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Earth System- 29992 > Lithosphere 1 - the Wilson cycle > Flashcards

Lithosphere 1 - the Wilson cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What did Wilson produce in 1968?

A

Six-stage Wilson Cycle of opening & closing of basins

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2
Q

What are the three tectonic cycles part of the Wilson cycle?

A

Ocean opening
Ocean closing
Cratonic

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3
Q

What are the 3 stages of ocean closing on the Wilson cycle?

A

4- Declining ocean
5- Terminal ocean
6- Continental orogen

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3
Q

What are the 3 stages of ocean opening on the Wilson cycle?

A

1- embryonic rift
2-Young ocean
3- mature ocean

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3
Q

What are the 2 stages of cratonic on the Wilson cycle?

A

7- Relic scar/ geosuture
8- Intercratonic sag basin

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4
Q

What is an example of embryonic rift?

A

Gulf of Suez Egypt

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5
Q

What is an example of young ocean?

A

Red Sea

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6
Q

What is an example of mature ocean?

A

Atlantic ocean

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7
Q

What is an example of declining ocean?

A

Pacific ocean

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8
Q

What is an example of terminal ocean?

A

Black sea

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9
Q

What is an example of continental orogen?

A

Indus line in the Himalayas

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10
Q

What is an example of relic scar/ geosuture?

A

Australia

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11
Q

What is an example of Intracratonic sag basin?

A

West Siberia Russia

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12
Q

What are the dominant crustal motions and drivers in the embryonic rift?

A

Rapid basin subsidence (Crustal thinning)
Localised uplift (thermal)

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13
Q

What are the dominant crustal motions and drivers in the young ocean ?

A

basin subsidence (thermal)
divergence/spreading (ridge push?)

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14
Q

What are the dominant crustal motions and drivers in the mature ocean ?

A

basin subsidence (thermal)
divergence/spreading (ridge push?)

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15
Q

What are the dominant crustal motions and drivers in the declining ocean ?

A

Shrinking/subduction
local subsidence (flexure and slab pull?)

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16
Q

What are the dominant crustal motions and drivers in the Terminal ocean ?

A

Shrinking/subduction
Local uplift (compression)
subsidence (flexure)

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17
Q

What are the dominant crustal motions and drivers in the Continental orogen?

A

Regional uplift (crustal shortening)

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18
Q

What are the dominant crustal motions and drivers in the relic scar/ geosuture ?

A

Stable onshore continental setting

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19
Q

What are the dominant crustal motions and drivers in the Intracratonic sag basin ?

A

Slow/gradual basin Subsidence (thermal?)

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20
Q

What are the Geological and geomorphic
characteristics of embryonic rift?

A

Rift valleys

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21
Q

What are the Geological and geomorphic
characteristics of young oceans ?

A

Narrow seaways with central depression
young active spreading ridge

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22
Q

What are the Geological and geomorphic
characteristics of mature ocean?

A

Large ocean basins with active spreading ridge

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23
Q

What are the Geological and geomorphic
characteristics of declining ocean ?

A

Island arcs and deep ocean trenches round
ocean margins

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24
Q

What are the Geological and geomorphic
characteristics of ?

A
25
Q

What are the Geological and geomorphic
characteristics of terminal ocean?

A

Young mountains and restricted seaways

26
Q

What are the Geological and geomorphic
characteristics of Continental orogen?

A

Young, extensive, high mountains, foreland
basins

27
Q

What are the Geological and geomorphic
characteristics of Relic scars/ geosuture?

A

Extensive plains and low relief topography

28
Q

What are the Geological and geomorphic
characteristics of intracratonic sag basin?

A

Wide, shallow basins in terrestrial to shallow marine setting

29
Q

What are the igneous rock types in embryonic rift ?

A

Tholeitic basalts, alkali basalt centres (hot
spots)

30
Q

What are the igneous rock types in young ocean?

A

Tholeiitic basalts (inc. MORB), alkali basalt
centres (hot spots)

31
Q

What are the igneous rock types in mature ocean?

A

Tholeiitic basalts (inc. MORB), alkali basalt
centres (hot spots)

32
Q

What are the igneous rock types in declining ocean?

A

Andesites, granodiorites at margins

33
Q

What are the igneous rock types in terminal ocean?

A

Volcanics, granodiorite at margins

34
Q

What are the igneous rock types in continental orogen?

A

Minor

35
Q

What are the igneous rock types in relic/geosuture ?

A

Minor

36
Q

What are the igneous rock types in intracratonic sag basin?

A

Limited

37
Q

What are the sedimentary systems within a embryonic rift?

A

Minor sedimentation,
terrestrial (fluvial, alluvial, lacustrine) to
shallow marine setting

38
Q

What are the sedimentary systems within a young ocean?

A

Shelf and basin deposits; evaporites common

39
Q

What are the sedimentary systems within a mature ocean?

A

Abundant shelf to deep marine deposits

40
Q

What are the sedimentary systems within a declining ocean?

A

Abundant deposits derived from island arcs

41
Q

What are the sedimentary systems within a terminal ocean?

A

Abundant deposits derived from island arcs; evaporites possible

42
Q

What are the sedimentary systems within a continental orogen?

A

Extensive terrestrial (aeolian red beds) and
marine clastic systems

43
Q

What are the sedimentary systems within a relic scar/ geosuture?

A

Terrestrial (aeolian red beds)

44
Q

What are the sedimentary systems within a intracratonic sag basin?

A

Regionally extensive sedimentary systems in a Paralic setting

45
Q

What metamorphism occurs in a embryonic rift?

A

Negligible

46
Q

What metamorphism occurs in a young ocean?

A

Minor (local low grade/thermal)

47
Q

What metamorphism occurs in a mature ocean?

A

Minor (local low grade/thermal)

48
Q

What metamorphism occurs in a declining ocean?

A

Locally extensive (moderate)

49
Q

What metamorphism occurs in a terminal ocean?

A

Locally extensive (moderate -high)

50
Q

What metamorphism occurs in a continental orogen?

A

Extensive (high)

51
Q

What metamorphism occurs in a relic scar/ geosuture?

A

Minor

52
Q

What metamorphism occurs in a intracratonic sag basin?

A

Negligible

53
Q

What cycle does continental landmass go through?

A

between super continent and fragmentation

54
Q

What happens over time to mountains in continental orogen?

A

exposed to erosional processes

55
Q

What is a passive margin?

A

when continental and oceanic crusts meet but arent partaking in any tectonic processes

56
Q

What can happen to a passive margin?

A

can become active if denser oceanic plate begins to subduct

57
Q

What does the subduction oceanic plate promote?

A

Slab pull as the gravitational force of the plate “pulls” the plate at the mid ocean ridge

58
Q

What is the flip side of oceanic closing?

A

Continental assembly

59
Q

What can cause variations in hydrological and terrestrial ecosystems?

A

tectonic situation

60
Q

What is icehouse earth?

A

Cooler period, continental ice sheets
(lots of collision)

61
Q

What is greenhouse earth?

A

warmer period, no continental ice sheets
lots of rifting

62
Q
A

Earth System- 29992 (24 decks)

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