Personality #1

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

Refers to an individual’s characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms—hidden or not—behind those patterns.

Question 2

personality processes

Answer 2

the mental activities of personality, including perception, thought, motivation, and emotion

Question 3

Learning

Answer 3

In behaviorism, a change in behavior as a result of experience

Question 4

behaviorism

Answer 4

The theoretical view of personality focuses on overt behavior and how it can be affected by rewards and punishments in the environment.

Question 5

habituation

Answer 5

This happens when an organism stops responding to a stimulus as the stimulus is repeated. It is the simplest way behavior changes as a result of experience.

Question 6

Classical Conditioning

Answer 6

The kind of learning in which an unconditioned response (such as salivating) that is naturally elicited by one stimulus (such as food) becomes also elicited by a new, conditioned stimulus (such as a bell).

Question 7

learned helplessness

Answer 7

A belief that nothing one does matters is derived from an experience of random or unpredictable reward and punishment and is theorized to be the basis of depression.

Question 8

Operant Conditioning

Answer 8

Skinner’s term for the process of learning in which the effect of the behavior on the environment shapes an organism’s behavior.

Question 9

Self-concept

Answer 9

A person’s knowledge and opinions about oneself.

Question 10

Observational Learning

Answer 10

Learning a behavior by watching someone else do it.

Question 11

Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)

Answer 11

A stable system that mediates how the individual selects, construes, and processes social information and generates social behaviors

Question 12

Cybernetics

Answer 12

The study of systems that respond to environmental changes in pursuing goals. In this version of the big five theory, each of the basic traits is the product of a person’s genetics, life experiences, and limits in how the person pursues particular goals.

Question 13

Short-term and Long-term goals

Answer 13

You might have the general goal of impressing your neighbors. To reach that long-term goal, you seek to have a beautiful yard. Toward that shorter-term goal, you mow your lawn.

Question 14

What happens when a person has very few or no long-term goals?

Answer 14

Lacking long-term goals or engaging in meaningless activities can lead to chaos, unproductiveness, and a loss of motivation, potentially causing depression.

Question 15

Idiographic Goals

Answer 15

Are those that are unique to the individuals who pursue them.

Question 16

Nomothetic Goals

Answer 16

This refers to the relatively small number of essential motivations almost everyone pursues.

Question 17

Achievement Motivation

Answer 17

is a tendency to direct one’s thoughts and behavior toward striving for excellence. People high in this motive set standards for themselves and then work hard to attain them.

Question 18

Affiliation Motivation

Answer 18

Is the tendency to direct thoughts and behavior toward finding and maintaining close, warm emotional relationships.

Question 19

Power motivation

Answer 19

is the tendency to direct thoughts and behavior toward feeling strong and influencing others. People high in power motivation put great effort into seeking prestige and status, prefer friends low in power motivation (whom presumably they can dominate), and are relatively promiscuous in their sexual behavior.