychosis

a. Psychopath

A major trait in Eysenck's PEN model of personality 'Almost certainly misnamed' = better to be labelled as psychopathy This is known as...? a. Psychopath b. Psychoticism c. Psychosis

b. Psychoticism

A mental disturbance associated with a break from reality, such as in Schizophrenia This is known as...? a. Psychopath b. Psychoticism c. Psychosis

c. Psychosis

Someone with psychosis may be described as being ...?

'Psychotic'

Psychosis is more closely linked to personality trait ...?

'Schizotypy'

What can Extraversion – Introversion be explained by?

Different activity levels in the reticulo-cortical system

Different activity levels in the reticulo-cortical system This can explain...?

Extraversion – Introversion

What 2 parts make up the reticulo-cortical system?

1. Cortex 2. ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activation System)

What does ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activation System) in the brain stem do?

Modulates the amount of electrical activity in the cortex

What modulates the amount of electrical activity in the cortex?

ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activation System)

What levels of cortical arousal are preferred? a. High b. Moderate c. Low d. None

b. Moderate

Extraverts have...? a. Lower levels of cortical arousal b. Higher levels of cortical arousal c. No cortical arousal

a. Lower levels of cortical arousal

Introverts have...? a. Lower levels of cortical arousal b. Higher levels of cortical arousal c. No cortical arousal

b. Higher levels of cortical arousal

Extraverts...? a. Avoid external stimulation b. Seek out external stimulation

b. Seek out external stimulation

Introverts...? a. Avoid external stimulation b. Seek out external stimulation

a. Avoid external stimulation

Why do extraverts seek out external stimulation?

Because they have lower levels of cortical arousal

Why do introverts avoid external stimulation?

because they have higher levels of cortical arousal

What is the hypothesis for Eysenck’s PEN theory?

In a given situation, extraverts will have lower levels of cortical arousal than introverts

In a given situation, extraverts will have lower levels of cortical arousal than introverts This is the hypothesis for...?

Eysenck’s PEN theory

What is the frequency for lower cortical arousal? a. Higher frequency b. Lower frequency c. No frequency

b. Lower frequency

What is the frequency for higher cortical arousal? a. Higher frequency b. Lower frequency c. No frequency

a. Higher frequency

What is the amplitude EEG traces for lower cortical arousal? a. Higher amplitude b. Lower amplitude c. No amplitude

a. Higher amplitude

What is the amplitude EEG traces for higher cortical arousal? a. Higher amplitude b. Lower amplitude c. No amplitude

b. Lower amplitude

Lower frequency, higher amplitude EEG traces a. Higher cortical arousal b. Lower cortical arousal

b. Lower cortical arousal

Higher frequency, lower amplitude EEG traces a. Higher cortical arousal b. Lower cortical arousal

a. Higher cortical arousal

Describe Gale's (1983) study on Eysenck’s PEN theory List 2 points

1. Gale (1983) reviewed studies that tested this hypothesis 2. Mixed evidence – the majority support theory

What were the 2 methodological issues identified in Gale's (1983) study on Eysenck’s PEN theory studies

Studies on Eysenck’s PEN theory were: 1. An unsystematic use of personality measures Different people are using different scales, measuring different concepts, to measure extraversion 2. Very high/low arousal level of task will cause Extraverts or Introverts to adapt to preferred level of cortical arousal – obscures differences

Describe Tran, Craig & McIsaac (2001) study on Eysenck’s PEN theory

Addressed some methodological issues in studies testing Eysenck’s PEN theory Compared mean amplitude of EEG activity between extraverts and introverts

Tran, Craig & McIsaac (2001) addressed some methodological issues of studies investigating Eysenck’s PEN theory What 3 issues did they address?

1. Activity measured from frontal regions of the brain 2. Older participants (22-60 years, mean age=38.3 years) 3. Used ‘moderately demanding’ task (opening and closing eyes)

Based on Tran, Craig & McIsaac's (2001) study, the mean peak amplitude of EEG for introverts was...?

