Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Health Assessment > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Diastole

A

The AV valves are open and the ventricles are relaxed

Higher the pressure in the atria causes the blood to rush through the atria into the ventricles

The atria contract and complete the emptying of blood out of the upper chamber by sending it to the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atrial Kick

A

towards the end of diastole the atria contract and push out the last of the blood into the ventricles (25% of the stroke volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Patients with atrial fibrillation lose this atrial kick which represents a 20-30% decrease in cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Signs and symptoms of Atrial fibrillation

A

palpitations (feeling like something is wrong with the heart beats), anxiety, fatigue, malaise, exercise intolerance, and nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Systole

A

The ventricles now contain a large amount of blood causing the pressure to be higher in the ventricles than atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Systole in the AV valves

A

causes AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) to snap shut causing the “S1” heart sound or lub and this is the start of systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Higher pressure…

A

the higher pressure inside the ventricles cause the aortic and pulmonic valves to open

blood is ejected rapidly though these valves

when the ventricles empty the closure makes the s2 or dub sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

S1 “Lub”

A

the result of closure of the AV valves: mitral and tricuspid

correlates the beginning of systole

heard best at the apex. Left MCL, 5th ICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

S2 “dub”

A

the result of closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic)

Correlates with the beginning of diastole

best heard at the base of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what conditions in S4 in?

A

Cardiac Atherosclerotic disease, pulmonic stenosis, hypertension, or aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Murmurs

A

blood usually flows silently through the heart

turbulent blood flow will make a sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conditions that contribute to turbulent blood flows or murmurs

A

increased blood velocity

structural valve defects

valve malfunction

abnormal chaser opening (like a septal defect)—abnormal connection between the lower chambers of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Systolic murmurs

A

Mitral regurgitation

physiologic murmurs

aortic stenosis

mitral valve prolapse

tricuspid regurgitation

septal defects

pulmonic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diastolic Murmurs

A

Aortic Regurgitation

mitral stenosis

Pulmonic regurgitation

tricuspid stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles during a given period of time (usually a minute)

CO is determined by the stroke volume

SV x HR= CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Factors influencing Stroke Volume

A

(preload). Increased preload=increased SV

(after load). Increased afterload=decreased SV

Synchronization of the contractions

compliance of the ventricles

contractility or the force of the contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neck vessels

A

The Carotid Artery and Jugular Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Carotid Artery

A

a central artery which means it is close to the heart in location

in timing coincides with ventricular systole

located between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Jugular Veins

A

empty directly into the right atrium

Indicates the function of the right side of the heart
[internal jugular lies deep

external jugular is more superficial. it lies lateral to the sternomastoid muscle about the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Heave or lift

A

a diffuse lifting during systole at the left lower sternal border is associated with right ventricular hypertrophy caused by pulmonic valve disease, pulmonic hypertension and chronic lung disease

a lift or heave palpated at the apex may be cause by left ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thrill

A

Palpate over the right second and third ICS for a thrill which indicates aortic stenosis and systemic hypertension

a thrill palpated over the left second and third ICS may indicate pulmonic stenosis and pulmonic hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pulse rate deficit

A

If you detect an irregular rhythm, subulate for a pulse rate deficit

the radial and apical pulse rates should be identical

pulse deficit is the difference between apical and the peripheral/radial pulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does pulse rate deficit indicate?

