Peripheral Vascular System

Question 1

Arteries

Answer 1

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries

pulmonary artery carries oxygen depleted blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Question 2

Atrial Network

Answer 2

is a high pressure system

arteries have no valves so blood is propelled under pressure from the left ventricle of the heart

thick and strong due to high pressure and are elastic/stretchy

Question 3

Grading Pulses

Answer 3

3+=increased or bounding
2+=Normal
1+=Weak
0=Absent

Question 4

Veins

Answer 4

Carry deoxygenated, nutrient depleted blood from the tissues to the heart

Veins contain nearly 70% of the blood volume

low pressure system so have thin walls

veins have larger diameter than arteries

are able to explain if blood volume increases thereby, decreasing workload on the heart

Question 5

Pulmonary vein

Answer 5

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Question 6

Arterial insufficiency

Answer 6

cold, pale, clammy skin on the extremities and thin, shinny skin with loss of hair, especially over the legs

Question 7

Venous insufficiency

Answer 7

warm skin, edema and brown pigmentation around the ankles

Question 8

Peripheral arterial disease

Answer 8

develops over a lifetime

Question 9

Intermittent claudication

Answer 9

one of the first symptoms before some of the physical changes

characterized by weakness, cramping aching, fatigue or pain with activity located in the calves, thigh or buttocks but barely in the feet

symptoms are relieved by rest but reproducible when activity resumes

Question 10

Peripheral venous disease

Answer 10

not as common as PAD, often they occur together

associated with delayed wound healing

symptoms include heaviness in the legs

aching sensation in legs aggravated by standing or sitting for long periods of time, leg edema or varioscites

Question 11

Varicose Veins

Answer 11

Are hereditary but may develop from increased venous pressure and venous pooling

standing in one place for long periods of time increases risk for variosities

Question 12

ulcers

Answer 12

associated with arterial disease are usually painful and are often located on the toes, foot, or lateral ankle

Question 13

venous ulcers

Answer 13

are usually painless and occur on the lower leg of medial ankle

Question 14

Peripheral edema

Answer 14

results from obstruction of the lymphatic flow or from venous insufficiency

prominent venous pattern with edema indicates venous obstruction

edema can also occur with deep vein thrombosis (clots)

Question 15

ED

Answer 15

central arterial or venous disease may be manifested early as erectile dysfunction

may occur due to decreased blood flow or an occlusion in a blood vessel

Question 16

Lymphedema

Answer 16

results from blocked lymphatic circulation often from breast surgery

usually affects one extremity causing induration and non pitting edema

no change in pigment

Question 17

Raynaud disorder

Answer 17

a vascular disorder caused by vasoconstriction or vasospasm of the fingers and toes

characterized by rapid changes of color (pallor, cyanosis and redness) swelling, pain, numbness, tingling, burning, throbbing and coldness

disorder is usually bilaterally

lasts minutes to hours and affects about 5% of the population

Question 18

Raynoud Phenomenon

Answer 18

First color: white (pallor)
second color: blue (cyanosis)
third color: red (rubor)

Question 19

First color: white

Answer 19

(pallor)

cause: arteriospasm which results in a supple deficit

patient may have cold, numbness, or pain

Question 20

Second: blue

Answer 20

(cyanosis)

cause: a slight relaxation of the anteriospasm that allows a slow trickle of blood through the capillaries and increased oxygen extraction of hemoglobin

patient may have cold, numbness or pain

Question 21

Third: red

Answer 21

(rubor)

cause: blood return to the dilated capillary bed

Patient will experience burning, throbbing pain, swelling

Question 22

Cool extremities

Answer 22

A cool extremity may be a sign of arterial insufficiency

cold hands are normal finding in Raynaud

Question 23

Capillary refill

Answer 23

indicates peripheral perfusion and reflects cardiac output

Abnormal finding would be a capillary refill of over 2 seconds

indicates: vasoconstriction, decreased cardiac output, shock, arterial occlusion or hypothermia

