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Earth System- 29992 > Permian Triassic Mass Extinction - PTME > Flashcards

Permian Triassic Mass Extinction - PTME Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxa?

A

Taxonomic group of any rank (species < genus < family < order < class)

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2
Q

What is extinction?

A

The act or process of dying-out of taxa or evolutionary lineages so they no longer exist

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3
Q

What is an extirpation?

A

Regional loss of taxa

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4
Q

What is Lazarus/ rediscovered taxa?

A

When extinction actually extirpation as taxa reappear post extinction

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5
Q

What are background extinction rates? (definition)

A

average number of extinctions over a time period

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6
Q

What are background extinction rates exclusively based on?

A

fossil record

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7
Q

What are the typical background extinction rates for 1 million years?

A

2-5 marine families and 1-2 terrestrial plant genera

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8
Q

What is a mass extinction?

A

significant and synchronous global loss of diversity

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9
Q

What taxonomic levels will be affected by mass extinctions?

A

Affects multiple groups of organisms, at different taxonomic ranks (species, genus, family, class)

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10
Q

How many mass extinction events have occurred in the last 500 Mya?

A

5?
actually 6 as late Permian split into 2 middle and late Permian

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11
Q

What is the largest mass extinction event?

A

the late Permian event

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12
Q

What is the Gap filler rate?

A

statistical measure of the number of genera (pleural of genus) present before time bin but absent after

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13
Q

What are the 3** main temporal patterns of extinction?

A

Progressive
Catastrophic
Stepwise

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14
Q

What is progressive extinction?

A

patterns relate to relatively long term, moderate intensity environmental change
Gradual decrease in diversity till extinction horizon

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15
Q

What is catastrophic extinction patterns?

A

single, short term, high intensity environmental change exceeding the environmental tolerances of multiple species

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16
Q

What is an example of a catastrophic extinction event?

A

asteroid impact

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17
Q

What is stepwise extinction?

A

extinction pattern suggests biotic responses to short bursts of environmental change

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18
Q

What are examples of what can cause stepwise extinction?

A

repeated, small tectonic activity affecting physical processes, local volcanism

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19
Q

What are the 4 temporal patterns of extinction?

A

Progressive catastrophic
Diversifying catastrophic
Variable rate progressive
Progressive stepwise (Christmas tree shape)

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20
Q

What does the lack of mutual exclusivity with the temporal patterns of extinction suggest?

A

the combination of end members suggests operation of several casual mechanisms

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21
Q

When did the Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction ocur?

A

~251 million years ago

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22
Q

What mega-volcanism occurred around PTME?

A

Siberia traps

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23
Q

What is terrestrial provincialism?

A

wider mixing/ distribution of flora and fauna

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24
Q

What was extinction in the sea like for families? (PTME)

A

> 60%

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25
Q

What was the extinction in the seas like for genera? (PTME)

A

60-80% loss

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26
Q

What ocean communities were hardest hit by the PTME?

A

Reef building and shallow water communities

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27
Q

What was the process of the extinction of the oceans for PTME like?

A

came in 2 pulses
Pulse one dramatic/ catastrophic
Pulse 2 more stepped

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28
Q

How can we show the extinction in the sea for the PTME was selective?

A

Motile less affected the less motile (marine animals)
Buffered less affected then unbuffered (marine animals)
Small less affected then large (foraminifera brachiopods)
Smooth less affected then large (ammonoids)
High organic less affected then low (brachiopods)
High latitude less affected then low latitude (marine animals)

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29
Q

Why were buffered marine animals less affected by PTME then unbuffered?

A

as in ecology buffered species can use an alternate food source

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30
Q

What did vertebrates do in the devonian?

A

Invertebrates invade land

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31
Q

What did vertebrates do in the carboniferous?

A

Amphibians and amniotes diversify
End- regional tropical rainforests collapse

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32
Q

What happened to vertebrates in the Permian?

A

Reptiles flourish

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33
Q

What occurred between the Permian and Triassic?

A

PTME- Permian-Triassic mass extinction

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34
Q

What happened with vertebrates in the Triassic?

A

Beginning of modern type ecosystems

35
Q

What event occurred at the end of the Triassic?

A

End-Triassic mass extinction

36
Q

What happened with vertebrates in the Jurassic?

A

Dinosaurs dominate

37
Q

What was the PTME the only mass extinction to affect?

A

insects- resetting insect evolution

38
Q

What is the smoking gun for if temperature play a role in mass extinctions?

A

Coral and Radiolaria due to very small tolerance range

39
Q

What was the likely kill mechanism for the latest Permian extinction?

A

Due to Coral, Radiolarian and foramifera likely high temp kill

40
Q

What was the likely kill mechanism of the early Triassic extinction?

A

Ostracod extinction so not temp instead ANOXIA kill

41
Q

What occurred at the PTME interval that might hint at ozone layer playing a role?

A

High level pollen malformation

42
Q

What have experiments shown UVB does to pollen?

A

malformation & plant sterility (i.e. prevents reproduction)

43
Q

What volcanic event is synchronous with the PTME?

A

Siberian traps volcanism

44
Q

How much intrusive and extrusive rock was produced form the Siberian traps?

