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YEAR 2 Personality & ID > Measuring Personality > Flashcards

Measuring Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Self-Report Scales are typically…?

List 4 points

A
  1. Introspective
  2. Subjective
  3. Structured
  4. Contain more than one item per construct
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2
Q

What do self-report scales measure?

A

Measures one dimension of personality

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3
Q

Measures one dimension of personality

This is known as…?

A

Self-report scales

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4
Q

What are inventories and what do they measure?

A

Several scales that, together, measure multiple dimensions of personality

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5
Q

Several scales that, together, measure multiple dimensions of personality

This is known as…?

A

Inventories

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6
Q

What is the equation for the score on a scale?

A

True score = Random error + Systematic error

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7
Q

What 2 types of error are part of measurement error?

A
  1. Random error
  2. Systematic error
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8
Q
  1. Random error
  2. Systematic error

These are known as…?

A

Measurement error

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9
Q

What is random error?

A

Non-systematic variation in the test score

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10
Q

Non-systematic variation in the test score

This is known as…?

A

Random error

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11
Q

What is systematic error (bias)?

A

Test score always slightly higher or lower than true score

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12
Q

Test score always slightly higher or lower than true score

This is known as…?

A

Systematic error (bias)

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13
Q

Equally likely to score slightly higher vs. lower than true score

This is known as…?

A

Random error

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14
Q

In random error, we are equally likely to score slightly higher vs. lower than true score

How can we fix this?

A

Increase the number of items that measure the construct of interest

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15
Q

Increase the number of items that measure the construct of interest

This can help reduce…?

a. Systematic error
b. None
c. Random error
d. Both

A

c. Random error

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16
Q

True or False?

Increasing the number of items can help reduce systematic error

A

False

Increasing the number of items does not help reduce systematic error

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17
Q

What are the 3 common sources of systematic error in self-report scales?

A
  1. ‘Response set bias’
  2. Socially-desirable responding
  3. Faking
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18
Q
  1. ‘Response set bias’
  2. Socially-desirable responding
  3. Faking

These are …?

A

Common sources of systematic error in self-report scales

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19
Q

Give an example of response set bias

A

Straightlining

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20
Q

Define Straightlining

A

A type of ‘Insufficient Effort Responding’

Simply = You end up with all of your responses lining up with each other in a straight line

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21
Q

A type of ‘Insufficient Effort Responding’

This is known as…?

A

Straightlining

Simply = You end up with all of your responses lining up with each other in a straight line

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22
Q

What 3 things contribute to straightlining?

A
  1. Acquiescence bias
  2. ‘Nay saying’
  3. Midpoint responding
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23
Q

What do these contribute to?

  1. Acquiescence bias
  2. ‘Nay saying’
  3. Midpoint responding
A

Straightlining (response set bias)

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24
Q

Define Acquiescence bias

A

The tendency to agree (‘Strongly Agree’, ‘YES’)

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25
Q

The tendency to agree (‘Strongly Agree’, ‘YES’)

This is known as…?

A

Acquiescence bias

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26
Q

Define ‘Nay saying’

A

The tendency to disagree

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27
Q

Define Midpoint responding

A

The tendency to choose the middle option (e.g. ‘neither agree nor disagree’)

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28
Q

The tendency to disagree

This is known as…?

A

‘Nay saying’

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29
Q

The tendency to choose the middle option (e.g. ‘neither agree nor disagree’)

This is known as…?

A

Midpoint responding

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30
Q

How can we eliminate response set biases?

List 2 ways

A
  1. Remove mid-point option
  2. Include Reverse-Scored Items
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31
Q

True or False?

Removing mid-point option is always appropriate

A

False

Removing mid-point option is not always appropriate

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32
Q

How can researchers do reverse-scored items well?

A

Researchers need to come up with ways to describe the other end of the trait that doesn’t involve relying on negative or asking about the absence of something

e.g. “I do not have a good imagination” can instead be “I have a core imagination”

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33
Q

What is Socially-Desirable Response Bias?

A

Respondents give answers to questions that they believe will make them look good to others, concealing their true opinions or experiences

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34
Q

Respondents give answers to questions that they believe will make them look good to others, concealing their true opinions or experiences

This is known as…?

A

Socially-Desirable Response Bias

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35
Q

What does Socially-Desirable Response Bias often affect?

A

Studies that focus on sensitive or personal topics, such as politics, drug use, or sexual behaviour

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36
Q

What type of bias includes faking?

A

Socially-Desirable Response Bias

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37
Q

Which bias has a deceptive intent?

A

Socially-Desirable Response Bias

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38
Q

Socially-Desirable Response Bias is a particular concern in _______ settings

A

Occupational/forensic

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39
Q

What did Ion & Iliescu (2017) find in their study on Socially-Desirable Response Bias?

