Personality and Physical Health Flashcards by D E

Describe Weiss & Costa’s (2005) study on conscientiousness and survival rates

List 3 points

Five-year survival rates for recipients of ‘Medicare’ aged 65-100 yrs
Results:

Ps with high conscientiousness had higher survival rates than Ps with average or low conscientiousness

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What is the relationship between conscientiousness and survival rate?

Ps with high conscientiousness had higher survival rates than Ps with average or low conscientiousness

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True or False?

Ps with average or low conscientiousness had higher survival rates than Ps with high conscientiousness

False

Ps with high conscientiousness had higher survival rates than Ps with average or low conscientiousness

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What are the 4 pathways between personality and health?

Direct causation
Correlational
Causal chain
Somatogenic

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Direct causation
Correlational
Causal chain
Somatogenic

These are known as…?

The 4 pathways between personality and health

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Who proposed the 4 pathways between personality and health?

Matthews et al. (2009)

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What is the direct causation pathway between personality and health?

Personality trait → Health

Direct biological link from personality to health

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What is the correlational pathway between personality and health?

Factor X → Personality trait + Health

There is a more fundamental factor that is causing both the personality trait to develop and health outcomes to occur

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What is the causal chain pathway between personality and health?

Personality trait → Behaviour → Health

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What is the somatogenic pathway between personality and health?

Health → Personality trait

Health may cause changes to our personality, bodily change or process

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Which pathway between personality and health does this apply to?

Personality trait → Behaviour → Health

a. Direct causation
b. Correlational
c. Causal chain
d. Somatogenic

c. Causal chain

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Which pathway between personality and health does this apply to?

Health may cause changes to our personality, bodily change or process

a. Direct causation
b. Correlational
c. Causal chain
d. Somatogenic

d. Somatogenic

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Which pathway between personality and health does this apply to?

There is a more fundamental factor that is causing both the personality trait to develop and health outcomes to occur

a. Direct causation
b. Correlational
c. Causal chain
d. Somatogenic

b. Correlational

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Which pathway between personality and health does this apply to?

Direct biological link from personality to health

a. Direct causation
b. Correlational
c. Causal chain
d. Somatogenic

a. Direct causation

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Which pathway between personality and health does this apply to?

Health → Personality trait

a. Direct causation
b. Correlational
c. Causal chain
d. Somatogenic

d. Somatogenic

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Which pathway between personality and health does this apply to?

Personality trait → Health

a. Direct causation
b. Correlational
c. Causal chain
d. Somatogenic

a. Direct causation

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Which pathway between personality and health does this apply to?

Factor X → Personality trait + Health

a. Direct causation
b. Correlational
c. Causal chain
d. Somatogenic

b. Correlational

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According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what are the 6 personality factors that predict cardiovascular diseases (CVD)?

Competitive
Ambitious
Impatient
Aggressive
Anger
Hostility

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According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what is the personality type that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)?

Type A personality

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According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what is the personality type that decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)?

Type B personality

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According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what personality type has this trait?

Takes life as it comes

a. Type B
b. Type D
c. Type C
d. Type A

a. Type B

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According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what personality type has this trait?

Competitive

a. Type B
b. Type D
c. Type C
d. Type A

d. Type A

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According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what personality type has this trait?

Ambitious

a. Type B
b. Type D
c. Type C
d. Type A

d. Type A

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According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what personality type has this trait?

Uninterested in power and achievement

a. Type B
b. Type D
c. Type C
d. Type A

a. Type B

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According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what personality type has this trait? Impatient a. Type B b. Type D c. Type C d. Type A

d. Type A

According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what personality type has this trait? Aggressive a. Type B b. Type D c. Type C d. Type A

d. Type A

According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what personality type has this trait? Anger a. Type B b. Type D c. Type C d. Type A

d. Type A

According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what personality type has this trait? Relaxed a. Type B b. Type D c. Type C d. Type A

a. Type B

According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959), what personality type has this trait? Hostility a. Type B b. Type D c. Type C d. Type A

d. Type A

How can we measure Type A personality? List 2 points

1. Original ‘challenging’ interview-based measure mainly captured anger & hostility components 2. Self-report ‘Jenkins Activity Survey’ (Jenkins, Zyzanski & Rosenman, 1979)

What 2 personality traits did the original Type A personality interview measure?

