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604 Nutrition > Macronutrients > Flashcards

Macronutrients Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Why is studying nutrition important?

A

health maintenance and disease management

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2
Q

Nutrient

A

any food constituent that helps support life

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3
Q

6 Categories of Nutrients

A
  1. Water
  2. Carbs
  3. Proteins
  4. Fats
  5. Vitamins
  6. Minerals
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4
Q

Is ATP a nutrient?

A

NO, it is energy but it is created within the body

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5
Q

What fraction of nutritional needs comes from water?

A

2/3 (two-thirds)

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6
Q

What fraction of nutritional needs comes from dry matter?

A

1/3 (one-third)

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7
Q

What percent of dry matter is energy yielding?

A

anywhere from 50-80%

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8
Q

What categories of nutrients yield energy?

A

carbs, fats, and proteins

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9
Q

What percent of dry matter is made up by vitamins?

A

0.2-0.3%

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10
Q

What percent of dry matter is made up by minerals?

A

2-3%

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11
Q

Basic Body Functions that need nutrients (5)

A
  1. Energy supply
  2. Structural components
  3. Temperature Control
  4. Enchancement/requirement for chemical rxns
  5. Transport of substances
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12
Q

Two Sources of Water

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Metabolic
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13
Q

How much of the water requirement comes from metabolic sources?

A

5-10%

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14
Q

Amount of body water in obese patients compared to leaner patients

A

Obese patients = less body water

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15
Q

What % of total body mass is water?

A

40-80%

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16
Q

Do water requirements increase or decrease with age?

A

decrease (less uinary water loss and less surface area per unit of body weight)

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17
Q

What % water can be lost before becoming ill?

A

10%

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18
Q

What % water can be lost before death?

A

15-20%

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19
Q

4 Main Functions of Water

A
  1. Solvent
  2. Chemical Rxns
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Structural
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20
Q

Factors that Affect Water Quality (3)

A
  1. Mineral content
  2. Nitrates/nitrites
  3. Bacterial contamination
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21
Q

Is coliform bacteria a pathogen itself?

A

no, it is an indicator that water may not be pathogen-free however

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22
Q

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

A

general indicator of water quality

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23
Q

Unacceptable level of TDS

A

greater than 7000 ppm

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24
Q

TDS level for humans and pets?

A

less than 500 ppm

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25
4 Ways the body loses water
1. Urination 2. Defecation 3. Evaporation 4. Perspiration
26
Which has more concentrated urine - dogs or cats?
cats
27
3 Consequences of Water Intoxication
1. Hemodilution 2. Hyponatremia 3. Edema in the brain
28
How is your daily water requirement related to your daily energy requirement?
Daily water requirement (mL/day) = Daily energy requirement (kCal/day) (more or less equal to each other)
29
formula for carbohydrates (all composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)
30
Lactose
glucose + galactose
31
Sucrose
glucose + fructose
32
What type of polysaccharides are digesible and why?
starches (ex: amylose and amylopectin) and glycogen because they have alpha bonds
33
What types of polysaccharides are not digestible?
fibers (beta bonds)
34
Randle Cycle
glucose and fatty acids compete for oxidation and uptake in muscle and adipose tissue (aka glucose sparring)
35
Gelatinization of Starches Effect on Digestability
increases digestability
36
Primary Location for Carbohydrate Digestion
small intestine (various enzymes from the pancreas (amylase) and in the brush border)
37
5 Effects of Unabsorbed Carbohydrates
1. High osmotic pressure (reducing water and mineral absorption) 2. Abdominal distension 3. Diarrhea 4. Bacterial Overgrowth 5. Overproduction of gas/flatuence
38
What is the main water source for desert animals?
metabolic
39
Endogenous Energy Stores
glycogen and fat
40
Metabolism of carbs to energy occurs via
glycolysis and TCA cycle
41
4 Examples of Metabolic ByProducts
1. Non-essential AAs 2. Glycoproteins 3. Lactose 4. Vitamin C
42
How does the body eliminate carbohydrates?
mainly carbon dioxide, water, and heat after oxidation in the body; flatulence (bacterial fermentation in intestinal lumen)
43
Xylose
used to test absorption in dogs
44
Lactulose
prebiotic and laxative; syntetic dissacharide (body doesn't have enzyme to breakdown)
45
Glycoaminoglycan
polysaccharide often put in dietary supplements for joints
46
Oligosaccharides
prebiotics (support bacterial growth)
47
Resistant Starches
Increased deitary fiber Reduce carb absorption --> reduce glucose levels --> lower glycemic index
48
Problem with too much resistant fiber?
Remains in intestinal lumen and messes with osmotic pressure so can decrease nutrient intake and absorption
49
What makes up an amino acid? (3)
1. Carboxyl group (COOH) 2. Alpha amino group (NH2) 3. R group (unique)
50
How many AAs are commonly found in proteins?
20
51
Peptide Bonds
the bonds in amino acids
52
What makes an amino acid essential?
the body cannot synthesize [enough] AA so it needs to come from the diet
53
3 Ways AAs Hekp Body Function
1. Structural components (elastin, collagen, keratin) 2. Functional units [of muscle, enzyme, hormones, etc] 3. Precursors
54
Do younger animals need more or less AAs?
more
55
How does the size of a meal affect protein concentration?
animals who eat large meals at once need lower protein concentrations/lower calorie foods
56
Maintenance Protein Requirement
dietar yprotein that much be consumed to replace obligatory nitrogen loss
57
Imbalance
AA required in protein synthesis is not available (but others are in excess)
58
Antagonism
AAs with similar structure
59
Protein Quality
refers to efficiency of converting AAs for use in the tissue
60
Factors that Affect Protein Quality
1. Amount and Proportions of Essential AAs 2. Imbalance/Antagonism 3. Processing (lower digestability) 4. Animal vs. Plant Source
61
What source of protein is typically more digestable - animal or plant?
animal
62
Peptidases
secreted by the pancreas and in intestinal mucosa to breakdown/digest smaller peptides and AAs
63
Digestion of large polypeptides in the stomach is done by what?
pepsin and HCl
64
What happens to unabsorbed AAs?
used in bacterial fermentation and increases fecal odor
65
How is ammonia excreted from the body?
urea (via the urea cycle)
66
3 Important AAs in Vet Med
1. Taurine 2. Arginine 3. Glutamine/Glutamate
67
Taurine is essential for what species?
cats
68
Functions of Taurine
1. Absorption of dietary fats 2. NT in the CNS for body temperature and brain development 3. Heart and retina maintenance 4. Reproduction
69
Why is taurine essential for fat absorption in cats?
tauine is the only AA that binds to bile acids
70
Arginine
essential AA important in the urea cycle; cats are sensitive to deficiencies
71
How can taurine deficiencies in cats lead to DCM?
cardiomyocytes do not contract as efficiently without taurine
72
Does taurine have any antioxidant function?
yes, important for the heart and eyes
73
Glutamine/Glutamate
[conditionally] essential AA; importnant in TCA, generating NADPH and GABA, and the antioxidant glutathione
74
GABA is a what?
neurotransmitter

604 Nutrition (15 decks)

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