A

Lack of equivalence of NEO-PI-R in high vs low stakes settings (job applicants vs non-applicants)

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40
Q

How can we eliminate socially-desirable response bias?

List 2 ways

A
  1. Include ‘Lie Detector’ items
  2. Make all options socially undesirable
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41
Q

Remove mid-point option

With this method, we can eliminate…?

a. Response Set Biases
b. Socially-Desirable Response Bias

A

a. Response Set Biases

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42
Q

Include ‘Lie Detector’ items

With this method, we can eliminate…?

a. Response Set Biases
b. Socially-Desirable Response Bias

A

b. Socially-Desirable Response Bias

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43
Q

Make all options socially undesirable

With this method, we can eliminate…?

a. Response Set Biases
b. Socially-Desirable Response Bias

A

b. Socially-Desirable Response Bias

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44
Q

Include Reverse-Scored Items

With this method, we can eliminate…?

a. Response Set Biases
b. Socially-Desirable Response Bias

A

a. Response Set Biases

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45
Q

Describe Christie & Geis’s (1970) study on making all options socially undesirable for the Mach V scale

List 2 points

A
  1. Participants were asked:
  • Which item is MOST like your views (M)?
  • Which item is LEAST like your views (L)?
  1. They were given 3 options:
  • Socially Desirable ‘Buffer’

e.g. It would be a good thing if people were kinder to others less fortunate than themselves

Mean Social Desirability Rating = 4.35

  • MACH item

e.g. The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear

Mean Social Desirability Rating = 2.80

  • Non-MACH item

e.g. People are getting so lazy and self-indulgent that it is bad for our country

Mean Social Desirability Rating = 2.80

46
Q

Describe the results Christie & Geis’s (1970) study on making all options socially undesirable for the Mach V scale

List 3 points

A
  1. Ps picked the first option (Socially Desirable ‘Buffer’) as being most like their views

Because this was a buffer, the response to this was ignored

  1. The option that is not selected as LEAST like their views is taken as being MORE like their views
  • e.g. If participants picked the last option (Non-MACH item) as being least like their views, the MACH item is more like their views, meaning they are high in Machiavellianism
  1. If people don’t select the Machiavellianism item as being least like their views, it suggests they are higher in Machiavellianism
47
Q

What are the 2 limitations of making all options socially undesirable?

A
  1. Takes longer to complete, not ideal
  2. Requires more items
48
Q

Describe Steffans and Schulze König’s (2006) study on behavioural measures of personality

List 2 points

A
  1. Used behavioural measures as part of a broader validation study
  2. Argued that self-reported personality and controlled, deliberate behaviour does not always represent who we truly are
  3. Developed measures of trait-relevant ‘spontaneous behaviours’
49
Q

What did Steffans and Schulze König (2006) argue about self-reported personality and controlled, deliberate behaviour?

A

Self-reported personality and controlled, deliberate behaviour does not always represent who we truly are

50
Q

What behavioural measure of personality did Steffans and Schulze König (2006) develop?

A

Measures of trait-relevant ‘spontaneous behaviours’

51
Q

Participants turning up to take part in the study (for course credit) were (falsely) told that their name wasn’t on the list, and they might not be able to take part. Their responses were rated as an indicator of…?

a. Extraversion
b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism

A

b. Agreeableness

52
Q

Participants did a ‘horrendously demanding’ working memory task. When they made mistakes, they received ‘scolding’ messages. Stress-related reactions that they made were rated as a measure of…?

a. Extraversion
b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism

A

d. Neuroticism

53
Q

Participants were given an untimed computer task that required accuracy. Speed of completion was taken as a measure of…?

a. Extraversion
b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism

A

c. Conscientiousness

54
Q

Participants were asked about their experiences of the study by a researcher. The time spent with the researcher, answering the questions, was taken as a measure of…?

a. Extraversion
b. Agreeableness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Neuroticism

A

a. Extraversion

55
Q

Which personality factor was found have a significant correlation between behavioural measure(s) and self-report (NEO) score?

Select all that apply

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Openness (self-report theatre/museum)
d. Agreeableness
e. Conscientiousness

A

b. Extraversion
c. Openness (self-report theatre/museum)

56
Q

True or False?

Extraversion and Openness NEO scores are not correlated with behavioural measures

A

False

Extraversion and Openness NEO scores are significantly correlated with behavioural measures

57
Q

What are the 3 main problems with behavioural measures of personality?

A
  1. Low concurrent validity
  2. Inadequacy of behavioural OR self-report measure?
  3. Maybe implicit measures are better than explicit (self-report) measures
58
Q
  1. Low concurrent validity
  2. Inadequacy of behavioural OR self-report measure?
  3. Maybe implicit measures are better than explicit (self-report) measures

These are the 3 main problems with…?