1. Anger 2. Hostility

People with Type A personality are more likely to answer_____ to this question. "Do you have trouble finding time to get your hair cut or styled?" a. Never b. Occasionally c. Almost Always d. Almost Never

c. Almost Always

People with Type A personality are more likely to answer_____ to this question. "How often do you actually put words in the person's mouth in order to speed things up?" a. Frequently b. Occasionally c. Almost Always d. Never

a. Frequently

People with Type A personality are more likely to answer_____ to this question. "How is your temper nowadays?" a. Fiery and hard to control b. Strong but controllable c. No problem d. I almost never get angry

a. Fiery and hard to control

People with Type A personality are more likely to answer_____ to this question. "Ordinarily how rapid do you eat?" a. I'm usually the first one finished b. I eat a little faster than average c. About the same speed as most people d. More slowly than most people do

a. I'm usually the first one finished

Describe the results of Maltby, Day & Macaskill's (2017) meta-analyses on Type A Personality and CVD risk List 3 points

1. Large, longitudinal, epidemiological studies: inconsistent findings Meta-analyses: 2. A significant but modest effect of Type A on CVD 3. Differences in results related to inconsistencies in personality assessments used e.g. Interview methods were more likely to show results than those using self-report measures

Large, longitudinal, epidemiological studies found inconsistent findings on the effect of Type A personality on CVD What is the possible explanation for this?

Differences in results related to inconsistencies in personality assessments used e.g. Interview methods were more likely to show results than those using self-report measures

According to Glass (1977), what are the 3 separable components of Type A personality List 3 points

1. Competitively striving for achievement 2. Sense of urgency 3. Hostility (toxic component)

According to Glass (1977), which of these 3 separable components of Type A personality is toxic? a. Competitively striving for achievement b. Sense of urgency c. Hostility

c. Hostility

Describe the results of Chida & Steptoe's (2009) meta-analysis on the effect of anger and hostility on heart disease risk List 3 points

1. Meta-analysis: Anger and hostility are significantly associated with heart disease incidence & prognosis 2. Hostility is linked with reactivity to stress 3. This explains why using interview methods for measuring Type A were more likely to see an effect because they are more sensitive to anger and hostility component

Why is using interview methods for measuring Type A were more likely to see an effect?

Because they are more sensitive to anger and hostility component

What are the 2 other Disease-Prone’ Personality Types?

1. Cancer Prone (Type C) 2. Type D (Distressed)

According to Kissen & Eysenck (1962), what 2 personality traits are related to Type C personality?

1. High Extroversion 2. Low Neuroticism

According to Kissen & Eysenck (1962), what are the effects of High Extroversion and Low Neuroticism?

Suppress and Repress emotions

What is a critical analysis for the Cancer Prone (Type C) personality type? List 3 points

1. Little convincing evidence from prospective studies (e.g. Hansen et al. (2005)): 2. No link between Extraversion or Neutoticism in a cohort of 30,000 Ps followed over 25 years 3. Much of Eysenck’s subsequent work on this topic was considered questionable (e.g. Pelosi, 2019)

No link between Extraversion or Neutoticism in a cohort of 30,000 Ps followed over 25 years This is a critique for which personality type?

Cancer Prone (Type C)

Much of Eysenck’s subsequent work on this topic was considered questionable (e.g. Pelosi, 2019) This is a critique for which personality type?

Cancer Prone (Type C)

This is a critique for which personality type? Little convincing evidence from prospective studies (e.g. Hansen et al. (2005))

Cancer Prone (Type C)

True or False? According to Hansen et al. (2005), there is a strong link between Extraversion or Neutoticism in a cohort of 30,000 Ps followed over 25 years

False According to Hansen et al. (2005), there is no link between Extraversion or Neutoticism in a cohort of 30,000 Ps followed over 25 years

Which personality type is depressed and socially inhibited?

Type D (distressed)

According to Denollet. (2000), what are the 2 traits of Type D (distressed) perosnality?

