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Health Assessment > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Crepitation

A

an audible and palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement.

Occurs when the articular surfaces in the joints are roughed as in Rheumatoid Arthritis

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2
Q

Active Rom

A

Have patient model your movements

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3
Q

Passive Rom

A

if you see a limitation you want to gently attempt motion with the patient’s muscle relaxed while your move the body part

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4
Q

Range of motion

when to do it

A

prevent contractures

maintain join mobility

stimulate circulation

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5
Q

Range of motion

Contraindications

A

Acute arthritis

fractures

joint dislocations

acute cardiac conditions

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6
Q

Weight gain

A

increases physical stress and strain on the musculoskeletal system

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7
Q

Difficulty Chewing

A

Patients with TMJ dysfunction may describe their jaws “locking or stuck”

Jaw tenderness, pain, or clicking sound may be present with TMJ

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8
Q

Bone pain

A

dull, deep, and throbbing

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9
Q

Joint or muscle pain

A

aching pain

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10
Q

Sharp, knife-like pain

A

occurs with fractures and increases in intensity with movement

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11
Q

Osetoarthritis

A

begins in one joint on one side of the body

improves with rest worsens in rainy weather may have a grating sensation

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12
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

occurs on both side

worsens with rest, inconsistent pattern of pain (hot and sore)

stiffness on rising and diminishes in stiffness with activity

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13
Q

Diabetes Mellitus, sickle cell anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus or osteoporosis

A

all of these disorders place a person at risk for osteoporosis and osteomyelitis

type 1 diabetes increases risk of low bone density and increases fracture risk

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14
Q

Menopause

A

increases the risk of development of osteoporosis because of decreased estrogen levels and therefore, decrease in the density of bone mass

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15
Q

family history of rheumatoid arthritis, gout or osteoporosis

A

these conditions tend to run in families

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16
Q

Smoking and drinking

A

increases the risk of osteoporosis

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17
Q

Adequate protein

A

needed for muscle tone and bone growth

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18
Q

vitamin C

A

promotes healing of tissue and bones

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19
Q

Calcium deficiencies

A

increase the risk for osteoporosis

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20
Q

Vitamin D

A

required to absorb calcium

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21
Q

Too much purine

A

(meat, liver sardines, alcohol) can trigger gout

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22
Q

Occupation

A

certain job related activities increase the risk of join problems

incorrect body mechanics, poor posture, consistent repetitive wrist and hand movements (carpal tunnel syndrome)

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23
Q

Observe posture

A

posture is erect

slumped shoulders may be associated with depression

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24
Q

Observe Gait

A

should be evenly distributed weight

uneven weight bearing is evident

not any limping, shuffles, propels forward or has a wide based gait

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25
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Put your middle and index fingers just anterior to trigs (external ear opening)

  • ask patient to open as wide as possible :
  • move jaw from side to side.
  • protrude (push out) and retract (pull in) jaw
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26
Q

Snapping and clicking

A

may be felt and is normal unless associated with decreased ROM, swelling, tenderness or crepitus as seen in arthritis

test muscle strength by having patient to try to move jaw with resistance

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27
Q

TMJ Dysfunction

A

Jaw pain, difficulty chewing, and clicking and locking of the jaw joint

treatments include medications, bite guards, and physical therapy

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28
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral deviation of the spine

patient will lean to one side

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29
Q

Findings of Scoliosis

A

Uneven shoulder blade height and should blade prominence

unequal distance between the arms and the body

asymmetrical waistline

uneven hip height

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30
Q

Kyphosis

A

an abnormally rounded thoracic curve

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31
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormally concave lumbar spine

is normal in pregnant women and young children

32
Q

Lasegue Test or Straight Leg Raising Test

A

This maneuver will reproduce back and leg pain and may confirm presence of herniated disc

positive test if it reproduces sciatic pain; confirms presence of herniated disc

33
Q

Flat, hollow or less

A

rounded shoulders are seen with dislocation

34
Q

Muscle atrophy

A

is seen with nerve or muscle damage or lack of use

35
Q

tenderness, swelling and heat in the shoulders

A

noted with strains, sprains, arthritis, bursitis, and DJD

36
Q

Swelling in the elbows

A

can be seen with bursitis due to trauma or arthritis

37
Q

Swelling of the wrists

A

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

38
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

is a condition that causes numbness, tingling and other symptoms in the hand and arm

caused by a compressed nerve in the carpal tunnel, a narrow passageway on the palm side of your wrist

repetitive hand motions can contribute to it

39
Q

Carpal tunnel Syndrome

A

Proper treatment usually relieves the tingling and numbness and restores wrist and hand function

40
Q

Carpal tunnel Syndrome

A

tingling or numbness in the thumb and index, middle or ring fingers are affected, but not the little finger

sensation like electric shock in these fingers

weakness in the hand and a tendency to drop objects

41
Q

Tinel Sign

A

test for carpal tunnel

Lightly percuss the transverse carpal ligament over the median nerve where the patient’s palm and wrist meet

if this action produces numbness and tingling shooting into the palm and finger, the patient has tingle sign and may have carpal tunnel syndrome

42
Q

Phalen Test

A

test for carpal tunnel

have the patient put the back of the hands together and flex the wrists downward at a 90 degree angle for 60 seconds

pain or numbness in the hands or fingers during this maneuver indicates a positive Phalen Test (accurate 70%)