A

~11x106km3 intrusive
3x106km3 extrusive

45
Q

What is the only phenomenon which consistently correlates with mass extinction?

A

LIPs- large igneous provinces
(not all LIPS though i.e., OJP)

46
Q

How can mercury be evidence for volcanisms part on mass extinctions?

A

Hg (mercury) originate from volcanism
Released by weathering igneous rock
Hg incorporated in sediment and primary producer
Hg concentration peak in Permian-Triassic

47
Q

When did the Laki fissure eruption occur?

A

1783-84

48
Q

How much basaltic lava was produced by laki 1783?

A

18-20km*3

49
Q

How many megaton of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid were produced at laki 1783

A

Fluoric= 15
Chloric= 7

50
Q

How many megatons of sulphur dioxide was produced by laki 1783

A

122

51
Q

What was the ejection height of Laki 1783?

A

13km

52
Q

What was the affected area of the aerosol rich fog produced by Laki 1783?

A

N. Hemisphere for 5 month

53
Q

What did emissions from Laki do to plants and soils in N. Europe?

A

Stunted plant growth and acidified soils

54
Q

What did toxins (like fluorine emissions) from Laki do to food chains?

A

concentrated up food chain and led to mass mortality of livestock and bone disease (fluorosis) in humans

55
Q

What historical political event is linked to the Laki eruption 1783?

A

the famine linked to the French revolution

56
Q

What are the short term effect of volcanic gases up to 10 years (weather based)?

A

Ozone depletion
Acid rain
Cooling
Regional warming

57
Q

What are the long term effects on climate of volcanic gas emissions?

A

Global warming

58
Q

Whose hypothesis is based around thermogenic gases?

A

Svensens’s

59
Q

What can be another reason why carbon might be released associated to volcanism?

A

Sills and dikes can cooking organic rich sediments like coal (light carbon) and limestone (heavy carbon)

60
Q

How much did land extinction predate ocean extinction for the PTME?

A

10-100 years

61
Q

What are the general factors that led terrestrial ecosystem destruction and extinction?

A

Heating and drying of climate, gaseous pollution & UVB from Siberian traps volcanism

62
Q

What fuelled wildfires during the PTME?

A

Land extinction caused loss of plants/ drying of plant matter so burn more readily
More weathering of soil (no plant protect or root stability), leading to temp rise and more wildfire (started by lightning strikes)

63
Q

How many lightning strikes are there on earth surface per second?

A

100

64
Q

What happens to marine settings due to increased weathering?

A

More organic matter ends up in ocean
Nutrient flux
Eutrophication
Algal bloom
Algae respire
Oxygen used up (anoxic environment)

65
Q

Was the start of the Siberian traps extrusive or intrusive and how de we know?

A

Extrusive- as damage to terrestrial ecosystem by 1 large volcanic pulse which pushed organisms over the edge of threshold

66
Q

What was the problem in the early Triassic with co2 emissions?

A

There was no vegetation to absorb the CO2 so it got stuck in the atmosphere

67
Q

How long will it usually take for volcanic greenhouse conditions to return to background conditions?

A

100 Ka to 1 Ma after volcanism ceases

68
Q

How long did the Triassic super-greenhouse conditions persist for?

A

~5 million years

69
Q

What do earth system models predict was the reason for such a long persistence of green house conditions post PTME/ Siberian traps?

A

catastrophic loss of global terrestrial biomass and vegetation so no sequestration of CO2

70
Q

What are the direct products of volcanism from the Siberian traps?

A

CO2, SO2, Cl, F, NOx emissions
Toxic metal emissions
Thermogenic gas emissions

71
Q

What is the kill mechanism from SO2 emissions from the Siberian traps?

A

Volcanic darkness, cooling and
photosynthetic shutdown
Acid rain

72
Q

What are the Kill mechanisms from Cl, F and NOx emissions from the Siberian traps?

A

Acid rain
Ozone depletion and increased UVB

73
Q

What is the kill mechanism from the Siberian trap increase in co2 emissions?

A

Global warming (leading to ocean anoxia)
Ocean acidification

74
Q

What is the kill mechanism for thermogenic gases?

A

Ocean acidification

75
Q

What are the 2 most accepted theories for the extinction of dinosaurs at the end of the cretaceous?

A

Volcanic activity
Impact of an asteroid or comet

76
Q

What did Lyell say about the past?

A

present is the key to the past, the past is a key to the future

77
Q

What are some calling the 6th mass extinction?

A

anthropogenic mass extinction

78
Q

How far back do anthropogenic extinctions go back?

A

12,000 years to the end of the last ice age

79
Q

What is the anthropogenic=/ age extinction rate like?

A

exceptionally fast rate

80
Q

What are the causes of the exceptionally fast extinction rate of the anthropogenic age?

A

Hunting
Habitat loss
Climate change
Pollution

81
Q

What is a way present day extinction risk is monitored and measured?

A

IUCN red list

82
Q

What does IUCN stand for?

A

International Union for the Conservation of Nature

83
Q

How many species are threatened by extinction on IUCN red list?

A

37,400

Earth System- 29992 (24 decks)

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