A

Behavioural measures of personality

59
Q

Steffans and Schulze König (2006) modified the Implicit Association Test (‘IAT’) to measure…?

A

Implicit Personality

60
Q

Used to measure people’s automatic associations to stimuli

This is known as…?

A

Modification of the Implicit Association Test (‘IAT’) = Implicit Personality Assessment

61
Q

Describe Steffans and Schulze König’s (2006) study on Implicit Personality Assessment

List 3 points

A
  1. Categorised words into:
    - SELF (conscientious)
    - Half of the trials were paired congruently with trait
    vs
    - OTHERS (unconscientious)
  2. Categorised words into:
    - SELF (unconscientious)
    - Half of the trials were paired incongruently with trait
    vs
    - OTHERS (conscientious)
  3. Calculate reaction times for congruent and incongruent trials

The greater the difference, the more extreme the value

i.e. Either being more conscientious or more unconscientious depending on which of the response times was greatest

62
Q

Describe the findings of Steffans and Schulze König’s (2006) study on Implicit Personality Assessment

List 2 points

A
  1. People are fastest in trials where responses to self words were paired with the trait words that are most like them
  2. e.g. If you are a conscientious person, you’ll be fastest in the congruence trials, where the responses to the self words are the same as a response to the conscientious words
63
Q

People are fastest in trials where responses to self words were paired with the trait words that are …?

A

Most like them

64
Q

Describe Steffans and Schulze König’s (2006) study on the IAT measure and the Big 5 trait

A

For each BIG 5 trait:

  1. Looked at the reaction time difference on IAT task
  2. Looked at NEO-FFI scores (self-report)
  3. looked at behavioural measure(s)
65
Q

Describe the findings of Steffans and Schulze König’s (2006) study on the IAT measure and the Big 5 trait

A
  1. IAT measure of Neuroticism was significantly correlated with NEO score (0.28) and Behavioural measures (0.22)
  2. IAT measure of Agreeableness was significantly correlated with Behavioural measures (0.25*)
  3. IAT measure of Conscientiousness was significantly correlated with NEO score (0.22) and Behavioural measures (0.36)
66
Q

Which IAT measure had a significant correlation with NEO score?

Select all that apply

a. Neuroticism
b. Agreeableness
c. Extraversion
d. Conscientiousness
e. Openness

A

a. Neuroticism
d. Conscientiousness

67
Q

Which IAT measure had a significant correlation with behavioural measures?

Select all that apply

a. Neuroticism
b. Agreeableness
c. Extraversion
d. Conscientiousness
e. Openness

A

a. Neuroticism
b. Agreeableness
d. Conscientiousness

68
Q

True or False?

For some traits, IAT score correlated more strongly with self-report scores than with behavioural measures

A

False

For some traits, IAT score correlated more strongly with behavioural measures than self-report scores

69
Q

What is one limitation of the IAT measure of personality?

A

Fairly low convergent validity

Simply = Seem to measure different things

Some measures may be better suited to certain traits

70
Q

Fairly low convergent validity

Simply = Seem to measure different things

Some measures may be better suited to certain traits

This is a limitation of which type or personality measure

A

IAT personality assessment

71
Q

Define other report measure of personality

A

Someone else rating your personality (or vice versa)

72
Q

Someone else rating your personality (or vice versa)

This is known as…?

A

Other report

73
Q

What is other report measure of personality dependent on?

List 2 points

A
  1. External manifestations of feelings, thoughts etc.
  2. The proportion of situations that the observer has access to

e.g. consider the item, ‘They are the life and soul of the party’

74
Q

How do other people rate our personalities, according to Funder (1995)?

List 6 steps involved in this process

A
  1. Target’s Personality Attribute
  2. Relevance
  3. Availability
  4. Detection
  5. Utilisation
  6. Perceiver’s judgement
75
Q

According to Funder’s (1995) other report model, what is relevance?

A

You produce trait-relevant behaviour

76
Q

According to Funder’s (1995) other report model, what is availability?

A

Behaviour is available to the rater

77
Q

According to Funder’s (1995) other report model, what is detection?

A

The rate detects behaviour

78
Q

According to Funder’s (1995) other report model, what is utilisation?

A

The rater correctly interprets behaviour

79
Q

The rate detects behaviour

a. Relevance
b. Availability
c. Detection
d. Utilisation

A

c. Detection

80
Q

You produce trait-relevant behaviour

a. Relevance
b. Availability
c. Detection
d. Utilisation

A

a. Relevance

81
Q

The rater correctly interprets behaviour

a. Relevance
b. Availability
c. Detection
d. Utilisation

A

d. Utilisation

82
Q

Behaviour is available to the rater

a. Relevance
b. Availability
c. Detection
d. Utilisation

A

b. Availability

83
Q

Both Self and Other ratings can be valid predictors of behaviour, but…?

