Introduction to Haematolgy Flashcards
What do all blood cells originally differentiate from?
Multipotent stem cells
What do multipotent stem cells differentiate into?
Common myeloid progenitor cells or Common lymphoid progenitor cells
When do common myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into?
Megakaryocyte and erythroid progenitor cells or granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cells
What do megakaryocyte and erythroid progenitor cells differentiate into? What do these differentiate into?
Megakaryocytes or Erythrocyte progenitors
Platelets and erythrocytes
What do granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cells differentiate into?
Monocyte progenitors or granulocyte progenitors
What do monocyte progenitors differentiate into?
Macrophage, monocyte, dendritic cell
What do granulocyte progenitors differentiate into?
Neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil
What do common lymphoid progenitors differentiate into
T-cell and NK cell progenitors, B-cell progenitors or dendritic cells
What do T-cell and NK cell progenitors differentiate into, what do these then differentiate into?
T-cell progenitor or NK progenitor
T cell or NK
What to B cell progenitors differentiate into? What interleukin causes this?
B cells
IL 4
How many red blood cells do we produce in a minute?
100-150 million
How many white blood cells do we produce in a minute?
5-7 million
What causes angular stomatitis?
Severe iron deficiency
Effect of iron deficiency anaemia?
a) on RBC
b) haemoglobin, cell volume, ferritin
Smaller, paler RBC
Low Hb
Low MCV
Low ferritin
Causes of iron deficiency? (3)
Dietary deficiency
Malabsorption
Blood loss
What causes smooth tongue?
B12 deficiency
Consequence of B12 and folate deficiency?
Macrocytic anaemia
Where is folate found, why do we need a consent supply of this into our bodies?
Leafy vegetables, fruit
Only have 4 month supply within the body
where is B12 found?
animal protein
How does macrocytic anaemia effect neutrophils and RBC?
Hypersegmented neutrophils and large RBC
What will blood test show in macrocytic anaemia?
a) Hb
b) MCV
a) low Hb
b) high MCV
Cause of folate deficiency?
Intake Requirements e.g. pregnancy Malabsorption Alcoholism Drugs
Cause of B12 deficiency?
Inadequate intake (rare - except strict vegan) Problem with formation/antibodies
Diagnosis of b12 and folate deficiency?
Red cell folate levels
Serum B12 levels, intrinsic antibodies
Causes of macrolytic anaemia other than B12 and folate deficiency?
Drug
Alcohol
Myelodysplasia
Cause of petechiae?
Reduced number of platelets
Common causes of reduced number of platalets?
Immune thrombocytopenia
Recent infection (mononucleosis)
Bone marrow infiltration (acute leukaemia)
How can acute leukaemia present orally?
Gingival hyperlasia
How can acute leukaemia present on skin?
Bleeding/bruising/ rash
Effect of acute leukaemia on bone marrow?
Immature cells only so blood cells not being made
Treatment of acute leukaemia?
Bone marrow transplantations, chemotherapy
How does multiple myeloma present?
Multiple dark patches in the skull on radiograph
How does multiple myeloma present orally?
Osteonecrosis of the jaw
How are patients with multiple myeloma treated?
Bisphosphonate treatment
Where can lymphomatous lesions present?
Hard palate
Where does swelling occur in lymphoma?
Glands and lymph nodes
Symptoms of myeloma?
Anaemia, bone pain, infection, stomach upsets
effect of cyclosporin (immunosupresant drug)
Gingival overgrowth
What oral manifestaion can present after chemo/radiotherpay?
Oral mucositis = erythema, inflammation, ulceration
3 common causes of oral or periorbital infections?
Chemotherapy
Underlying haematological disorder
immunosuppression
