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Earth System- 29992 > Atmosphere 1- Insolation & Earths Energy Balance - Sarah Greene > Flashcards

Atmosphere 1- Insolation & Earths Energy Balance - Sarah Greene Flashcards

1
Q

What is a system?

A

a portion of the universe separated from another part of the universe to monitor change

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2
Q

What are 2 examples of systems? (general)

A

the earth
a beaker of water
a flock of birds

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3
Q

What is an isolated system?

A

no energy or matter exchanged with the outside

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4
Q

What are the three types of system? (earth systems)

A

Isolated
Closed
Open

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5
Q

what is a closed system?

A

Energy exchanged but not matter

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6
Q

What is an open system?

A

Energy and matter exchanged

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7
Q

What are all the parts of the climate system?

A

Atmosphere
Cryosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Anthroposphere

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8
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work

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9
Q

What are some of the energy sources for earths surface?

A

Accretionary heat
Radioactive heat
Tidal heating
Core formation
Solar energy

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10
Q

What is Accretionary heat?

A

energy left from earths formation

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11
Q

What is radioactive energy?

A

Energy released from radioactive decay

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12
Q

What is tidal heating?

A

Frictional heating caused by distortion

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13
Q

How does earths surface get energy from core formation?

A

crystallisation releases latent heat

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14
Q

Where does the vast amount of earths surface energy come from?

A

from our closest star- the sun

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15
Q

How much of earths surface energy come from the sun? (%)

A

99.99%

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16
Q

What drives energy from the sun?

A

nuclear fusion

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17
Q

What is the basis on insolation by spatial patterns?

A

distribution of solar rays is affected by latitude

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18
Q

What will solar intensity be like at 45*?

A

acute angle so less intense oblique rays

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19
Q

What will temperature be like with less intense solar rays?

A

cooler

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20
Q

What will solar intensity be like at 90*?

A

more solar intensity

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21
Q

What will temperature be like with more intense solar rays?

A

warmer

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22
Q

What are the equinoxes in orbit temporal patterns?

A

the earth receives different amounts of energy based on tilt and closeness to the sun

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23
Q

How much does does the radiation at the top of the earths axes vary? (%)

A

3.5%

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24
Q

What creates an energy balance?

A

incoming energy degraded into longer wavelength radiation re-radiated to outer space this balances with incoming solar

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25
Q

How many terawatts of energy flow does earth receive?

A

greater than 174,000

26
Q

What is insolation?

A

solar energy reaching earths surface per unit area (Watt/m*2)

27
Q

What is earths solar constant? (W/m*2)

A

1368 W/m*2

28
Q

What is albedo?

A

proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected unchanged

29
Q

What will a high albedo surface be like?

A

highly reflective

30
Q

What factors can affect albedo?

A

clouds
land surface

31
Q

What is re-radiation?

A

proportion solar energy not reflected but is absorbed into earth system by materials in atmosphere and land surface

32
Q

What can transfer energy around the earth system?

A

weather
wind
waves
plant growth

33
Q

What eventually happens to energy transferred around the earth system?

A

eventually turns to heat which is re-radiated

34
Q

What is blackbody?

A

an ideal theoretical object where both emits and absorbed radiation perfectly at all wavelengths

35
Q

What is the Stefan Boltzmann law?

A

energy radiated by black body proportional to fourth power of its absolute temperature

36
Q

What is earths albedo when calculating if earth is a blackbody?

A

0.3

37
Q

Based on the blackbody equation what would earths temp be?

A

-23*C

38
Q

Why do we know the earth blackbody equation isnt the case?

A

earth would be frozen if at -23*C

39
Q

How would you describe earths atmosphere?

A

dynamic but roughly stable

40
Q

What would happen is outflow imbalance compared to inflow?

A

temperature would be infinite growth and vice versa 0K (kelvin)

41
Q

What is power emitted by radiation sensitive to?

A

temperature

42
Q

How does increased temperature affect infrared emissions?

A

significantly increased

43
Q

What happens when temperature reaches a certain level with inflow and outflow of energy?

A

will reach a point of balance where emission into space balances solar energy inflow

44
Q

What happens if there is any change of in for outflows in energy from the earth system?

A

will usually return earth to a new steady state at different temperature average

45
Q

What is the amount of energy input from the sun like on a short timescale? (only a few years)

A

steady relatively stable

46
Q

What is the variation like in energy input from the sun like on a short timescale? (%)

A

0.5% so almost constant

47
Q

What affects the amount of energy input from the sun on a medium timescale? (millennia)

A

changes in orbit

48
Q

What can change amount of energy input from the sun on a long timescale? (billions of years)

A

sun steadily brightens

49
Q

What was the suns emissions like when it was a very young star?

A

4.6 billion years ago emitted 70% of present energy

50
Q

What can soot and aerosol particles from volcanoes do to radiation?

A

cause it to be scattered and or absorbed

51
Q

what are some examples of different land surfaces affecting albedo?

A

ice cover - light white surface high albedo
ocean/ land- darker low albedo more absorbed

52
Q

Are GHG natural or artificial?

A

Both

53
Q

What naturally happens when solar energy reaches earth?

A

1/3 scattered
rest absorbed

54
Q

What forms does solar energy reach earth?

A

UV
visible light

55
Q

What type of energy does earth emit to space?

A

infrared

56
Q

What happens to some of the infrared emitted by earth? (Natural GHG effect)

A

some is absorbed by GHG in the atmosphere

57
Q

What is the benefit of the natural GHG effect absorbing some of the emitted infrared?

A

reason earth average temp is 14c instead of -23c (earth blackbody equation)

58
Q

How can graphs show earth is not a blackbody?

A

there would be smooth curves on the graph but earth graph has variation between surface and atmosphere (for energy levels)

59
Q

How much more GHG are in the atmosphere as a result of human actions? (%)

A

43%

60
Q

Who discovered the GHG effect?

A

Euness foot was first to do work on GHG effect unknown how many others relied upon on works

61
Q
A

Earth System- 29992 (24 decks)

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