A

There are asymmetries in the validity of self vs other knowledge

84
Q

Define observability

A

Traits characterised by external behaviours and expressions, which tend to be more accurately judged across raters

85
Q

Traits characterised by external behaviours and expressions, which tend to be more accurately judged across raters

This is known as…?

A

Observability

86
Q

Define evaluativeness

A

The degree to which it is especially socially desired and disdained at either pole, as opposed to more neutral judgements of a trait

87
Q

The degree to which it is especially socially desired and disdained at either pole, as opposed to more neutral judgements of a trait

This is known as…?

A

Evaluativeness

88
Q

Who is more accurate when rating traits high in evaluativeness?

e.g. intellect

a. Self
b. Others
c. None

A

b. Others

89
Q

Who is more accurate when rating low observability traits

e.g. neuroticism

a. Self
b. Others
c. None

A

a. Self

90
Q

True or False?

Self is more accurate than others when rating traits high in evaluativeness

e.g. intellect

A

False

Others are more accurate than self when rating traits high in evaluativeness

e.g. intellect

91
Q

True or False?

Self is more accurate than others when rating high observability traits

e.g. neuroticism

A

False

Self more accurate than others when rating low observability traits

e.g. neuroticism

92
Q

Others are more accurate than self when rating traits high in evaluativeness e.g. intellect

When does this effect become stronger?

A

With ‘others’ who are less close to us

93
Q

Define Projective Tests of Personality

A

Describe/tell a story about e.g. ambiguous/ meaningless stimuli

94
Q

Describe/tell a story about e.g. ambiguous/ meaningless stimuli

This is known as…?

A

Projective Tests of Personality

95
Q

‘Projection’ of personality

Which type of personality measure does this apply to?

A

Projective Tests of Personality

96
Q

Which measure of personality uses inkblot?

A

Projective Tests of Personality

97
Q

How is the Projective Tests of Personality scored?

List 2 ways

A
  1. Content
  2. Focus
98
Q

What are the 2 advantages of Projective Tests of Personality?

A
  1. Less dependent on introspection
  2. Less prone to bias and faking
99
Q

What are the 2 disadvantages of Projective Tests of Personality?

A
  1. Subjective, complex, unreliable scoring
  2. Not based on mainstream personality theory
  • Not based on trait models, derive more from the psychodynamic tradition, hence, their reliance on projection
100
Q
  1. Less dependent on introspection
  2. Less prone to bias and faking

These are advantages of…?

A

Projective Tests of Personality

101
Q
  1. Subjective, complex, unreliable scoring
  2. Not based on mainstream personality theory

These are disadvantages of…?

A

Projective Tests of Personality

102
Q

Who proposed the Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) Model?

A

Vazire (2010)

103
Q

Define the Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) Model

A

Both Self and Other ratings can be valid predictors of behaviour, but there are asymmetries in the validity of self vs other knowledge

104
Q

Both Self and Other ratings can be valid predictors of behaviour, but there are asymmetries in the validity of self vs other knowledge

This is known as…?

A

Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) Model

105
Q

Who proposed the Apperceptive Personality Test?

A

Holmstrom, Silber & Karp (1990)

106
Q

Describe the Apperceptive Personality Test

List 2 points

A
  1. Make up a story about each picture
  2. Complete a structured questionnaire

“Rate how …. the character appears”

107
Q
  1. Make up a story about each picture
  2. Complete a structured questionnaire

“Rate how …. the character appears”

This is known as…?

A

Apperceptive Personality Test

108
Q

True or False?

Personality has no influence on the interpretation of pictures

A

False

Personality has some influence on the interpretation of pictures

109
Q

Personality has some influence on the interpretation of …?

A

Pictures

110
Q

What personality traits are significantly correlated with E score?

a. Smart
b. Capable
c. Caring
d. Happy
e. Much of a leader
f. Successful
g. Trustworthy
h. Kind

A

d. Happy
e. Much of a leader

111
Q

What personality traits are significantly correlated with N score?

a. Smart
b. Capable
c. Caring
d. Happy
e. Much of a leader
f. Successful
g. Trustworthy
h. Kind

A

d. Happy
f. Successful
h. Kind

112
Q

What personality traits are significantly correlated with P score?

a. Smart
b. Capable
c. Caring
d. Happy
e. Much of a leader
f. Successful
g. Trustworthy
h. Kind

A

None

YEAR 2 Personality & ID (10 decks)

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