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604 Nutrition > Macronutrients > Flashcards

Macronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Why is studying nutrition important?

A

health maintenance and disease management

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2
Q

Nutrient

A

any food constituent that helps support life

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3
Q

6 Categories of Nutrients

A
  1. Water
  2. Carbs
  3. Proteins
  4. Fats
  5. Vitamins
  6. Minerals
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4
Q

Is ATP a nutrient?

A

NO, it is energy but it is created within the body

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5
Q

What fraction of nutritional needs comes from water?

A

2/3 (two-thirds)

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6
Q

What fraction of nutritional needs comes from dry matter?

A

1/3 (one-third)

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7
Q

What percent of dry matter is energy yielding?

A

anywhere from 50-80%

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8
Q

What categories of nutrients yield energy?

A

carbs, fats, and proteins

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9
Q

What percent of dry matter is made up by vitamins?

A

0.2-0.3%

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10
Q

What percent of dry matter is made up by minerals?

A

2-3%

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11
Q

Basic Body Functions that need nutrients (5)

A
  1. Energy supply
  2. Structural components
  3. Temperature Control
  4. Enchancement/requirement for chemical rxns
  5. Transport of substances
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12
Q

Two Sources of Water

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Metabolic
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13
Q

How much of the water requirement comes from metabolic sources?

A

5-10%

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14
Q

Amount of body water in obese patients compared to leaner patients

A

Obese patients = less body water

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15
Q

What % of total body mass is water?

A

40-80%

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16
Q

Do water requirements increase or decrease with age?

A

decrease (less uinary water loss and less surface area per unit of body weight)

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17
Q

What % water can be lost before becoming ill?

A

10%

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18
Q

What % water can be lost before death?

A

15-20%

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19
Q

4 Main Functions of Water

A
  1. Solvent
  2. Chemical Rxns
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Structural
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20
Q

Factors that Affect Water Quality (3)

A
  1. Mineral content
  2. Nitrates/nitrites
  3. Bacterial contamination
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21
Q

Is coliform bacteria a pathogen itself?

A

no, it is an indicator that water may not be pathogen-free however

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22
Q

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

A

general indicator of water quality

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23
Q

Unacceptable level of TDS

A

greater than 7000 ppm

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24
Q

TDS level for humans and pets?

A

less than 500 ppm

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25
Q

4 Ways the body loses water

A
  1. Urination
  2. Defecation
  3. Evaporation
  4. Perspiration
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26
Q

Which has more concentrated urine - dogs or cats?

A

cats

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27
Q

3 Consequences of Water Intoxication

A
  1. Hemodilution
  2. Hyponatremia
  3. Edema in the brain
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28
Q

How is your daily water requirement related to your daily energy requirement?

A

Daily water requirement (mL/day) = Daily energy requirement (kCal/day)
(more or less equal to each other)

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29
Q
A

formula for carbohydrates (all composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)

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30
Q

Lactose

A

glucose + galactose

31
Q

Sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

32
Q

What type of polysaccharides are digesible and why?

A

starches (ex: amylose and amylopectin) and glycogen because they have alpha bonds

33
Q

What types of polysaccharides are not digestible?

A

fibers (beta bonds)

34
Q

Randle Cycle

A

glucose and fatty acids compete for oxidation and uptake in muscle and adipose tissue (aka glucose sparring)

35
Q

Gelatinization of Starches Effect on Digestability

A

increases digestability

36
Q

Primary Location for Carbohydrate Digestion

A

small intestine (various enzymes from the pancreas (amylase) and in the brush border)

37
Q

5 Effects of Unabsorbed Carbohydrates

A
  1. High osmotic pressure (reducing water and mineral absorption)
  2. Abdominal distension
  3. Diarrhea
  4. Bacterial Overgrowth
  5. Overproduction of gas/flatuence
38
Q

What is the main water source for desert animals?