Question 24

Allen test

Answer 24

make patient hold a fist and use both hands to hold the radial and ulnar arteries

have the patient open their hand because of the lack of blood supply it will appear blanched

release the pressure over the ulnar after and watch the palm fill up with blood again within 3 to 5 seconds

Question 25

Allen test results

Answer 25

Normal: pill coloration returns to the palm within 3-5 seconds if the ulnar and radial arteries are patent

Abnormal: with arterial insufficiency occlusion of the ulnar or radial artery, pallor will persist
-you should not puncture this artery

Question 26

Lower legs pallor with elevation and rubor when dependent

Answer 26

Arterial insufficiency

Question 27

Dark colored toes

Answer 27

seen with arterial insufficiency and is gangrene

Question 28

Cyanosis legs

Answer 28

suggest venous insufficiency

Question 29

A rusty, ruddy, or brownish pigmentation

Answer 29

venous insufficiency

Question 30

Loss of hair and thin, shiny skin

Answer 30

arterial insufficiency

Question 31

Pitting

Answer 31

systemic: associated with heart failure or hepatic cirrhosis
local: venous stasis due to insufficiency or obstruction or prolonged periods of standing or sitting

Question 32

Coolness in legs as you move down the legs

Answer 32

arterial insufficiency

Question 33

Increased warmth as you move down the legs

Answer 33

superficial thromophelbetis inflammation to the tissue

Question 34

Bilateral coolness

Answer 34

the room is too cold

patient has anemia

patient is anxious or just smoked a cig: vasoconstriction

Question 35

Peripheral Artery Disease

Answer 35

Circulatory problem where arteries that carry blood to the arms and legs become narrowed or clogged

Question 36

Arterial insufficiency

Answer 36

Pulses may be decreased or absent

skin is cool, pale and shiny

coldness in the lower leg when compared to the other extremity

hairless in area

pain in legs after activity (intermittent claudication)

altercations typically occur in the area around the toes

nails may be thick and ridges

reptile dysfunction in men

Question 37

Arterial ulcers

Answer 37

occur on the lower leg over sites of pressure or trauma at distant points like toes and heels

exudation is minimal

Question 38

Venous insufficiency

Answer 38

is a condition where the flow of blood through the veins is inadequate, causing blood to pool in the legs

caused by several different vein disorders, but most often caused by either blood clots or varicose veins

Question 39

Arterial thrombosis

Answer 39

blood clot in an artery

blood clots usually don’t have symptoms until it blocks the flow of blood to the part of the body

heart attacks, critical limb ischemia, stroke or TIA(Mini strokes) causes it. (MED EMERGENCIES)

Question 40

Arterial Thrombosis and atherosclerosis

Answer 40

Arterial thrombosis usually associated with atherosclerosis

risk factors: age, smoking, an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being overweight or obese , drinking excessive amount of alcohols

Question 41

Arterial Embolisms

Answer 41

a moving clot

an embolism is a blocked artery caused by a fb, such as a blood clot or an air bubble

if the blood supply to a major organ is blocked, the organ will lose some or all of its function

Question 42

Two most serious conditions caused by an embolism

Answer 42

stroke: where the blood supply to the brain is cut off

pulmonary embolism: where a foreign body blocks the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs (the pulmonary artery)

Question 43

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

Answer 43

(DVT)
Is a blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body, usually in the leg

blood clots that develops in a vein are also known as venous thrombosis

Question 44

Deep vein thrombosis development

Answer 44

anyone can develop DVT, but it becomes more common over the age of 40

Being pregnant your blood also clots more easily during pregnancy

overweight or obese

blood vessels damage results in blood clots

being inactive for long periods of time can cause blood clots

history of blood clots

Question 45

Symptoms of a DVT

Answer 45

sudden onset of intense, sharp, deep muscle pain

increased warmth

swelling

redness

dependent cyanosis that are mild or absent

tender to paplpation

positive humans signs: pain in calf with dorsiflexion of the food

DVT can travel to the lung and become a Pulmonary Embolism (PE) which is an emergency condition