1. Depressed 2. Socially inhibited

______ personality results in poorer recovery from a heart attack and increased risk of future heart problems a. Type D b. Type A c. Type B d. Type C

a. Type D

Type D results in ______ and ________

1. Poorer recovery from a heart attack 2. Increased risk of future heart problems

True or False? Low conscientiousness is linked with a longer lifespan

False High conscientiousness is linked with a longer lifespan

According to Chapman, Roberts and Duberstein (2011), there is a clear link between _______ and longevity

Conscientiousness

Which of the big 5 personality traits had the most support for a causal behavioural chain mechanism? a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

c. Conscientiousness

Conscientiousness had the most support for a ____ mechanism

Causal behavioural chain

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Competence a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

c. Conscientiousness

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Order a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

c. Conscientiousness

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Dutifulness a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

c. Conscientiousness

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Self-discipline a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

c. Conscientiousness

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Achievement-striving a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

c. Conscientiousness

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Deliberation a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

c. Conscientiousness

What behavioural chain does higher conscientiousness lead to? List 4

1. Regular exercise 2. Healthy diet 3. Low levels of smoking and alcohol/substance abuse 4. Better at making health decisions and engaging in lower levels of risky sexual behaviours

What is the formula for the effect of conscientiousness on longevity?

Conscientiousness → Better coping mechanisms → Lower interleukin-6 + Increased longevity

________ → Better coping mechanisms → Lower interleukin-6 + Increased longevity Which big 5 trait does this apply to? a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

c. Conscientiousness

Describe O’Connor et al.'s (2009) study on conscientiousness and stress List 3 points

1. Diary studies show 2 different ways in which people who are high in conscientiousness actually experience less stress in their lives 2. High conscientiousness is associated with fewer daily stressors and better coping 3. Because they lead more organised, less chaotic lives and respond to stressors by using more adaptive, positive camping mechanisms

High conscientiousness is associated with fewer daily stressors and better coping Why?

Because they lead more organised, less chaotic lives and respond to stressors by using more adaptive, positive camping mechanisms

_____ conscientiousness is associated with fewer daily stressors and better coping a. Low b. No c. High

c. High

Which big 5 trait does this apply to? Argued to be ‘of general public health significance.’ a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

a. Neuroticism

It is possible that a low SES environment causes people to have both increased levels of neuroticism and poorer health What type of relationship is this?

Correlational

It is possible that a low SES environment causes people to have both ____ and ____

1. Increased levels of neuroticism 2. Poorer health

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Anxiety a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

a. Neuroticism

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Vulnerability a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

a. Neuroticism

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Angry a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

a. Neuroticism

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Hostility a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

a. Neuroticism

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Self-consciousness a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

a. Neuroticism

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Depression a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

a. Neuroticism

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Impulsiveness a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

a. Neuroticism

What behavioural chain does lower neuroticism lead to? List 4

1. Regular exercise 2. Healthy diet 3. Low levels of smoking and alcohol/substance abuse 4. Better at making health decisions and engaging in lower levels of risky sexual behaviours

True or False? High neuroticism is linked with increased longevity

False High neuroticism is linked with reduced longevity or Low neuroticism is linked with increased longevity

What is the main confounding effect/variable of neuroticism?

Socio-economic status (SES)

True or False? Some studies show that high levels of neuroticism can lead to increased longevity

True

What is healthy neuroticism?

High anxiety but low depression and vulnerability

What is unhealthy neuroticism?

High anxiety and high depression and vulnerability

High anxiety and high depression and vulnerability Is this unhealthy or healthy neuroticism?

Unhealthy neuroticism

High anxiety but low depression and vulnerability Is this unhealthy or healthy neuroticism?

Healthy neuroticism

What is the formula for the effect of healthy neuroticism on longevity?

Healthy Neuroticism → Engagement in preventative behaviours → Increased longevity

______ → Engagement in preventative behaviours → Increased longevity Which of the big 5 personality traits does this apply to?

(Healthy) Neuroticism

What are excitement-seeking/impulsivity facets associated with?

Destructive addictive behaviours e.g. alcohol., tobacco, other drugs

What has evidence for protective effects of extraversion?

