Micronutrients Flashcards
What are the micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals
Mineral
inorganic element of food
Macromineral
needs are given as a percentage; 7
Micromineral
aka trace minerals
needs given in parts per million (ppm); 11
ppm
ug/g
What % of dry matter is minerals?
2-3%
The 7 Essential Macrominerals
- Calcium
- Phosphorus
- Sodium
- Magnesium
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Sulfur
The 11 Essential Microminerals
- Iron
- Zinc
- Copper
- Iodine
- Selenium
- Manganese
- Cobalt
- Molybdenum
- Fluorine
- Boron
- Chromium
Functions of Minerals in the Body
- Structural components of organs and tissues
- Constituents of body fluids
- Rxn catalysts/co-factors
How can diet affect mineral absorption?
high dietary fiber interferes with mineral absorption (especially zinc)
2 Types of Mineral Interactions
- Synergistic
- Antagonist
3 Ways Mineral Interactions can be Antagonistic
- Sharing same transport channels
- Interference with storage
- Competition for transport protein
Factors that Influence Mineral Availability
- Chemical form (organic vs. inorganic)
- Amounts and proportions
- Age/gender/species
- Intake vs. need (body stores)
- Environmental factors (incl. presence of non-nutritional factors like phytate)
Absorption of Minerals occur where?
enterocytes of small intestine
Mechanisms of mineral absorption?
active or facilitated transcellular transport, or paracellular absorption
What mineral can be stored in the endoplasmic reticulum?
calcium
Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
in horses and ruminants when grass is high in potassium and low in magnesium and calcium
Goiter
low iodine, thyroid can’t make as many hormones so the pituitary continues to secrete TSH resulting in hyperplasia
Goiter
low iodine, thyroid can’t make as many hormones so the pituitary continues to secrete TSH resulting in yperph
Is goiter synonymous with hypothyroidism?
no
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparatyroidism
aka big head (in horses)
too much potassium and not eough calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) release results in resorption of bone and replacement with fibrous tissue
Piglets and Iron
piglets are typically anemic so they get iron injections
Common mineral problem in Bedlington terriers?
copper storage hepatopathy
Copper Toxicity Effect
low levels of molybdenum and sulfate inc. copper absorption, then copper stored in the liver suddenly released in large amounts, huge inc. in blood concentration, causing lipid peroxidation and intravascular hemolysis
Species most sensitive to copper toxicity?
sheep
Hemoglobinuric Nephrosis
hemoglobiin casts in the kidney as a result of intravascular hemolysis
Are all vitamins essential for all species?
no
provitamin
vitamin precursor that requires activation
vitamer
chemically th same or related to a vitamin, but may exert a different physiological effect (think alpha vs. gamma structures, etc)
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B and C
Ascorbic Acid
another name for vitamin C
How many different B vitamins are there?
8
What % of required dry mattter should be vitamins?
0.2-0.3%
Vitamin important in blood clotting
K
Vitamin important in eye function
A
Vitamin important for enzyme cofactors, DNA synthesis, nutrient metabolism, and nerve impulse transduction
B
Vitamin important for bone development
D
Vitamin important for cell membrane integrity
E
Vitamin important in free radical scavenging (2)
C and E
Which type of vitamin is stored better in the body - fat or water soluble?
fat-soluble (stored in lipids)
Factors that can affect vitamin availability
disease (anorexia, polyuria), drugs
Antibiotic effect on Vitamin K
Vitamin K decreases (the synthesis of K in the gut decreases since th antibiotics kill all the bacteria)
Dietary source of vitamin K?
green leafy vegetables
Possible Vitamin Interactions
- Vitamin absorption or metabolism requires presence of another vitamin
- Interference b/n vitamins affects absorption or metabolism
- One vitamin provides protection for another
- Levels of one vitamin obscures deficiency of another
Scurvy
vitamin C deficiency that leads to decreased collagen synthesis
What species are prone to scurvy?
primates and guinea pigs
Ricketts
Vitamin D deficiency that causes failure of vascularization and minralization in the physes of bones (increases size of proliferation zone)
Metasatic Mineralization
an excess of Vitamin D leads to deposition of calicum salts in otherwise normal tissues
Vitamin K Deficiency caused by rodenticides
has an anticoagulation effect and leads to large hemorrhages that bleed into body cavities
Polioencephalomalacia
vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency that leads to death of neuronal cell bodies (b/c they’re the most energy intensive cell)
Common species for polioencephalomalacia
ruminants and cats
How does a thiamine deficiency usually develop?
more due to ingestion of thiaminases
ruminants: bracken fern, horsetails
cats: exclusive fish diet