4.5 microvolts

Based on Tran, Craig & McIsaac's (2001) study, the mean peak amplitude of EEG for extraverts was...?

6.8 microvolts

Who has the higher mean peak amplitude of EEG? a. Introverts b. Extraverts

b. Extraverts

Who has the lower mean peak amplitude of EEG? a. Introverts b. Extraverts

a. Introverts

What is explained by differential activity levels in the reticulo-limbic system?

Neuroticism-Stability

Neuroticism-Stability is explained by ...?

Different activity levels in the reticulo-limbic system

What are the 6 parts that make up the reticulo-limbic system?

1. Cingulate cortex 2. Fornix 3. Mammillary body 4. Hippocampus 5. Amygdala 6. Hypothalamus

What system is involved with emotional processing?

Limbic system

What is the limbic system involved in?

Emotional processing

Baseline high level of activity in their limbic system (prone to high emotional reactivity) a. High N b. Low N

a. High N

Baseline low level of activity in their limbic system (prone to low emotional reactivity) a. High N b. Low N

b. Low N

What is the baselines level of activity in the limbic system for individuals with High N? a. Low level of activity b. High level of activity c. No level of activity

b. High level of activity

What is the baselines level of activity in the limbic system for individuals with Low N? a. Low level of activity b. High level of activity c. No level of activity

a. Low level of activity

Prone to high emotional reactivity a. High N b. Low N

a. High N

Prone to low emotional reactivity a. High N b. Low N

b. Low N

Eysenck proposed that: Neuroticism is due to ...?

Greater arousal in the reticulo-limbic system

Eysenck proposed that psychoticism is linked to ...?

Male hormones or dopamine levels

Due to greater arousal in the reticulo-limbic system a. Neuroticism b. Psychoticism

a. Neuroticism

Linked to male hormones or dopamine levels a. Neuroticism b. Psychoticism

b. Psychoticism

True or False? There is good (cross-cultural) evidence for E and N factors

True

True or False? Eysenck’s PEN theory is a major contribution to trait and biological theories of personality

True

Eysenck’s PEN theory is a major contribution to ____ and _____ theories of personality

1. Trait 2. Biological

Eysenck’s PEN theory led to the development of several personality questionnaires List 4

1. EPI : Eysenck Personality Inventory 2. MMQ: Maudsley Medical Questionnaire 3. EPQ-R : Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (revised) 4. EPP : Eysenck Personality Profiler

What are the 3 limitations of Eysenck’s PEN theory?

1. P factor less accepted – not featured in other models 2. Neurobiology of emotional processing more complex than originally thought 3. Too much focus on biology/genetics

Who proposed the BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory?

Jeffrey Gray (1934-2004)

Jeffrey Gray (1934-2004) proposed which theory?

BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory

Which theory is the development of/alternative to Eysenck?

BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory

What is the BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory based on?

Based on work with non-human animals (applied to all mammals)

Based on work with non-human animals (applied to all mammals) Which theory is this?

BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory

Individual differences lie in strengths of ...?

BAS and BIS

______ lie in strengths of BAS and BIS

Individual differences

What are the 3 parts of the brain involved in the BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory?

1. Amygdala 2. Ventromedial hypothalamus 3. Midbrain gray matter

1. Amygdala 2. Ventromedial hypothalamus 3. Midbrain gray matter These parts of the brain are involved in...?

BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory

What is the Behavioural Activation System (BAS)? List 3 points

1. Activates 'approach' behaviour toward goal 2. Motivated to seek reward. 3. Based on conditioned responses associated with positive events

What is the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)? List 3 points

1. Focuses attention on potential costs. 2. Inhibits behaviours associated with negative events 3. Motivated to avoid harm and punishment

Activates 'approach' behaviour toward goal a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS) b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)

Focuses attention on potential costs a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS) b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

Motivated to seek reward a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS) b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)

Based on conditioned responses associated with positive events a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS) b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS)

Inhibits behaviours associated with negative events a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS) b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

Motivated to avoid harm and punishment a. Behavioural Activation System (BAS) b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

b. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

If you have previously got pleasure from talking to large groups of people, you would feel motivated to approach any large group of people you see Which system is activated? a. BAS b. BIS

a. BAS

Being offered to give an oral presentation to a big audience, you decline the offer if you struggle with anxiety/public speaking Which system is activated? a. BAS b. BIS

b. BIS

True or False? Activate behaviours are deemed likely to bring us closer to our desired goals

True

I go out of my way to get the things that I want This statement measures the strength of...? a. BAS b. BIS

a. BAS

If I think something unpleasant is going to happen I usually get pretty ‘worked up’ This statement measures the strength of...? a. BAS b. BIS

b. BIS

I feel worried when I think I have done poorly at something This statement measures the strength of...? a. BAS b. BIS

b. BIS

I often act on the spur of the moment This statement measures the strength of...? a. BAS b. BIS

a. BAS

Criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit This statement measures the strength of...? a. BAS b. BIS

b. BIS

I crave excitement and new sensation This statement measures the strength of...? a. BAS b. BIS

a. BAS

When I get something I want, I feel excited and energized This statement measures the strength of...? a. BAS b. BIS

a. BAS

I worry about making mistakes This statement measures the strength of...? a. BAS b. BIS

b. BIS

Where is Gray's BAS / BIS Personality Dimensions of high anxiety located among the dimensions in Eysenck's PEN theory?

Between High N (neuroticism) and Low E (introversion)

Where is Gray's BAS / BIS Personality Dimensions of low anxiety located among the dimensions in Eysenck's PEN theory?

Between High E (extraversion) and Low N (emotional stability)

Where is Gray's BAS / BIS Personality Dimensions of high impulsivity located among the dimensions in Eysenck's PEN theory?

Between High N (neuroticism) and High E (extraversion)

Where is Gray's BAS / BIS Personality Dimensions of low impulsivity located among the dimensions in Eysenck's PEN theory?

Between Low N (emotional stability) and Low E (introversion)

Between High N (neuroticism) and Low E (introversion) a. High anxiety b. Low anxiety c. High impulsivity d. Low impulsivity

a. High anxiety

Between High E (extraversion) and Low N (emotional stability) a. High anxiety b. Low anxiety c. High impulsivity d. Low impulsivity

b. Low anxiety

Between High N (neuroticism) and High E (extraversion) a. High anxiety b. Low anxiety c. High impulsivity d. Low impulsivity

c. High impulsivity

Between Low N (emotional stability) and Low E (introversion) a. High anxiety b. Low anxiety c. High impulsivity d. Low impulsivity

d. Low impulsivity

Why was the BAS/BIS (Reinforcement Sensitivity) Theory revised?

To be more in line with advances in neuroscience

Theory revised in line with advances in neuroscience This is known as...?

r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory)

r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory) involves the development of _____ system

Fight/Flight/Freezing System’

Fight/Flight/Freezing System is part of which theory?

r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory)

What 2 things did Walker et al. (2017) propose as part of the r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory)?

1. Development of additional ‘Fight/Flight/Freezing System’ (FFFS) 2. BIS as an evaluative comparator of response conflicts

Who developed Fight/Flight/Freezing System’ (FFFS)?

Walker et al. (2017)

Who proposed BIS as an evaluative comparator of response conflicts?

Walker et al. (2017)

The BIS system was a system for avoiding things This is known as...?

(Original) Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

A comparator or evaluator module; evaluates whether to avoid or approach a stimulus or to do something else based on the overall strength and inhibition signals coming from 2 different systems This is known as...?

r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory)

What does the r-RST (revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory) evaluate? List 2 things

1. Whether to avoid or approach a stimulus 2. Whether to do something else based on the overall strength and inhibition signals coming from 2 different systems

(Original) Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory is a system for...?

Avoiding things