1-6

Question 1

rank-order consistency

Answer 1

the maintenance of individual differences in behavior or personality over time and across situations

Question 2

temperament

Answer 2

The term is often used to refer to the “personality” of a very young person. Pre-verbal children. Aspects of temperament include basic attributes such as activity level, emotional reactivity, and cheerfulness

Question 3

heterotypic continuity

Answer 3

This reflects the consistency of fundamental personality differences that change with age; an emotionally fragile child will behave differently from an emotionally fragile adult, but the underlying trait is the same.

Question 4

person-environment transactions

Answer 4

The processes by which people respond to, seek out and create environments that are compatible with and may magnify their personality traits.

Question 5

active person-environment transactions

Answer 5

The process by which people seek out situations that are compatible with their personalities or avoid situations that they perceive as incompatible.

Question 6

Reactive person-environment transaction

Answer 6

People respond differently to the same situation

Question 7

Evocative person-environment transaction

Answer 7

The aspect of an individual’s personality leads to behavior that changes the situations the individual experiences

Question 8

cumulative continuity principle

Answer 8

The idea is that personality becomes more stable and unchanging as a person ages.

Question 9

personality development

Answer 9

Change in personality over time, including the development of adult personality from its origins in infancy and childhood, and changes in personality over the life span

Question 10

cross-sectional study

Answer 10

A study of personality development in which people of different ages are assessed simultaneously.

Question 11

cohort effects

Answer 11

the tendency for a research finding to be limited to one group, or cohort, of people, such as people all living during a particular era or in a particular location

Question 12

longitudinal study

Answer 12

A study of personality development in which the same people are assessed repeatedly over extended periods, sometimes many years.

Question 13

maturity principle

Answer 13

the idea that traits associated wit effective functioning increase with age

Question 14

psychotherapy

Answer 14

an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

Question 15

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 15

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Question 16

Targeted interventions

Answer 16

Intervention programs can also be tailored to address personality traits.

Question 17

general interventions

Answer 17

Typically, these interventions are not aimed at changing personality as such but at important outcomes such as completing education, lessening criminal behavior, and improving prospects for employment.

Question 18

plasticity principle

Answer 18

Personality can change at any time (but such change may not be easy).

Question 19

role continuity principle

Answer 19

Taking on roles or images such as being a “jock” or a “brain” can lead personality to be consistent over time

Question 20

identity development principle

Answer 20

people seek to develop a stable sense of who they are, and then strive to act consistently with this self-view

Question 21

social investment principle

Answer 21

Changing social roles at different stages of life, such as becoming a spouse, parent, or boss, can cause personality to change.

Question 22

corresponsive principle

Answer 22

person-environment transactions can cause personality traits to remain consistent or even magnify over time