Excitement-seeking

_______ associated with destructive addictive behaviours e.g. alcohol., tobacco, other drugs

Excitement-seeking/Impulsivity facets

Describe the results of Chapman, Roberts & Duberstein's (2011) study on extraversion facets List 2 points

1. Mixed results for extraversion 2. Different effects of specific facets

Describe the results of Ploubidis & Grundy's (2009) study on extraversion and mortality List 3 points

1. 9003 people completed EPI 2. 5755 followed up 20 years later 3. Higher Extraversion associated with increased mortality

Describe the results of Chapman, Roberts & Duberstein's (2011) study on extraversion, mortality and smoking

Positive associations between Extraversion and mortality partly explained by smoking

______ extraversion associated with increased mortality a. High b. Low c. No

a. High

Higher extraversion associated with ______ mortality a. increased b. decreased

a. increased

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Warmth a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

b. Extraversion

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Gregariousness a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

b. Extraversion

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Assertiveness a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

b. Extraversion

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Activity a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

b. Extraversion

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Positive emotions a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

b. Extraversion

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Excitement seeking a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

b. Extraversion

How can extraversion lead to increased longevity? List 2 points

1. More social ties/social support (buffer against stress) 2. Active and engaged life

High extraversion is linked to ____ longevity a. Decreased b. Increased

Increased

True or False? Extraversion is linked to decreased immune functioning

False Extraversion is linked to increased immune functioning

Linked to increased immune functioning Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

b. Extraversion

Describe Weiss et al.'s (2012) study on extraverted gorillas List 5 points

1. Personality ratings of 283 captive Western Mountain Gorillas Mean age 16.5 yrs at baseline 2. Rated on the ‘Gorilla Behavior Index’ (Gold & Maple, 1994) in 1993 3. 119 died by 2011 follow-up 4. Examined personality predictors of survival. 5. Controlled for: Age, Sex, Captivity vs wild born, No. of previous transfers

Describe the results of Weiss et al.'s (2012) study on extraverted gorillas List 3 points

1. Increased extraversion is linked with: - Immune functioning - Stronger social ties/support - Lower cardiovascular disease 2. As extroversion score increases, the rate of gorillas dying decreases 3. Protective effects of extraversion are ‘old’

According to Weiss et al.'s (2012) study on extraverted gorillas, what 3 things is increased extraversion linked with?

1. Immune functioning 2. Stronger social ties/support 3. Lower cardiovascular disease

True or False? As extroversion score increases, the rate of gorillas dying increases

False As extroversion score increases, the rate of gorillas dying decreases

What 4 things does the ‘Gorilla Behavior Index’ (Gold & Maple, 1994) measure?

1. Extraversion 2. Dominance 3. Fearful (Neuroticism) 4. Understanding (Agreeableness)

1. Extraversion 2. Dominance 3. Fearful (Neuroticism) 4. Understanding (Agreeableness) These are the 4 traits measured in...?

‘Gorilla Behavior Index’ (Gold & Maple, 1994)

In the ‘Gorilla Behavior Index’ (Gold & Maple, 1994), extraversion is described as 3 things What are they?

1. Active: moves a lot 2. Playful: initiates play and joins in when play is solicited 3. Sociable: seeks companionship of others

In the ‘Gorilla Behavior Index’ (Gold & Maple, 1994), dominance is described as...?

Strong: depends on sturdiness and muscular strength

In the ‘Gorilla Behavior Index’ (Gold & Maple, 1994), fearful (neuroticism) is described as...?

Insecure: hesitates to act alone

In the ‘Gorilla Behavior Index’ (Gold & Maple, 1994), understanding (agreeableness) is described as...?