A

atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, premature ventricular contractions, and varying degrees of heart block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Second right ICS
aortic valve area
26
Second left ICS
pulmonic valve area
27
Third left ICS
Erb's Point
28
Left lower sternal border
tricuspid valve area
29
Fifth ICS
at around left midclavicular line: mitral valve area
30
S3 Ventricular Gallop
"Kentucky or Sloshing in" Ventricular gallop Can be heard early in diastole after s2 and seen in heart failure and fluid overload caused by blood hitting(ventricular vibration) the heart wall during rapid ventricular filling normal in young children, pregnant or well condition athletes usually associated with decreased myocardial contractility, myocardial failure, congestive heart failure and volume overload ju
31
S4 Atrial Gallop
"ten-nes-see or A stiff one" Can be heard late in diastole, just before S1 caused by blood flowing into a non-compliant ventricle or ventricular resistance (noncompliance during atrial contraction (Same thing) usually an abnormal finding associated with coronary artery disease, hypertension, aortic and pulmonic stenosis and acute MI
32
Summation Gallop
Simultaneous occurrence of s3 and s4 usually accompanied by tachycardia associated with severe heart disease
33
Causes of CVD
Genetics, environmental or lifestyle factors
34
Risk factors for Cardiac Risk
- Hyperlipidemia - Smoking - Hypertension - Diabetes - abdominal obesity - Psychosocial factors - inadequate consumption of fruits and veggies - alcohol use - lack of physical activity
35
Heart Failure
Heart failure usually begins with the left ventricle the right side of the heart will try to compensate but will not be able to undertake the workload-and will enlarge and fail
36
Left-sided Heart failure
the left ventricle of the heart is larger than the right ventricle and does most of the heart's pumping work occurs when the left ventricle does not pump efficiently and your body does not receive oxygen rich blood blood instead backs up into your lungs, causing shortness of breath and fluid accumulation that causes crackles causes hypertension
37
Right-sided Heart Failure
Affects the right side, or right ventricle of the heart usually results from left-sided heart failure, but it can also be a result of damage to the right ventricle from a heart attack when the left ventricle fails increased fluid pressure is forced back through the lungs damaging the hearts right side with the right side loss of pumping power blood backs up in the veins, causing the swelling in the body such as in ankles and legs pulmonic and tricuspid valve malfunction causes right sided heart failure
38
Angina
cardiac chest pain usually described as sensation of squeezing around the heart severe and steady pain and sense of pressure
39
Cardiac pain radiation
cardiac pain may radiate to the left shoulder and down the left arm or to the jaw
40
Associated factors with Angina
Diaphoresis, dyspnea, pallor, nausea, palpitations
41
Tachycardia within the heart
Tachycardia can be seen with weak heart muscles as the heart makes an attempt to increase cardiac output
42
Palpitations
the sense the heart is racing, pounding, fluttering, or skipping a beast. Usually never a sign of heart disease seen with anxiety may occur with an abnormality of the hearts conduction system (arrhythmias) or during the hearts attempt to increase cardiac output by increasing the heart rate
43
Fatigue
may result from compromised cardiac output related to decreased cardiac output is worse in the evening or as the day progresses
44
Dyspnea and the heart
May result from congestive heart failure, pulmonary disorders, coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction can occur at rest, during sleep or with mild moderate or extreme exertion
45
Orthnopnea and the heart
The need to sit more upright to breath easily due to fluid accumulation in the lungs
46
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
waking up from dyspnea during the night and is seen with heart failure due to redistribution of fluid from the ankles to the lungs when one lays down
47
Mucous
fluid accumulation in the lungs from heart failure can cause one to cough up white or pink sputum
48
Dizziness
Dizziness may indicate decreased blood flow to the brain due to myocardial damage there are several causes of dizziness such as inner ear syndromes, decreased circulation, and hypotension
49
Nocturia
waking up in the middle of the night to urinate increased renal perfusion during periods of rest or recumbent positions may cause nocturne which occurs with heart failure
50
Edema
Swelling in the lower extremities at night is seen in heart failure due to reduction of blood flow out of the heart, causing blood returning to the heart to back up in the organs and dependent areas of the body
51
Heartburn
cardiac pain may be misinterpreted as GI problems Gi pain usually occurs after meals and is relieved with antacids cardiac pain may occur anytime and is not relied with antacids and worsens with activities
52
Dsylipidemia
abnormal amount of lipids in the blood presents the greatest risk for developing coronary artery disease elevated cholesterol levels are linked to atherosclerosis
53
Afterload
The force against which the ventricle must expel blood pressure against which the heart muscle has to eject blood during the contraction increased afterload leads to decreased stroke volume
54
Preload
degree of stretch of the heart muscle before the contraction the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole increased preload leads to increase stroke volume
55
Common symptoms of myocardial infarction?
chest pain is the most common symptom resulting of deprivation of oxygen to the heart Dyspnea is the second most common symptom due to the increased metabolic needs of the body during an MI edema is a later sign of heart failure, often seen after MI
56
Palpitations
result from reduced cardiac output, producing arrhythmias
57
Cardiac pains and respiration
cardiac pains do not change with respiration cardiac pains are not considered knife like
58
After the ECG monitor and administering oxygen what should the nurse do next?
Start an IV afterwards you can call the doctor, obtain a radiograph, and draw blood
59
First intervention for a client experiencing MI?
Administering supplemental oxygen to the client is the first priority of care the myocardium is deprived of oxygen during an infarction, so additional oxygen is administered to assist in oxygenation and prevent further damage after oxygen you can use morphine and nitro
60
Jugular vein distention
Elevated venous pressure in the jugular indicates a failure of the heart to pump MI does not cause JVD!!!!
61
most Common associated with left-side heart failure
crackles in the lung are a classic sign of left-sided heart failure sounds are caused by fluid backing up into the pulmonary system
62
Arrhythmias are associated with
right and left sided heart failure
63
Pulmonary Edema
since the left ventricle is responsible for the majority of force for the cardiac output. If the left ventricle is damaged, the output decreases and fluid accumulated hence the pulmonary edema
64
If someone is unresponsive due to angina what do you do?
You immediately activate the resuscitation team if someone is unresponsive
65
If the apical pulse below the 5th intercostal space
means left ventricular enlargement

Health Assessment (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions