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Human Diseases > Hypertension and Stroke > Flashcards

Hypertension and Stroke Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Elevated BP

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2
Q

Describe korotkow sounds?

A

Systolic pressure = when sounds appear(upper number)

Diastolic pressure = when sounds disappear = bottom number

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3
Q

Generally what level is high BP?

A

140/90

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4
Q

What is taken into account when diagnosing hyperteniosn?

A

BP, cardiovascular risk e.g. weight, smoking, exercise

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5
Q

Describe the position of patient when measuring BP?

A

Sitting

At rest

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6
Q

How many readings should you take when measuring BP?

A

2

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7
Q

List 6 pathophysiological effects of hypertension?

A 
Bursting effects e.g. cerebral haemorrhage
Coronary heart disease
Stroke
Renal Failure
Arteriosclerosis
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8
Q

What type of hypertension is responsible for the majority of hypertension cases?

A

Essential hypertension

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9
Q

Aetiology of essential hypertension?

A

Poly-causal

Genetic and environmental (obesity, salt, lack of exercise)

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10
Q

Generally how is essential hypertension diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis of exclusion

Look at all potential causes of hypertension, if they all come back negative then essential hypertension is diagnosed

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11
Q

Name another type of hypertension - existing in 10% of hypertensive cases?

A

Secondary hypertension

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12
Q

List 4 indicators of secondary hypertension?

A

Very high BP, poorly controlled, in the young, medication not controlling it

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13
Q

What are the first 3 things to look at in a patient if you suspect secondary hypertension?

A

Renal function, electrolytes and patient symptoms

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14
Q

Most common causes of secondary hypertension? (2)

A

Renal artery stenosis

Endocrine causes e.g. Conn’s or Cushing’s syndrome

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15
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excess circulating steroids

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16
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

primary pituitary disease causing excess circulating steroid

17
Q

What would an electrolyte test showing low K suggest?

A

Conn’s syndrome

18
Q

What is an effect of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Obesity with striae (stretch marks)

19
Q

What part of the body does Conn’s syndrome effect?

A

Adrenal gland - tumour

20
Q

Effect of elevated BP?

A 
Heart - increased risk of coronary heart disease, (left ventricular hypertrophy = increased muscle = less space in ventricle), arrhythmia
Aortic aneurysm 
Peripheral vascular disease
Cerebral circualtion - stroke
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Eye changes
21
Q

Complications of hypertension?

A

MI, stroke or peripheral vascular disease

22
Q

How is hypertension treated?

A

Weight reduction
Exercise
Decrease salt intake
Alcohol reduction

23
Q

List 3 measures that will reduce cardiovascular risk but not BP

A

Smoking cessation
Reduce saturated fat
Increase intake of oily fish

24
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Neurological deficit of a presumed vascular cause

25
Q

What is transient Ischaemic attack (TIA)?

A

Neurological deficit of presumed vascular cause, last around 24 hours, patient makes full recovery

26
Q

What suggest a stroke

a) rapid onset of symptoms
b) same symptoms over weeks/months

A

a

27
Q

What 2 things can cause stroke?

A

Ischaemia to brain

Haemorrhage in brain

28
Q

What type of stroke will thrombosis cause?

A

Ischaemic stroke

29
Q

Symptoms of stroke (6)

A

Paralysis (opposite side of body to brain)
Loss of sensation
Double vision
Unsteadiness
Loss of speech
Loss of ability to use/understand language

30
Q

What determines which part of the brain is affected by stroke?

A

Arterial territory effected

31
Q

Biggest risk factor for stroke?

A

Hypertension

32
Q

List 5 other risk factors for stroke, other than hypertension?

A 
Vascular disease
Smoking
Diabetes
TIA
Atrial fibrillation
33
Q

Why is diagnosing and treating high BP important?

A

Reduce risk of stroke

34
Q

How is stroke prevented?

A 
Lower BP
Surgery - for patient with narrowed carotid artery
Aspirin and other anti-platelet drugs
Lower cholesterol
Warfarin

Human Diseases (37 decks)

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