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Human Diseases > Introduction to Haematolgy > Flashcards

Introduction to Haematolgy Flashcards

1
Q

What do all blood cells originally differentiate from?

A

Multipotent stem cells

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2
Q

What do multipotent stem cells differentiate into?

A

Common myeloid progenitor cells or Common lymphoid progenitor cells

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3
Q

When do common myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Megakaryocyte and erythroid progenitor cells or granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cells

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4
Q

What do megakaryocyte and erythroid progenitor cells differentiate into? What do these differentiate into?

A

Megakaryocytes or Erythrocyte progenitors

Platelets and erythrocytes

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5
Q

What do granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Monocyte progenitors or granulocyte progenitors

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6
Q

What do monocyte progenitors differentiate into?

A

Macrophage, monocyte, dendritic cell

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7
Q

What do granulocyte progenitors differentiate into?

A

Neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil

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8
Q

What do common lymphoid progenitors differentiate into

A

T-cell and NK cell progenitors, B-cell progenitors or dendritic cells

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9
Q

What do T-cell and NK cell progenitors differentiate into, what do these then differentiate into?

A

T-cell progenitor or NK progenitor

T cell or NK

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10
Q

What to B cell progenitors differentiate into? What interleukin causes this?

A

B cells

IL 4

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11
Q

How many red blood cells do we produce in a minute?

A

100-150 million

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12
Q

How many white blood cells do we produce in a minute?

A

5-7 million

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13
Q

What causes angular stomatitis?

A

Severe iron deficiency

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14
Q

Effect of iron deficiency anaemia?

a) on RBC
b) haemoglobin, cell volume, ferritin

A

Smaller, paler RBC
Low Hb
Low MCV
Low ferritin

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15
Q

Causes of iron deficiency? (3)

A

Dietary deficiency
Malabsorption
Blood loss

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16
Q

What causes smooth tongue?

A

B12 deficiency

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17
Q

Consequence of B12 and folate deficiency?

A

Macrocytic anaemia

18
Q

Where is folate found, why do we need a consent supply of this into our bodies?

A

Leafy vegetables, fruit

Only have 4 month supply within the body

19
Q

where is B12 found?

A

animal protein

20
Q

How does macrocytic anaemia effect neutrophils and RBC?

A

Hypersegmented neutrophils and large RBC

21
Q

What will blood test show in macrocytic anaemia?

a) Hb
b) MCV

A

a) low Hb

b) high MCV

22
Q

Cause of folate deficiency?

A 
Intake
Requirements e.g. pregnancy
Malabsorption
Alcoholism
Drugs
23
Q

Cause of B12 deficiency?

A 
Inadequate intake (rare - except strict vegan)
Problem with formation/antibodies
24
Q

Diagnosis of b12 and folate deficiency?

A

Red cell folate levels

Serum B12 levels, intrinsic antibodies

25
Q

Causes of macrolytic anaemia other than B12 and folate deficiency?

A

Drug
Alcohol
Myelodysplasia

26
Q

Cause of petechiae?

A

Reduced number of platelets

27
Q

Common causes of reduced number of platalets?

A

Immune thrombocytopenia
Recent infection (mononucleosis)
Bone marrow infiltration (acute leukaemia)

28
Q

How can acute leukaemia present orally?

A

Gingival hyperlasia

29
Q

How can acute leukaemia present on skin?

A

Bleeding/bruising/ rash

30
Q

Effect of acute leukaemia on bone marrow?

A

Immature cells only so blood cells not being made

31
Q

Treatment of acute leukaemia?

A

Bone marrow transplantations, chemotherapy

32
Q

How does multiple myeloma present?

A

Multiple dark patches in the skull on radiograph

33
Q

How does multiple myeloma present orally?

A

Osteonecrosis of the jaw

34
Q

How are patients with multiple myeloma treated?

A

Bisphosphonate treatment

35
Q

Where can lymphomatous lesions present?

A

Hard palate

36
Q

Where does swelling occur in lymphoma?

A

Glands and lymph nodes

37
Q

Symptoms of myeloma?

A

Anaemia, bone pain, infection, stomach upsets

38
Q

effect of cyclosporin (immunosupresant drug)

A

Gingival overgrowth

39
Q

What oral manifestaion can present after chemo/radiotherpay?

A

Oral mucositis = erythema, inflammation, ulceration

40
Q

3 common causes of oral or periorbital infections?

A

Chemotherapy
Underlying haematological disorder
immunosuppression

Human Diseases (37 decks)

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