Peripartum Dairy

Question 1

transition

Answer 1

change from one state to another

Question 2

How much milk can a dairy cow produce at peak?

Answer 2

150-180 pounds per day

Question 3

Peak milk production occurs how many days post-calving?

Answer 3

50-60 days in milk

Question 4

What is the range when a dairy cow may begin producing milk?

Answer 4

21d before to 21d after calving

Question 5

Energy requirement change in postpartum cattle?

Answer 5

doubles! (basically same story for protein and calcium too)

Question 6

Do cows who transition well lose weight?

Answer 6

yes - they eat well but the requirements are so big they still lose weight

Question 7

For how long after calving does highest production occur?

Answer 7

1st 100 days after calving

Question 8

lipolytic

Answer 8

mobilization of fat

Question 9

hepatic lipidosis

Answer 9

can occur if too many triglycerides are stored in the liver prior to calving

Question 10

4 Consequences of a Fatty Liver

Answer 10

1. Low dry matter intake
2. Low milk production
3. Decreased rate of gluconeogenesis
4. Impaired immune function

Question 11

Why do we want dairy cows to mobilize fat prior to calving?

Answer 11

supports milk production

Question 12

triglyceride

Answer 12

3 fatty acids and a glycerol

Question 13

What happens when acetyl CoA supply exceeds TCA cycle capacity?

Answer 13

they turn into ketones! –> ketosis

Question 14

TCA (Krebs) Cycle

Answer 14

essentially peeling off 2 carbon units at a time, run the cycle, prooduce acetyl CoA (listen to lecture to clarify this card)

Question 15

ketosis

Answer 15

peripheral tissues do not have the capacity to use all of the ketones that are produced so they accumulate in the blood

Question 16

beta-hydroxybutyrate

Answer 16

can measure this to detect clinical or subclinical levels of ketosis

Question 17

Ways for the body to get rid of ketones?

Answer 17

breath (smells “sweet” from acetate?), urine

Question 18

Symptoms of ketosis?

Answer 18

decreased dry matter intake, decreased milk production
LDA and metritis

Question 19

metritis

Answer 19

inflammmation of the uterus

Question 20

Ways to prevent ketosis or fatty liver?

Answer 20

don’t overfeed dry cows and only feed energy to MAINTENANCE needs and no more, use low quality forage like straw

Question 21

choline

Answer 21

improves export of liver triglycerides

Question 22

niacin

Answer 22

decreases lipolysis

Question 23

chromium

Answer 23

reduces insulin resistance

Question 24

Non-Dietary Issues that affect the Dairy Cow

Answer 24

stress due to overcrowding in poorly designed stalls or too many cows, heifers and older cows mixed, heat

Question 25

Catecholamine

Answer 25

increases in times of stress and increases lipolysis and the movement of fat

Question 26

3 Reasons Cows ave Increased Calciium Needs

Answer 26

1. Growth
2. Fetal growth (during late gestation)
3. Lactation!

Question 27

3 Locations in the Body for Regulation of Calcium

Answer 27

1. Kidney
2. Bone
3. GI

Question 28

Kidney and Calcium Regulation

Answer 28

fast, limited capacity

Question 29

Bone and Calcium Regulation

Answer 29

slow, moderate capacity

Question 30

GI and Calcium Regulation

Answer 30

slow, large capacity - time is needed to upregulate the number of calcium in the tract

Question 31

Risks of Subclinical Hypocalcemia

Answer 31

retained placenta, LDA, dystocia, uterine pprolpse, immunosuppression, ketosis

Question 32

Signs of Clinical Hypocalcemia

Answer 32

less than 5mg/mL of calcium in serum
generally will find these cows ataxic, if not entirely recummbent, can’‘t get up, cold extremities

Question 33

DCAD

Answer 33

dietary cation-anion difference

Question 34

3 Ways to Control Ca2+ at calving

Answer 34

1. manipulate DCAD
2. Limit calcium in diet (don’t want too much, but this is tricky to do!)
3. Extra Vitamin D

Question 35

What is DCAD?

Answer 35

feed an excess of anions during last weeks of dry period (typically Cl- in the form of soybean meal and HCl or bichlor) in order in induce a mild metabolic acidosis to increase urinary excretion of calcium and increase PTH receptor binding

Question 36

Low Calcium Diet?

Answer 36

hard to achieve, can also use calcium binnding agents like Zeolite and phytic acid

Question 37

Extra Vitamin D diet?

Answer 37

can be toxic at too high doses, typically done in combination with a negative DCAD diet for calcium homeostasis

Question 38

Transition Cow Diseases (5) secondary to energy and calcium homeostasis imbalance

Answer 38

1. retained placenta
2. metritis
3. milk fever
4. ketosis/fattty liver
5. LDA

Question 39

Clinical hypocalcemia is also known as?

Answer 39

milk fever