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604 Nutrition > Micronutrients > Flashcards

Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A

vitamins and minerals

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2
Q

Mineral

A

inorganic element of food

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3
Q

Macromineral

A

needs are given as a percentage; 7

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4
Q

Micromineral

A

aka trace minerals
needs given in parts per million (ppm); 11

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5
Q

ppm

A

ug/g

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6
Q

What % of dry matter is minerals?

A

2-3%

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7
Q

The 7 Essential Macrominerals

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Sodium
  4. Magnesium
  5. Potassium
  6. Chloride
  7. Sulfur
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8
Q

The 11 Essential Microminerals

A
  1. Iron
  2. Zinc
  3. Copper
  4. Iodine
  5. Selenium
  6. Manganese
  7. Cobalt
  8. Molybdenum
  9. Fluorine
  10. Boron
  11. Chromium
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9
Q

Functions of Minerals in the Body

A
  1. Structural components of organs and tissues
  2. Constituents of body fluids
  3. Rxn catalysts/co-factors
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10
Q

How can diet affect mineral absorption?

A

high dietary fiber interferes with mineral absorption (especially zinc)

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11
Q

2 Types of Mineral Interactions

A
  1. Synergistic
  2. Antagonist
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12
Q

3 Ways Mineral Interactions can be Antagonistic

A
  1. Sharing same transport channels
  2. Interference with storage
  3. Competition for transport protein
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13
Q

Factors that Influence Mineral Availability

A
  1. Chemical form (organic vs. inorganic)
  2. Amounts and proportions
  3. Age/gender/species
  4. Intake vs. need (body stores)
  5. Environmental factors (incl. presence of non-nutritional factors like phytate)
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14
Q

Absorption of Minerals occur where?

A

enterocytes of small intestine

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15
Q

Mechanisms of mineral absorption?

A

active or facilitated transcellular transport, or paracellular absorption

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16
Q

What mineral can be stored in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

calcium

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17
Q

Grass Tetany (grass staggers)

A

in horses and ruminants when grass is high in potassium and low in magnesium and calcium

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18
Q

Goiter

A

low iodine, thyroid can’t make as many hormones so the pituitary continues to secrete TSH resulting in hyperplasia

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18
Q

Goiter

A

low iodine, thyroid can’t make as many hormones so the pituitary continues to secrete TSH resulting in yperph

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19
Q

Is goiter synonymous with hypothyroidism?

A

no

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20
Q

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparatyroidism

A

aka big head (in horses)
too much potassium and not eough calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) release results in resorption of bone and replacement with fibrous tissue

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21
Q

Piglets and Iron

A

piglets are typically anemic so they get iron injections

22
Q

Common mineral problem in Bedlington terriers?

A

copper storage hepatopathy

23
Q

Copper Toxicity Effect

A

low levels of molybdenum and sulfate inc. copper absorption, then copper stored in the liver suddenly released in large amounts, huge inc. in blood concentration, causing lipid peroxidation and intravascular hemolysis

24
Q

Species most sensitive to copper toxicity?

A

sheep

25
Q

Hemoglobinuric Nephrosis

A

hemoglobiin casts in the kidney as a result of intravascular hemolysis

26
Q

Are all vitamins essential for all species?

A

no

27
Q

provitamin

A

vitamin precursor that requires activation

28
Q

vitamer

A

chemically th same or related to a vitamin, but may exert a different physiological effect (think alpha vs. gamma structures, etc)

29
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

30
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B and C

31
Q

Ascorbic Acid

A

another name for vitamin C

32
Q

How many different B vitamins are there?

A

8

33
Q

What % of required dry mattter should be vitamins?

A

0.2-0.3%

34
Q

Vitamin important in blood clotting

A

K

35
Q

Vitamin important in eye function

A

A

36
Q

Vitamin important for enzyme cofactors, DNA synthesis, nutrient metabolism, and nerve impulse transduction

A

B

37
Q

Vitamin important for bone development

A

D

38
Q

Vitamin important for cell membrane integrity

A

E

39
Q

Vitamin important in free radical scavenging (2)

A

C and E

40
Q

Which type of vitamin is stored better in the body - fat or water soluble?

A

fat-soluble (stored in lipids)

41
Q

Factors that can affect vitamin availability

A

disease (anorexia, polyuria), drugs

42
Q

Antibiotic effect on Vitamin K

A

Vitamin K decreases (the synthesis of K in the gut decreases since th antibiotics kill all the bacteria)

43
Q

Dietary source of vitamin K?

A

green leafy vegetables

44
Q

Possible Vitamin Interactions

A
  1. Vitamin absorption or metabolism requires presence of another vitamin
  2. Interference b/n vitamins affects absorption or metabolism
  3. One vitamin provides protection for another
  4. Levels of one vitamin obscures deficiency of another
45
Q

Scurvy

A

vitamin C deficiency that leads to decreased collagen synthesis

46
Q

What species are prone to scurvy?

A

primates and guinea pigs

47
Q

Ricketts

A

Vitamin D deficiency that causes failure of vascularization and minralization in the physes of bones (increases size of proliferation zone)

48
Q

Metasatic Mineralization

A

an excess of Vitamin D leads to deposition of calicum salts in otherwise normal tissues

49
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency caused by rodenticides

A

has an anticoagulation effect and leads to large hemorrhages that bleed into body cavities

50
Q

Polioencephalomalacia

A

vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency that leads to death of neuronal cell bodies (b/c they’re the most energy intensive cell)

51
Q

Common species for polioencephalomalacia

A

ruminants and cats

52
Q

How does a thiamine deficiency usually develop?

A

more due to ingestion of thiaminases

ruminants: bracken fern, horsetails
cats: exclusive fish diet

604 Nutrition (15 decks)

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