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YEAR 2 Personality & ID > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

What is motivation?

List 5 points

A

An internal state that:

  1. Drives people into action
  2. Energizes, directs, and perpetuates behaviour; determines what you do and keeps you doing it
  3. Is directed towards the satisfaction of needs/drives
  4. If needs are unsatisfied, it will generate a state of physiological or psychological arousal (or both); e.g. When we feel hungry, we can feel agitated or distracted because our body is motivating us to do something
  5. Is dynamic rather than static; they vary in strength over time
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of motivations that contribute to individual differences?

A
  1. Trait motivation
  2. State motivation
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3
Q

What is motivation linked with?

A

Linked with important life outcomes

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4
Q

What is the relationship between motivation and personality?

A

Relationship with personality is unclear (and debated)

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5
Q

What is motivation directed towards?

A

The satisfaction of needs/drives

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6
Q

What happens when the satisfaction of needs/drives are not met?

A

It will generate a state of physiological or psychological arousal (or both)

e.g. When we feel hungry, we can feel agitated or distracted because our body is motivating us to do something

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7
Q

Describe the 4 components of Murray’s (1938) Model of Motivation

A
  1. Need
  2. Press
  3. Motive
  4. Behaviour
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8
Q

What are the 2 types of needs according to Murray (1938)?

A
  1. Primary needs
  2. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs
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9
Q

What are primary needs?

A

Biological in nature

e.g. Air, food, pain, avoidance, sex

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10
Q

What are secondary/psychogenic needs?

A

Derived from biology and/or psychological

Leads to individual differences in our motivation

Complex needs

e.g. Nurturance and achievement

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11
Q

Derived from biology and/or psychological

a. Primary needs
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs

A

b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs

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12
Q

Biological in nature

a. Primary needs
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs

A

a. Primary needs

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13
Q

e.g. Air, food, pain, avoidance, sex

a. Primary needs
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs

A

a. Primary needs

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14
Q

Leads to individual differences in our motivation

a. Primary needs
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs

A

b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs

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15
Q

e.g. Nurturance and achievement

a. Primary needs
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs

A

b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs

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16
Q
  1. Need
  2. Press
  3. Motive
  4. Behaviour

What Model is this?

A

Murray’s (1938) Model of Motivation

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17
Q

What is press?

A

Situational conditions/events

Can increase or decrease the size of motivation

e.g. living in poverty could increase the motivation to take on jobs to earn money

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18
Q

Situational conditions/events

Can increase or decrease the size of motivation

This is known as…?

A

Press

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19
Q

According to Murray’s (1938) Model of Motivation, what influences motivation?

List 2 points

A
  1. Need
  2. Press
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20
Q

What do the more recent Models of Motivation include?

A

Include “goals” as a component

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21
Q

The more recent Models of Motivation include “goals” as a component

Why?

A

To distinguish motivation from mood

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22
Q

To distinguish motivation from mood, more recent Models of Motivation include ___ as a component

A

Goals

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23
Q

How many Secondary/Psychogenic Needs did Murray (1938) find?

A

27

20 Psychogenic Needs (plus 7 provisional needs)

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24
Q

20 Psychogenic Needs (plus 7 provisional needs) were proposed based on extensive data collection (interviews, observations, childhood memories etc.) from ___ participants

A

50

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25
Q

How many Psychogenic Needs did Murray (1938) propose?

A

20

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26
Q

How many Provisional Needs did Murray (1938) propose?

A

7

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27
Q

What are the 12 main Secondary/Psychogenic Needs proposed by Murray (1938)?

A
  1. Need for Achievement
  2. Need for Nurturance
  3. Need for Affiliation
  4. Need for Order
  5. Need for Aggression
  6. Need for Play
  7. Need for Autonomy
  8. Need for Sentience (need to experience feelings and sensations from the senses)
  9. Need for Dominance
  10. Need for Sex
  11. Need for Exhibition
  12. Need for Understanding
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28
Q

What did Scheffer & Heckhausen (2018) argue about Murray’s (1938) 27 Secondary/Psychogenic Needs?

A

Thought 27 needs was too many to work with in any feasible way and it is unlikely to represent a complete set or necessary list of all the needs present

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29
Q

Scheffer & Heckhausen (2018) thought 27 needs was too many to work with in any feasible way and it is unlikely to represent a complete set or necessary list of all the needs present

How many Needs did they propose instead?

A

3

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30
Q

What are the 3 Secondary/Psychogenic Needs proposed by Scheffer & Heckhausen (2018)?

