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Human Diseases > DIabetes > Flashcards

DIabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Raised blood glucose level due to problem with insulin

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2
Q

What is type 1 DM?

A

Insulin dependent - body doesn’t make insulin

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3
Q

What is type 2 DM?

A

Non-insulin-dependent - can’t react to insulin

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4
Q

What cells make insulin?

A

Beta cells in islet of Langerhans

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5
Q

Symptoms of type 1 DM?

A

Polyuria (increased urine)
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Weight loss
Blurred vision (due to increased glucose and dehydration = change in osmotic pressure)

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6
Q

Symptoms of type 2 DM?

A

May be asymptomatic
May be same at type 1
May be susceptible to infections

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7
Q

What type of test can diagnose type 2 DM?

A

75 gram oral glucose tolerance test

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8
Q

What is glycated haemoglobin?

A

Glucose sticks to haemoglobin

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9
Q

How does a person with diabetes differ in terms of glycated haemoglobin levels?

A

Higher than normal

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10
Q

Aims of diabetes treatment?

A

Control symptoms
Prevent complications
Lead a normal life

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11
Q

How is type 1 DM controlled?

A

Insulin

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12
Q

How is type 2 DM controlled?

A

Can be diet alone

or diet and drugs

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13
Q

What raises glucose?

A

Food
Glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol
Illness/stress

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14
Q

What lowers glucose?

A

Starvation
Insulin
Exercise

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15
Q

List the mechanism of action of 3 different hypoglycaemic drugs

A

Drugs that stimulate insulin production
Increase the action of insulin
Increase glycosuria

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of insulin given to diabetic patients?

A

Short acting
Intermediate/long acting
Biphasic

17
Q

How can diabetes complications be categorised?

A

Acute and chronic

18
Q

List 3 acute complications?

A

Ketoacidosis (type 1)
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (type 2)
Hypoglycaemia

19
Q

List 4 chronic compliations?

A

Microvascular e.g. retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy
Macrovascular e.g. peripheral, coronary, cerebral
Neuropathy
Foot problems

20
Q

How can long term complications be prevented?

A

Good glucose control
Control blood pressure
Avoidance of other risk factors e.g. smoking, obesity
Early detection - screening

21
Q

Advantages of good glucose control?

A

Reduces complication e.g. microvascular, amputations, heart failure, cataracts

22
Q

Disadvantages of good glucose control?

A

Can cause hypoglycaemia if controlled to tightly

23
Q

How is retinopathy treated?

A

Laser photocoagulation

24
Q

How is nephropathy treated?

A

ACE inhibition, dialysis, transplantation

25
Q

Symptoms of early hypoglycaemia?

A 
Tremor
Anxiety
Palpitations
Hunger
Dry mouth
26
Q

Symptoms of established hypoglycaemia?

A 
Confusion/aggression
Slurred speech
Inco-ordination
Coma
Convulsions
Death
27
Q

What causes hypoglycaemia?

A

Treatment of DM (insulin and other hypoglycaemic drugs)

28
Q

What causes the early symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A

Increase production of adrenaline - adrenergic

29
Q

Why doesn’t everyone get the warning symptoms of hypoglyaemia?

A

Long term effects of DM = neuropathy

This can damage sympathetic NS and means adrenaline is secreted = no warning signs

30
Q

How is hypoglycaemia treated?

A

Oral glucose
Glucose tablets
Glucose gel (squeeze into mouth)
Injections

31
Q

Effect of glucagon?

A

Increases blood glucose

32
Q

How does type 1 DM cause ketoacidosis?

A

Hyperglycaemia causes dehydration (increased urine production)
Loss of NA in urine
Loss of K from cell and then in urine
Accumulation of ketone bodies

33
Q

Clinical features of ketoacidosis?

A

Thirst, polyuria
Dehydration - dry mouth
Confusion/drowsiness

34
Q

Prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Never omit insulin in type 1 DM even if they haven’t had any food
Educate the patient

35
Q

What is hyperosmolar ketotic coma?

A

Similar to ketoacidosis but without the keto acids

36
Q

What do dental professionals need to know about a patients diabetes?

A

Check control and usual treatments
DO they have any complications
See them first thing in the morning to minimise disruption
Check glucose before and after

Human Diseases (37 decks)

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