43
Q

Hands and Fingers

A

Symmetric, contender and without nodules

swollen, stiff finger joints are seen in Rheumatoid arthritis

boutonniere deformity and swan neck deformity are seen in long term rheumatoid arthritis

44
Q

osteoarthritis in hands and fingers

A

hard and painless nodules may be seen

heberden nodes over the distal finger joints

Bouchard nodes are seen over the proximal joints

45
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

a chronic, systemic inflammatory immune disorders

commonly affects bilateral joints

marked by remissions and unpredictable exacerbations

potentially crippling disease

swollen, painfull stiff joins especially in the hands are typical findings

46
Q

Chronic RA

A

deformities of the interphalangeal joints develop

ulnar deviation and swan neck boutonniere deformity

47
Q

Heberden and Bouchard Nodes

A

seen in osteoarthritis

the nodes may be red, swollen and painful initially

eventually they become painless but are associated with limited join mobility

48
Q

Hips

A

inability to abduct the hip is a sign of hip disease

pain and decrease in internal hip rotation may be a sign of OA or hip fracture

49
Q

Knees

A

Genu Valgum: Knees turn in (knock knees)

Genu Varum: Knees turn out (bowed legs)

swelling above or nest to the patella may indicate fluid in knee joint

tenderness and warmth with a boggy consistency by symptoms of synovitis

50
Q

McMurray Test

A

when the person is unable to extend the knee fully and get a pop or click

a click or palpable click is a positive McMurray test for a torn meniscus

51
Q

Bulge Sign

A

(swipe test)

use the bulge test to detect small amounts of fluid in the knee

give the medial side of the knee two to four firm strokes to displace excess fluid

tap the lateral aspect to expect for a fluid wave

52
Q

Ballottement

A

uses when larger amounts of fluid are present

left hand compress supra patellar pouch to move any fluid

right hand pushes patella sharply against femur you want to see if fluid is present

53
Q

Gout

A

tender, painful reddened, hot swollen great toes is seen in gout

examining well worn shoes helps assess areas of wear and accommodation

54
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

OA:more common among females than males

risk factors includes obesity, genetics, and previous trauma to a joint

caused by inflammation, breakdown, and eventual loss of cartilage in the joints

known as a DJD

55
Q

Osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass which increases the risk of fractures even spontaneously

painless condition when only becomes painful if there is a fracture or a broken bone

more common in women over the age of 50 and after menopause

56
Q

Osteoporosis key risk factors

A

Include advanced age, petite size, prior fractures, smoking, increased alcohol consumption, RA, diet needs, steroids

family history as well

staying active decreases risk of getting osteoporosis

57
Q

Gout

A

metabolic disorder in which uric acid deposits causing joints to become painful, arthritic, red and swollen

skin temperatures may be elevated due to the irritation and inflammation

symptoms include severe pain, redness, and swelling joints often in the big toe

attacks can come suddenly and often at night

diets rich in meat and seafood and drinking beverages sweetened with fruit sugar (fructose) increase levels of uric acid which increase your risk of gout

alcohol and especially beer increases the risk

58
Q

Strain vs Sprain

A

stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon (Strain)

of ligaments (sprain)

59
Q

common areas for strain and sprain

A

strains often occur in the lower back and in the hamstring

sprain often occurs in ankle

60
Q

treatment for sprains and strains

A

R=Rest
I=Ice
C=Compression
E=Elevation

61
Q

Circulatory Issues

A

6Ps

  1. Pallor
  2. Pulses
  3. Pain
  4. Paresthesia
  5. Paralysis
  6. Poikilothermai
62
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

a painful and dangerous condition caused by pressure buildup from internal bleeding or welling of tissues

pressure decreases blood blow, depriving muscles and nerves of oxygen

does not go away when you take medicine or raise the affected area

63
Q

Symptoms of compartment syndrome

A

includes unrelieved severe pain, sensation of pins and needles, and weakness of affected area

emergency surgery is needed for severe syndrome

64
Q

Elbow

A

flexion and extension of the forearm

supination and pronation of the forearm

65
Q

Shoulder

A

flexion and extension

abduction and adduction

circumduction

rotation

66
Q

wrist

A

flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction, radial and ulnar deviation

67
Q

fingers

A

flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction, abduction

68
Q

hip

A

flexion with knee flexed and with knee extended

extension and hyperextension

circumduction

rotation

abduction, adduction

69
Q

ankle and foot

A

ankle: plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
foot: inversion and eversion

70
Q

Range of motion table

A

0/5 no contraction
1/5 visible palpable muscle contraction but no movement
2/5 moment with gravity eliminated
3/5 movement against gravity only
4/5 movement against gravity with some resistance
5/5 movement against gravity with full resistance

71
Q

0/5

A

no contraction

paralysis

72
Q

1/5

A

visible/palpable muscle contraction but no movement

severe weakness

73
Q

2/5

A

movement with gravity eliminated

poor ROM

74
Q

3/5

A

movement against gravity only

average weakness

75
Q

4/5

A

Movement against gravity with some resistance

slight weakness

76
Q

5/5

A

Movement against gravity with full resistance

Normal

77
Q

When to contact provider with casted foot

A

the provider should always be notified if the fingers/toes become swollen, cold, pale, blue, of if patient can’t move them

Health Assessment (9 decks)

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