A
  1. Need for Achievement
  2. Need for Affiliation
  3. Need for Power
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31
Q

Most research now focuses on three secondary needs

What are they?

A
  1. Need for Achievement
  2. Need for Affiliation
  3. Need for Power
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32
Q

What did McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory (1950s) propose?

A

There are 3 basic (secondary) needs

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33
Q

What are the 3 basic needs proposed by McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory (1950s)?

A
  1. Need for Achievement
  2. Need for Affiliation
  3. Need for Power
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34
Q

What is Need for Achievement?

A

The desire to master skills, do things well and accomplish goals, etc.

Similar to facets of conscientiousness (in personality)

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35
Q

What is Need for Affiliation?

A

The desire to form relationships and spend time with others

Similar to facets of extraversion (in personality)

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36
Q

What is Need for Power?

A

The desire to influence and control others

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37
Q

Similar to facets of conscientiousness (in personality)

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

c. Need for Achievement

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38
Q

Similar to facets of extraversion (in personality)

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Affiliation

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39
Q

The desire to form relationships and spend time with others

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Affiliation

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40
Q

The desire to influence and control others

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

a. Need for Power

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41
Q

The desire to master skills, do things well and accomplish goals, etc.

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

c. Need for Achievement

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42
Q

How are the 3 Basic (Secondary) Needs measured?

A

Measured with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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43
Q

What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measure?

A

The 3 Basic (Secondary) Needs

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44
Q

How does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measure the 3 Basic (Secondary) Needs?

List 2 points

A
  1. Requires people to tell stories about ambiguous stimuli

The content of these stories is then interpreted by the researcher to determine the person’s underlying levels of motives

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45
Q

Why are projective tests (e.g. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)) considered appropriate for motivation research?

A

Due to the implicit nature of motives

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46
Q

According to Schultheiss (2008), what are the 2 potential sub components of motives?

A
  1. Hope
  2. Fear
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47
Q

Hope and Fear are two ______ of motives

A

Potential subcomponents

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48
Q

What is Hope as a Potential Sub component?

A

The approach towards motive-specific incentive

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49
Q

What is Fear as a Potential Sub component?

A

The avoidance of a motivation-specific disincentive

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50
Q

The avoidance of a motivation-specific disincentive

a. Hope
b. Anxiety
c. Fear
d. Anger

A

c. Fear

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51
Q

The approach towards motive-specific incentive

a. Hope
b. Anxiety
c. Fear
d. Anger

A

a. Hope

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52
Q

Hope and Fear are two potential sub components of motives

How do these sub components play a role in Need for Achievement?

List 2 points

A
  1. Hope for Success
  2. Fear of Failure
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53
Q

Hope and Fear are two potential sub components of motives

How do these sub components play a role in Need for Power?

A
  1. Hope for Power
  2. Fear of Weakness
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54
Q

Hope for Success

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

c. Need for Achievement

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55
Q

Fear of Weakness

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

a. Need for Power

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55
Q

Fear of Failure

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

c. Need for Achievement

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55
Q

Hope of Power

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

a. Need for Power

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55
Q

High-level needs or motives are better understood as a …?

A

Broader class of motive which can be broken down into subtypes

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55
Q

____ are better understood as a broader class of motive which can be broken down into subtypes

A

High-level needs or motives

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56
Q

According to Hill (1987), what are the 4 subtypes of motives?

A
  1. Need for Emotional Support
  2. Need for Attention from Others
  3. Need for Positive Stimulation
  4. Need for Social Comparison
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56
Q

According to Hill (1987), one of the four subtypes of motives is Need for Emotional Support

What is Need for Emotional Support?

A

The need to be around other people in order to get comfort and reduce negative feelings

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56
Q

According to Hill (1987), one of the four subtypes of motives is Need for Positive Stimulation

What is Need for Positive Stimulation?

A

The need to feed off other people and gain pleasure and stimulation from interacting with others

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57
Q

According to Hill (1987), one of the four subtypes of motives is Need for Attention from Others

What is Need for Attention from Others?

A

The need to get recognition or a sense of importance from other people

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58
Q

According to Hill (1987), one of the four subtypes of motives is Need for Social Comparison

What is Need for Social Comparison?

