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Earth System- 29992 > Anthroposphere 1 > Flashcards

Anthroposphere 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What geology does the ‘blue swoosh’ sit on? (American elections)

A

The blue swoosh sits on cretaceous sandwiched between old and younger rock

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2
Q

What states does the blue swoosh sit in?

A

North Carolina
Alabama
South Carolina
Georgia

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3
Q

Besides just geology what else does the blue swoosh link up with in relation to human history?

A

The black belt- relating to the higher proportion of slaves moved to the area to grow cotton with data being taken from 1839

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4
Q

What was the black belt originally associated with?

A

A part of the states distinguished by the colour of the soil (thick, dark, naturally rich)

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5
Q

What was the term black belt used to describe post the world wars?

A

In political sense to designate counties where black people outnumbered white

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6
Q

What was the black belt defined as in 2000?

A

Any Southern countie with at least 40% African American population

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7
Q

How are the ‘blue swoosh’ and the ‘black belt’ connected?

A

Most Black Americans vote Democrat (blue)
Swoosh result of presence of descendants of enslaved people

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8
Q

What is the reason for the fertile cretaceous soils in the blue swoosh area?

A

Paleoclimate:
Cretaceous coastline
Warm, productive ocean
Rich in organic matter
Alkaline chalk (alkalinity good for soils)

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9
Q

Why wasn’t the blue swoosh present in 1972?

A

right to vote, poll taxes, physical
violence, suppressed the
Black vote

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10
Q

What was passed and amended between 1965-75 that led to the appearance of the blue swoosh?

A

Voting rights act

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11
Q

What was the reason there was no blue swoosh in 1976 and 80?

A

A Democrat from Georgia was in the presidential election

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12
Q

What is the potential uk example of the blue swoosh?

A

Between conservative and labour where labour are found popular in old coal mine towns due to conservative shut down

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13
Q

What has the expansion of civilisation allowed it to become?

A

A geosystem

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14
Q

What hypothesis was proposed by Schmidt and Frank about the potential that there has been another civilisation on our planet?

A

The Silurian hypothesis

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15
Q

What is the basis of the Silurian hypothesis?

A

understanding of how often, given that life has arisen and that some species
are intelligent, does an industrial civilization develop

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16
Q

What are the 2 main direct potential sources of evidence of ancient civilisations?

A

Fossils
Urbanisation

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17
Q

What potential indirect sources of evidence for ancient civilisations are there?

A

Geochemical tracers
Extinctions/Radiations
Non-naturally occurring materials

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18
Q

What equation can be used to measure the human impact on earth?

A

IPATS equation

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19
Q

What is the IPATS equation?

A

I= PAT*S

20
Q

What do the letters in the IPATS equation mean?

A

I: Impact
P: Population
A: Affluence (consumption and waste generation)
T: Technology
S: Sensitivity of a particular environment to human activity

21
Q

What problem do you get from using IPATS that was originally proposed with Malthus?

A

There will be a point of crisis where the population will exceed the resources available (scrooge- decrease the surplus population)

22
Q

What is the vulnerability to climate change and co2 emissions pattern?

A

Those which has the lowest emissions are the most vulnerable to climate change

23
Q

What main ways are humans affecting the geosphere?

A

Desertification
Soil erosion
Toxins

24
Q

What is desertification?

A

the expansion of deserts

25
Q

How are human actions causing desertification?

A

Overgrazing (albedo)
Urbanization/overuse of groundwater
(Climate change)

25
Q

What human activities are closely related to soil erosion?

A

Deforestation
Mining
Overgrazing

26
Q

How can toxins released by humans affect the geosphere?

A

Harmful chemicals leach into groundwater
Pesticides/herbicides
Radioactive waste

27
Q

What are the main ways/areas in which humans affect the hydrosphere?

A

Dams and diversions
Groundwater depletion
Surface water contamination
Groundwater contamination
Oil spills and marine disruption

28
Q

How do dams and diversions affect the hydrosphere?

A

River and estuarine ecosystems severely disrupted
Flooding

29
Q

What is the problem with mining groundwater?

A

Non-renewable resource

30
Q

How can humans cause surface water contamination?

A

Industrial effluent rich in organic matter and nutrients
Algal bloom, decay consumes oxygen, leads to eutrophication

31
Q

What is the effect of oil spills/ marine disruption?

A

Eutrophication
Ocean acidification

32
Q

What human actions affect the atmopshere?

A

Increase in GHGs
Transport of pollutants
Stratospheric ozone depletion
Smog
Acid rain

33
Q

What are the main ways humans are affecting the biosphere?

A

Loss of forest
Overfishing
Coral bleaching
Biodiversity loss

34
Q

What is the effect of a loss of forests?

A

Upsets the hydrological cycle
Leads to soil erosion
Carbon budget implications

35
Q

What does RCP stand for?

A

Representative Concentration Pathways

36
Q

What are RCPs?

A

describe plausible emissions trajectories based on different economic and technological assumptions

37
Q

What are the 4 main RCPs?

A

RCP8.5= no mitigation
RCP6.0= some mitigation
RCP4.5= serious mitigation
RCP2.6= insane mitigation

38
Q

What is equilibrium climate sensitivity?

A

the equilibrium climate response to doubling CO2 from 280ppm (pre industrial) to 560ppm.

39
Q

What is the final climate response dictated by in the equilibrium climate sensitivity equation?

A

Forcing depends on the net sum of all feedbacks (+ and -)

40
Q

What are the uncertainties of future climate change?

A

How much greenhouse gas will humanity release?
What is the true value of equilibrium climate sensitivity?
Model uncertainty

41
Q

What happens regionally with every increment of climate change?

A

regional changes in mean climate and extremes become more pronounced

42
Q

How much warmer was 2011-20 than 1850-1900?

A

1.1*c

43
Q

When was the last time global surface temperatures were sustained above 2.5*c?

A

3 million years ago

44
Q

What is the heat-humidity risk for human health?

A

It might get to the point where humans are unable to perspire to cool down

45
Q
A

Earth System- 29992 (24 decks)

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