Protective: prevents harm or possible harm to others

Strong: depends on sturdiness and muscular strength a. Extraversion b. Dominance c. Fearful (Neuroticism) d. Understanding (Agreeableness)

b. Dominance

Insecure: hesitates to act alone a. Extraversion b. Dominance c. Fearful (Neuroticism) d. Understanding (Agreeableness)

c. Fearful (Neuroticism)

Active: moves a lot a. Extraversion b. Dominance c. Fearful (Neuroticism) d. Understanding (Agreeableness)

a. Extraversion

Playful: initiates play and joins in when play is solicited a. Extraversion b. Dominance c. Fearful (Neuroticism) d. Understanding (Agreeableness)

a. Extraversion

Protective: prevents harm or possible harm to others a. Extraversion b. Dominance c. Fearful (Neuroticism) d. Understanding (Agreeableness)

d. Understanding (Agreeableness)

Sociable: seeks companionship of others a. Extraversion b. Dominance c. Fearful (Neuroticism) d. Understanding (Agreeableness)

a. Extraversion

According to Chapman, Roberts and Duberstein (2011), ____ has good evidence for a positive association with longevity

Openness to Experience

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Aesthetic appreciation a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

d. Openness

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Novelty, ideas, fantasy and education a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

d. Openness

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Cognitively and behaviourally flexible a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

d. Openness

How can openness lead to increased longevity? List 5 points

1. Openness --> 2. Cognitive and educational activities --> 3. Cognitive reserve --> 4. Health decision making --> 5. Increased longevity

What is cognitive reserve?

Resilience to effects of neural disease or injury Brain size? Plasticity? Synaptic connections?

Resilience to effects of neural disease or injury This is known as...?

Cognitive reserve

Which big 5 trait does this characteristic apply to? Cognitive reserve a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Conscientiousness d. Openness

d. Openness

Describe the results of Waxman et al.'s (2013) study on low birth weight and personality List 4 points

1. Very/Extremely low birth weight (V/E LBW) associated with adult personality e.g: 2. Lower Extraversion and Openness 3. Higher Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness 4. Higher ‘Cautiousness’ in adulthood

What are the 3 adult personalities associated with low birth weight?

1. Lower Extraversion and Openness 2. Higher Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness 3. Higher ‘Cautiousness’ in adulthood

What are the 3 potential mechanisms of adult personality due to low birth weight?

1. Extra-uterine brain development (brain development outside of the uterus) 2. Subsequentillness 3. Higher parental monitoring and behavioural restrictions

According to Jokela et al. (2014), what are the impact of chronic diseases on the big 5 traits? List 5

1. Heart disease – Stroke 2. Diabetes 3. Cancer 4. Respiratory disease – Arthritis 5. Hypertension

Dose-dependent’ decreases in which big 5 personality trait(s)? a. Extraversion b. Neuroticism c. Agreeableness d. Conscientiousness e. Openness

a. Extraversion b. Emotional Stability (Neuroticism) d. Conscientiousness e. Openness

True or False? ‘Dose-dependent’ increases in Extraversion, Emotional Stability (Neuroticism), Conscientiousness & Openness

False ‘Dose-dependent’ decreases in Extraversion, Emotional Stability (Neuroticism), Conscientiousness & Openness

True or False? ‘Dose-dependent’ decreases in Agreeableness

False ‘Dose-dependent’ has no effect in Agreeableness

Disease-specific effects face greatest changes for...?

Stroke

Disease-specific effects face greatest changes for stroke Why?

Because they directly effect the brain and are more likely to influence personality

What leads to greatest changes for stroke?

Disease-specific effects

Disease-specific effects lead to least change for...?

Cancer

What leads to least changes for cancer?

Disease-specific effects

What are the 4 potential mechanisms of personality and physical health?

1. Neural function 2. Coping with distress and challenges of disease (N) 3. Fatigue (E) 4. Lowered ability to organise life (C)

What are the practical applications of the link between personality and physical health, according to Hagger-Johnson and Pollard Whiteman (2008)? Simply = Describe The 5 Ts

1. Targeting campaigns to personality traits. 2. Tailoring interventions to personality profiles 3. Personality ‘Training’ 4. ‘Treatment’ of personality - Using drugs to lower particular personality traits 5. (Recording) Transformation - Giving people the tools and knowledge to expect and recognise these kinds of changes might make it easier

What is ‘Treatment’ of personality?

Using drugs to lower particular personality traits

What is (Recording) Transformation?

Giving people the tools and knowledge to expect and recognise these kinds of changes might make it easier