A

The need to be around others to judge how well they’re doing compared to other people

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59
Q

“One of my greatest sources of comfort when things get rough is being with other people”

a. Need for Positive Stimulation

b. Need for Social Comparison

c. Need for Attention from Others

d. Need for Emotional Support

A

d. Need for Emotional Support

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60
Q

“Just being around other and finding out about them is one of the most interesting things I can think of doing”

a. Need for Positive Stimulation

b. Need for Social Comparison

c. Need for Attention from Others

d. Need for Emotional Support

A

a. Need for Positive Stimulation

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61
Q

The need to get recognition or a sense of importance from other people

a. Need for Positive Stimulation

b. Need for Social Comparison

c. Need for Attention from Others

d. Need for Emotional Support

A

c. Need for Attention from Others

62
Q

The need to feed off other people and gain pleasure and stimulation from interacting with others

a. Need for Positive Stimulation

b. Need for Social Comparison

c. Need for Attention from Others

d. Need for Emotional Support

A

a. Need for Positive Stimulation

63
Q

The need to be around others to judge how well they’re doing compared to other people

a. Need for Positive Stimulation

b. Need for Social Comparison

c. Need for Attention from Others

d. Need for Emotional Support

A

b. Need for Social Comparison

64
Q

The need to be around other people in order to get comfort and reduce negative feelings

a. Need for Positive Stimulation

b. Need for Social Comparison

c. Need for Attention from Others

d. Need for Emotional Support

A

d. Need for Emotional Support

65
Q

“I mainly like to be around others who think I am an important, exciting person”

a. Need for Positive Stimulation

b. Need for Social Comparison

c. Need for Attention from Others

d. Need for Emotional Support

A

c. Need for Attention from Others

66
Q

“I find that I often look to certain other people to see how I compare to others”

a. Need for Positive Stimulation

b. Need for Social Comparison

c. Need for Attention from Others

d. Need for Emotional Support

A

b. Need for Social Comparison

67
Q

Hill (1987) found that scores show differential correlations with …?

A

Ratings of behavioural intentions

67
Q

Hill (1987) found that participants responses load onto separate factors

What does this suggest about motives?

A

There are different/separate subtypes

68
Q

Define state motivation

A

The present motivation to engage and persist due to an inherent interest and pleasure associated with the activity at hand

69
Q

Define trait motivation

A

A stable and enduring disposition, affected by individual characteristics such as personality

70
Q

The present motivation to engage and persist due to an inherent interest and pleasure associated with the activity at hand

This is known as…?

A

State motivation

71
Q

A stable and enduring disposition, affected by individual characteristics such as personality

This is known as…?

A

Trait motivation

72
Q

Describe Hill’s (1987) study on the subtypes of motives

List 3 points

A
  1. Gathered ratings of behavioural intentions that were revealed in participant’s written responses to a series of hypothetical scenarios
  2. Covered things like how they would respond in a confusing ambiguous job interview
  3. The different intentions revealed that these responses had different patterns of correlation with scores on each subscale, therefore providing further evidence of these subtypes
73
Q

According to Schultheiss (2008), we have a preference for tasks of ___ difficulty

a. Easy
b. Moderate
c. Extreme

A

b. Moderate

74
Q

According to Schultheiss (2008), which problem would we most likely choose to solve?

a. (13 + 4) - (11 + 2)
b. 12 + 8
c. (12 x 14) - (35 / 7) + (18 x 4 x 6)

A

a. (13 + 4) - (11 + 2)

75
Q

According to Schultheiss (2008), we have a preference for work settings with …?

A

Frequent feedback on current vs previous performance

76
Q

What are the Individual-level correlates of High Need for Achievement, according to Schultheiss (2008)?

List 2

A
  1. Entrepreneurial success and innovation
  2. Poor leadership and managerial skills
77
Q

What are the Societal/Historic-level correlates of High Need for Achievement, according to Schultheiss (2008)?

List 2

A
  1. Economic growth and innovation
  2. Civil war and ineffective leadership
78
Q

Describe Bradburn and Berlew’s (1961) study on the Need for Achievement and Economic Growth

List 4 points

A
  1. Estimated societal level of ‘need for achievement’ in England from 1501-1830 using content analysis of popular literature
  • ‘Projection’ of author’s values, needs and motives
  1. Took sample of popular, ‘imaginative’ and ‘fanciful’ literature from each time period
  • Provides greater scope for the author to project their needs and motives
  1. Scored extracts for ‘achievement imagery (inter-rate reliability ~ .96)
  2. Estimated economic activity through coal imports
79
Q

According to Bradburn and Berlew (1961), what did Need for Achievement estimate?

A

Estimated economic activity through coal imports

80
Q

Bradburn and Berlew (1961), what need estimated economic activity through coal imports?

