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Human Diseases > Peripheral vascular Disease > Flashcards

Peripheral vascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the arteries?

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2
Q

What is atherosclerosis caused by?

A

Plaque in the artery

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3
Q

What other diseases are often associated with patients with atherosclerosis?

A

Diabetes and kidney disease

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4
Q

What is PAD?

A

Periperal arterial disease

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5
Q

List 3 PADs?

A

Claudication
Critical ischaemia
Acute Ischaemia

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6
Q

What is claudication?

A

Pain in the leg on walking due to blocked or narrowed arteries

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7
Q

What causes pain in calf muscles whilst walking in claudication?

A

Blocked or narrowed arteries in the leg mean that blood flow cannot be increased during exercise so less oxygen is delivered = anaerobic respiration = build up of lactic acid

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8
Q

Answer these key points about claudication?
Does pain ever occur standing still or sitting?
Is it worse if you walk uphill or hurry?
What happens if you stand still?
Where do you get the pain or discomfort?

A

no
Yes
Goes away quickly (as lactic acid ‘ washed away’)
Typically in calf, sometime in buttock or thigh, not in foot or toes

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9
Q

List vascular risk factors for claudication?

A 
Mi/angina/heart failure
Stroke
Diabetes
Smoking status
Quality of life
exercise
Medications
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10
Q

How can claudication be treated?

A

Blood pressure control
Anti-platelets
Identify and control diabetes

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11
Q

What life-style modifications can treat claudication?

A

Stop smoking
Exercise
Weight reduction
Improved diet

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12
Q

What is critical ischaemia?

A

Ischaemia which is bad enough to threaten loss of limb - pain when not walking

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13
Q

How does critical ischaemia and claudication differ?

A 
CI - pain at rest, not just when walking
Greater risk of gangrene
Lower blood pressure in foot
Pain can be felt in toes/foot
Worse at night
Helps to hang foot out of bed or sleep in chair (gravity helps ischaemia)
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14
Q

What is the priority of critical ischamia treatment?

A

Revascularisation to unblock or bypass the disease vessel

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15
Q

What are the names of the balloons that can expand the blood vessel?

A

Balloon angioplasty

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16
Q

If balloon angioplasty cannot be carried out, what surgery occurs?

A

Bypass surgery

17
Q

What is acute ischameia?

A

Sudden onset pain in leg

18
Q

What causes acute ischamia?

A

Thrombosis or embolus

19
Q

What are the sources of emboli that can cause acute ischameia?

A 
Heart - MI, valve disease, atrial fibrillation
Arteries - aneurysms, stenoses
Veins
Tumours
Forgein bodes
20
Q

What processes are associated with acute ischaemia? (pathophysiology)

A

Nerves/muscles are more sensitive to ischaemia, skin less sensitive

21
Q

Why is time critical in acute ischamia?

A

irreversible changes after -6 hours - limb cant be saved

22
Q

List the 5 Ps that describe the clinical features of acute ischaemia?

A 
Pain
Pale/cold leg
Pulseless
Paralysis - cant stand/walk
Paraestheiae/numbess
23
Q

Management of acute ischaemia?

A 
Herapin - stop thrombus formation
resuscitate
Catheter
Surgery 
Amputation if late
24
Q

What is aortic aneurysm?

A

Widening of the aorta

25
Q

Risk factors of aortic aneurysm?

A

Men
Age
Smoking
Hypertension

26
Q

Aortic aneurysms slowly grow, what happens after this?

A

Rupture when they get big enough - often fatal

27
Q

How is aortic aneurysm treated?

A

Open surgery or stenting

28
Q

Why is aortic aneurysm ultrasound screening the chosen method to screen med over 65 years?

A 
Simple and safe
no radiation
Sensitivity and specificity nearly 100%
Cost-effective
Reduced ruptured aortic aneurysms
29
Q

How does carotid disease cause stroke?

A

Embolisation

Restriction of flow

30
Q

How is carotid artery stenosis treated?

A

Stenting

31
Q

Atherosclerosis is a single systemic disorder with different clincial presentation where in the body?

A

heart, Brain, Legs

32
Q

What is the priority for treating atherosclerosis?

A

Modifiable risk factors - smoking, exercise, weight

33
Q

What is the function of carotid endarterectomy?

A

Prevents stroke

Human Diseases (37 decks)

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