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Earth System- 29992 > Hydrosphere 2 session 2 > Flashcards

Hydrosphere 2 session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How can liquid water be described?

A

Chaotic
Highly polar (electrical charge)

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2
Q

What does the electrical charge within water create?

A

loose hydrogen bond between +O and -H

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3
Q

What does the loose H bond in liquid water cause?

A

adhesive/ sticky
surface tension

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4
Q

What happens to water density as it freezes?

A

it looses density

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5
Q

What happens to waters structure as it freezes?

A

rigid structure- hexagonal structure
more space between molecules

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6
Q

What is the environmental benefit to liquid water being sticky and has surface tension?

A

allows for higher plants (trees form lowest trophic level)
Water able to move in plants by capillary action

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7
Q

What state of water is very rare in the universe?

A

liquid water

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8
Q

What is the unique behaviour of water?

A

when cooled to 4*c liquid water contracts colder then this it begins to expand again

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9
Q

How much will water expand upon freezing?

A

9%

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10
Q

What does ice having a lower density allow it to do?

A

float on top of liquid water

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11
Q

What is the effect of having ice floating on top of water?

A

profound effect on albedo as lighter surface sits above darker

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12
Q

What are the main reservoirs within the hydrological cycle?

A

Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere/ surface water
Groundwater

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13
Q

What is an example of solid water that can be found on another planet in the solar system and what is it composed of?

A

Martian ice cap
H20 and CO2 ice

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14
Q

Where has ice been recently discovered within our solar system?

A

surface of our moon within the regolith

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15
Q

What is Venus like at present and what was it like in the past?

A

Present- 480*c, High CO2 driving runaway GHG effect
Past- when sun weaker liquid water

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16
Q

How do Jupiter’s moons show ice and potential liquid water evidence?

A

Ganymede is frigid has thick ice ‘lithosphere’
Europa may has vast underground ocean giving fracture texture on surface

17
Q

What is the proportion of ocean to fresh water?

A

97.5% ocean
2.5% fresh

18
Q

How is the global 2.5% fresh water split between frozen and unfrozen?

A

Frozen (glaciers and ice caps)- 74%
Unfrozen- 26%

19
Q

What is the proportion of unfrozen freshwater which is surface or ground water?

A

Groundwater- 98.5%
Surface water- 1.5%

20
Q

What are the 2 types of aquifer?

A

Confined
Unconfined

21
Q

What is an unconfined aquifer?

A

permeable rock fed by surface water usually water within soil/ rock particles

22
Q

What is a confined aquifer?

A

an impermeable rock that is dissolved forming cavities which water will collect in

23
Q

What is a karst system?

A

type of landscape where the dissolving of the bedrock has created sinkholes, sinking streams, caves, springs, and

24
Q

What types of rock are karst systems related to?

A

limestone
marble
gypsum

25
Q

What is the difference between stalagmites and stalactites?

A

stalactites- ceiling
Stalagmites- floor

26
Q

How do stalagmites form?

A

limestone dissolves
water becomes super saturated in CaCO3 and CO2
When reach cavity CO2 degases and CaCO3 precipitates

27
Q

What can stalagmites be compared to as for a paleoclimate reconstructor?

A

ice cores
but no gas bubbles contained

28
Q

What has stalagmite evidence shown there is a link between?

A

Major drying mid Holocene in SE Asia linked to Green Sahara termination

29
Q

What might the link between drying of SE Asia and Green Sahara termination have meant for human settlement characteristics?

A

Potential driver of transition from hunter gatherer to cereal farmer

30
Q

What was Angkor Wat called?

A

the hydraulic city

31
Q

Why was Angkor Wat called the hydraulic city?

A

built on a vast water management system of canals, reservoirs and tanks that provided a constant supply of water for crops

32
Q

What was the size of Angkor Wat?

A

one of the largest cities on the planet with 1 million population

33
Q

What was used to show the full scale of Angkor Wat?

A

Lidar- laser scanning

34
Q

How are stalagmites and tree rings linked for Angkor Wat?

A

Show evidence of a prolonged drought period??

35
Q

What evidence is there in Angkor Wat that there was a failure of the water management infrastructure?

A

Bridges over canals repaired with stones from temple showing rushed job with little proper planning

Earth System- 29992 (24 decks)

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