A

Need for Achievement

81
Q

Why did Bradburn and Berlew (1961) take samples of popular, ‘imaginative’ and ‘fanciful’ literature from each time period?

A

Because it provides a greater scope for the author to project their needs and motive

82
Q

Bradburn and Berlew (1961) plotted the average levels of Need for Achievement imagery from English literature plotted against gain in London coal imports

What pattern did they find?

A

Time lag pattern = Changes in need for achievement are followed, about 50 years later, by similar changes in coal imports

83
Q

Bradburn and Berlew (1961) plotted the average levels of Need for Achievement imagery from English literature plotted against gain in London coal imports

They found a time lag pattern

What does this suggest?

A

Suggests that an increase in the need for achievement in society seemed to lead to increases in economic growth

84
Q

Suggests that an increase in the need for ____ in society seemed to lead to increases in economic growth

a. Affiliation
b. Power
c. Achievement

A

c. Achievement

85
Q

Need for Power reflects 2 types of desires

What are they?

A
  1. Desire to influence and have impact
  2. Desire to dominate and control
86
Q

Desire to influence and have impact

What need is this?

a. Affiliation
b. Power
c. Achievement

A

b. Power

87
Q

Desire to dominate and control

What need is this?

a. Affiliation
b. Power
c. Achievement

A

b. Power

88
Q

Can also be expressed through generativity

What need is this?

a. Affiliation
b. Power
c. Achievement

A

b. Power

89
Q

The Need for Power can also be expressed through generativity

Define generativity

A

The process of doing things that nurture, guide and help subsequent generations, satisfy the high need for power

90
Q

According to Winter (1973), individuals high in Need for Power are more attracted to jobs involving …?

A

Teaching

91
Q

According to Peterson and Stuart (1996), a High Need for Power (in females) are correlated with …?

A

Larger families, and greater involvement in parenting, nurturing the next generation

92
Q

Individuals high in _____ are more attracted to jobs involving teaching

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Power

93
Q

A High ______ (in females) are correlated with larger families, and greater involvement in parenting, nurturing the next generation

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Power

94
Q

Winter (1973): Individuals high in Need for Power are more attracted to jobs involving teaching

What is this evidence for?

A

Generativity in Need for Power

95
Q

Peterson and Stuart (1996): A High Need for Power (in females) are correlated with larger families, and greater involvement in parenting, nurturing the next generation

What is this evidence for?

A

Generativity in Need for Power

96
Q

According to Schultheiss (2008), what are the Individual-level correlates of High Need for Power?

List 3

A
  1. Higher testosterone levels
  2. Higher sexual activity and aggression
  3. Managerial, leadership and career success
97
Q

According to Schultheiss (2008), what are the Societal/Historic-level correlates of High Need for Power?

List 2

A
  1. Increase in war and arms
  2. Effective leadership
98
Q

Entrepreneurial success and innovation

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

c. Need for Achievement

99
Q

Economic growth and innovation

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

c. Need for Achievement

100
Q

Higher testosterone levels

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Power

101
Q

Increase in war and arms

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Power

102
Q

Like similar others, but dislike dissimilar others (possibly to avoid conflict?)

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

a. Need for Affiliation

103
Q

Higher sexual activity and aggression

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Power

104
Q

Poor leadership and managerial skills

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

c. Need for Achievement

105
Q

Effective leadership

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Power

106
Q

Peace and disarmament

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

a. Need for Affiliation

107
Q

Political scandal

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

a. Need for Affiliation

108
Q

Managerial, leadership and career success

These are correlates of High …?

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Power

109
Q

Describe Spangler and House’s (1991) study on Need for Power and Effective Leadership

List 3 points

A
  1. Motives estimated from previous coding of US Presidents’ inaugural speeches
  • 39 presidents from Washington to Raegan who had been elected to office were included in the study
  1. ‘Presidential Performance’ indicators measured
  2. Indicators of ‘Presidential Performance’ predicted by the 3 basic needs
110
Q

In Spangler and House’s (1991) study on Need for Power and Effective Leadership, what were the 4 ‘Presidential Performance’ indicators?

A
  1. War entry
  2. War avoidance
  3. Perceived ‘greatness’
  4. Great decisions cited
111
Q

In Spangler and House’s (1991) study on Need for Power and Effective Leadership, what were the indicators of ‘Presidential Performance’ predicted by?

List 3 points

A
  1. High Need for Power
  2. Lower Needs for Achievement
  3. Lower Needs for Affiliation
112
Q

In Spangler and House’s (1991) study on Need for Power and Effective Leadership, what 2 potential factors are unlikely to contribute to ‘Presidential Performance’?

A
  1. Reverse causation
  2. Bias in coding motives or presidential performance
113
Q

Define Needs for Affiliation

A

Desire to spend time with other people and to form strong, social ties

114
Q

According to Schultheiss (2008), what are the Individual-level correlates of High Need for Affiliation?

A

Like similar others, but dislike dissimilar others (possibly to avoid conflict?)

115
Q

According to Schultheiss (2008), what are the Societal/Historic-level correlates of High Need for Affiliation?

List 2

A
  1. Peace and disarmament
  2. Political scandal
116
Q

Why is it likely that people with high Need for Affiliation get involved in a political scandal?

A

Because they are possibly too strongly influenced by the views of other people around them and trying to please other people, which can lead them to compromise positions

117
Q

Describe Langer and Winter’s (2001) study on concessions to avoid/resolve conflicts

List 2 points

A
  1. Undergraduates responded to letter relating to Cuban Missile Crisis
  2. Letters coded for concessions and needs

“I am willing to arrange for […] a third party at the discussion.“

“[I am] not willing to involve a third party in the current dispute.” (pp 715)

118
Q

Describe the results of Langer and Winter’s (2001) study on concessions to avoid/resolve conflicts

List 2 points

A
  1. Need for Affiliation was positively related to concessions

simply = People with high Need for Affiliation are more likely to make or accept concessions

  1. Need for Power was negatively related to concessions

simply = People with high Need for Power are less likely to make or accept concessions

119
Q

_____ can promote cooperation to the making of concession and compromises

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

a. Need for Affiliation

120
Q

Need for Affiliation can promote cooperation to the making of …?

A

Concession and compromises

121
Q

Negatively related to concessions

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Power

122
Q

Positively related to concessions

a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement

A

a. Need for Affiliation

123
Q

Describe the Physiology of Need for Power, according to Schultheiss (2008)

List 4 points

A
  1. High testosterone –> High Need for Power
  2. Engagement in Power-Challenge Situations
  3. Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System Stress Response
  4. Chronic high blood pressure, lowered immune function, increased susceptibility to illness
124
Q

Arrange these in the correct order

Engagement in Power-Challenge Situations

Chronic high blood pressure, lowered immune function, increased susceptibility to illness

High testosterone –> High Need for Power

Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System Stress Response

A
  1. High testosterone –> High Need for Power
  2. Engagement in Power-Challenge Situations
  3. Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System Stress Response
  4. Chronic high blood pressure, lowered immune function, increased susceptibility to illness
125
Q

What are the 2 branches of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  1. Sympathetic Branch
  2. Parasympathetic Branch
126
Q

What is the Sympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System?

List 2 points

A
  1. Mobiles energy
  2. Flight/Flight
    - Increased heart rate
    - Muscle tension
    - Inhibit immune system
127
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System?

List 3 points

A
  1. Conserves energy
  2. Decreased heart rate
  3. Promotes digestion and the immune system
128
Q

Mobiles energy

a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch

A

b. Sympathetic Branch

129
Q

Conserves energy

a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch

A

a. Parasympathetic Branch

130
Q

Flight/Flight

a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch

A

b. Sympathetic Branch

131
Q

Decreased heart rate

a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch

A

a. Parasympathetic Branch

132
Q

Increased heart rate

a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch

A

b. Sympathetic Branch

133
Q

Muscle tension

a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch

A

b. Sympathetic Branch

134
Q

Promotes digestion and the immune system

a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch

A

a. Parasympathetic Branch

135
Q

Inhibit immune system

a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch

A

b. Sympathetic Branch

136
Q

Describe McClelland, Alexander & Marks’s (1982) study on the Negative Health Effects of Need for Power

List 5 points

A
  1. 133 male prison inmates participated
  2. Thematic Apperception Test (4 brief stories) coded for Need for Power and Need for Affiliation
  3. Number of stressors experienced
  4. Number and severity of illnesses in past 12 months (1-100 per illness)
  5. Saliva sample to measure salivary immunoglobulin-A (S-IgA) as an indicator of immune functioning
  • Higher level of S-IgA = Better immune functioning
137
Q

Describe the results of McClelland, Alexander & Marks’s (1982) study on the Negative Health Effects of Need for Power

List 2 points

A
  1. Higher illness severity in people with a higher need for power and stress
  2. Lowest immune functioning in people with a higher need for power and stress
138
Q

Higher illness severity in people with a higher need for …?

a. Achievement
b. Affiliation
c. Power

A

c. Power

139
Q

Lowest immune functioning in people with a higher need for …?

a. Achievement
b. Affiliation
c. Power

A

c. Power

140
Q

What are the 2 main Negative Health Effects of Need for Power?