A

metabolic

39
Q

Endogenous Energy Stores

A

glycogen and fat

40
Q

Metabolism of carbs to energy occurs via

A

glycolysis and TCA cycle

41
Q

4 Examples of Metabolic ByProducts

A
  1. Non-essential AAs
  2. Glycoproteins
  3. Lactose
  4. Vitamin C
42
Q

How does the body eliminate carbohydrates?

A

mainly carbon dioxide, water, and heat after oxidation in the body; flatulence (bacterial fermentation in intestinal lumen)

43
Q

Xylose

A

used to test absorption in dogs

44
Q

Lactulose

A

prebiotic and laxative; syntetic dissacharide (body doesn’t have enzyme to breakdown)

45
Q

Glycoaminoglycan

A

polysaccharide often put in dietary supplements for joints

46
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

prebiotics (support bacterial growth)

47
Q

Resistant Starches

A

Increased deitary fiber

Reduce carb absorption –> reduce glucose levels –> lower glycemic index

48
Q

Problem with too much resistant fiber?

A

Remains in intestinal lumen and messes with osmotic pressure so can decrease nutrient intake and absorption

49
Q

What makes up an amino acid? (3)

A
  1. Carboxyl group (COOH)
  2. Alpha amino group (NH2)
  3. R group (unique)
50
Q

How many AAs are commonly found in proteins?

A

20

51
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

the bonds in amino acids

52
Q

What makes an amino acid essential?

A

the body cannot synthesize [enough] AA so it needs to come from the diet

53
Q

3 Ways AAs Hekp Body Function

A
  1. Structural components (elastin, collagen, keratin)
  2. Functional units [of muscle, enzyme, hormones, etc]
  3. Precursors
54
Q

Do younger animals need more or less AAs?

A

more

55
Q

How does the size of a meal affect protein concentration?

A

animals who eat large meals at once need lower protein concentrations/lower calorie foods

56
Q

Maintenance Protein Requirement

A

dietar yprotein that much be consumed to replace obligatory nitrogen loss

57
Q

Imbalance

A

AA required in protein synthesis is not available (but others are in excess)

58
Q

Antagonism

A

AAs with similar structure

59
Q

Protein Quality

A

refers to efficiency of converting AAs for use in the tissue

60
Q

Factors that Affect Protein Quality

A
  1. Amount and Proportions of Essential AAs
  2. Imbalance/Antagonism
  3. Processing (lower digestability)
  4. Animal vs. Plant Source
61
Q

What source of protein is typically more digestable - animal or plant?

A

animal

62
Q

Peptidases

A

secreted by the pancreas and in intestinal mucosa to breakdown/digest smaller peptides and AAs

63
Q

Digestion of large polypeptides in the stomach is done by what?

A

pepsin and HCl

64
Q

What happens to unabsorbed AAs?

A

used in bacterial fermentation and increases fecal odor

65
Q

How is ammonia excreted from the body?

A

urea (via the urea cycle)

66
Q

3 Important AAs in Vet Med

A
  1. Taurine
  2. Arginine
  3. Glutamine/Glutamate
67
Q

Taurine is essential for what species?

A

cats

68
Q

Functions of Taurine

A
  1. Absorption of dietary fats
  2. NT in the CNS for body temperature and brain development
  3. Heart and retina maintenance
  4. Reproduction
69
Q

Why is taurine essential for fat absorption in cats?

A

tauine is the only AA that binds to bile acids

70
Q

Arginine

A

essential AA important in the urea cycle; cats are sensitive to deficiencies

71
Q

How can taurine deficiencies in cats lead to DCM?

A

cardiomyocytes do not contract as efficiently without taurine

72
Q

Does taurine have any antioxidant function?

A

yes, important for the heart and eyes

73
Q

Glutamine/Glutamate

A

[conditionally] essential AA; importnant in TCA, generating NADPH and GABA, and the antioxidant glutathione

74
Q

GABA is a what?

A

neurotransmitter

604 Nutrition (15 decks)

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