A
  1. Higher illness severity
  2. Lower immune functioning
141
Q

According to McClelland (1989), what is associated with poorer health in terms of Need for Power?

A

It is the ‘Stressed power motive’ that is associated with poorer health

142
Q

True or False?

High need for power is a general vulnerability for impaired health

A

False

High need for power per se is not a general vulnerability for impaired health

Rather, it is the combination of the motive, alongside the means by which that motive is achieved

143
Q

What 2 health outcomes is Need for Affiliation associated with?

A
  1. Parasympathetic activity
  2. Increased immune functioning
144
Q

Associated with:

  1. Parasympathetic activity
  2. Increased immune functioning

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Affiliation

145
Q

_____ is associated with conserving energy and promoting the functions of essential systems such as digestion and immune systems

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Affiliation

146
Q

Generally positive effects on health

a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement

A

b. Need for Affiliation

147
Q

Need for Affiliation generally has positive effects on health

Why?

A

It helps to conserve energy and promote the functions of essential systems such as digestion and immune systems

148
Q

Describe McClelland & Kirshnit’s (1988) study on how people responded when primed with stimuli that aroused the affiliation motive

List 5 points

A
  1. 132 student participants
  2. Needs measured using TAT before and after watching one of two short films

Film 1: Mother Theresa emphasises the worth and importance of love and reaching out to other people (things that should prime the need for affiliation)

Film 2: Documentary of WW2, footage of bombing and various leaders at the time giving speeches (things that should prime the need for power)

  1. Need for affiliation group primed further in post-film writing task about their personal experience of love and caring
  2. Levels of S-IgA measured before and after the film
  3. Also measured illness experienced that year
149
Q

Describe the results of McClelland & Kirshnit’s (1988) study on how people responded when primed with stimuli that aroused the affiliation motive

List 2 points

A
  1. Mother Theresa film:
  • Showed a pre-to-post-increase in the need for affiliation and a decrease in the need for power
  • An increase in S-IgA, indicating improved immune functioning. This remained for an hour later, following the writing task
  1. WWII Documentary:
  • Showed a pre-to-post increase in the need for power and a decrease in the need for affiliation
  • There was no significant difference in S-IgA
150
Q

Mother Theresa film:

Showed a pre-to-post-increase in the need for affiliation and a decrease in the need for power

An increase in S-IgA, indicating improved immune functioning. This remained for an hour later, following the writing task

What is this evidence for?

A

Evidence for protective effects of the need for affiliation

151
Q

What is evidence for protective effects of the need for affiliation?

A

Mother Theresa film:

Showed a pre-to-post-increase in the need for affiliation and a decrease in the need for power

An increase in S-IgA, indicating improved immune functioning. This remained for an hour later, following the writing task

152
Q

True or False?

There was no overall effect of change in the need for power in terms of S-IgA

A

True

153
Q

There was no overall effect of change in the need for power in terms of S-IgA

But there was a sub-group that did show a reduction in S-IgA after the WWII documentary

Who were they?

A

Inhibited power motive syndrome group

(high in need for power; low in need for affiliation; high in inhibition)

154
Q

People with high in need for power; low in need for affiliation; high in inhibition

This is known as…?

A

Inhibited power motive syndrome

155
Q

There was no overall effect of change in the need for power in terms of S-IgA

But there was a sub-group that did show a reduction in S-IgA after the WWII documentary

What does this suggest?

A

Suggests the effect might be there but only limited to this particular group of people who are most sensitive to the need for power

156
Q

What is Inhibited power motive syndrome

A

People with high in need for power; low in need for affiliation; high in inhibition

157
Q

Based on the results of McClelland & Kirshnit’s (1988) study on how people responded when primed with stimuli that aroused the affiliation motive, there was no link between the reactive increase in ___ and ___

A

S-IgA and illness history

158
Q

What was one limitation of McClelland & Kirshnit’s (1988) study on how people responded when primed with stimuli that aroused the affiliation motive?

A

The study did not report baseline levels of each need which would have made it a stronger test of any beneficial or detrimental effects on health of each level of need particularly

YEAR 2 Personality & ID (10 decks)

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