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604 Nutrition > Gestating and Mature Equine > Flashcards

Gestating and Mature Equine Flashcards

1
Q

Do horses salivate?

A

only when chewing

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2
Q

Do horses have enzymes in their saliva?

A

no

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3
Q

trickle feeding

A

small meals/grazing throughout the day (10-15hours) rather than large meals at specific times

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4
Q

VFAs in horses

A

acetate, proprionate, butyrate

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5
Q

Are horses foregut or hindgut fermenters?

A

hindgut fermenters

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6
Q

Can horses digest starch?

A

very limited ability to digest starch [in the small intestine]

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7
Q

In what part of the intestine are minerals and trace minerals?

A

small intestine

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8
Q

stomach capacity

A

8-15L (relatively small)

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9
Q

fibrolytic

A

breaking down fiber [in the hindgut of the horse]

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10
Q

Most important nutrient?

A

water

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11
Q

Common cause of impaction colic?

A

not drinking enough water!

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12
Q

Factors that increase water needs?

A

high temperature, hard work, lactation

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13
Q

Approximately how much water should a horse drink a day?

A

5-15 gallons (2 quarts for each pound of hay)

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14
Q

Forage to BW Ratio

A

1lb forage : 100lbs body weight (MINIMUM)

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15
Q

Digestible fiber

A

needed for energy for the microorganisms in the cecum and large colon

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16
Q

Indigestible fiber

A

necessary for GI motility, pH, and function

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17
Q

4 Auscultation Compartments ofthe Horse GI

A

Upper Left = pelvic flexure
Lower Left = left ventral colon
Upper Right = base of cecum
Lower Right = body of cecum

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18
Q

borborygmi

A

gut sounds

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19
Q

What % of horse feed is for energy?

A

85%

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20
Q

3 Sources of Energy in the Diet

A

carbohydrates, fat, protein

21
Q

Do horses use protein very well?

A

no

22
Q

Function of Fat in the Horse Diet

A

increase energy density (at no more than 2-6% of ration)

23
Q

Does alfalfa cause bloat?

A

no

24
Q

2 Problems with Wet Forage

A
  1. Mold
  2. Combustion (aka fire)
25
Q

Minimum dry matter (DM) percentage?

A

85%

26
Q

Relationship between Maturity and Protein levels in Forages

A

more mature = lower protein content

27
Q

Alfalfa hay bloom cut off

A

20% (anything harvested should be less)

28
Q

Forage percent of body weight per day?

A

2% of BW/day

29
Q

When can foals start eating hay?

A

2 months (this is when they can start digesting fiber)

30
Q

Ways to increase digestible energy in cereal grains?

A

rolling, cracking

31
Q

3 Types of Cereal Grains

A

corn, oats, barley

32
Q

Why does corn cause a problem for horses?

A

high in protein, low in fiber, not very digestible in small intestine, cecum has to ferment and causes a lot of gas build-up = colic

33
Q

Safest (and tastiest) cereal grain for horses

A

oats (but they’re also variable)

34
Q

NFC

A

non-fiber carbohydrates

most important energy source in equine diet

35
Q

What percent of an equine diet is protein?

A

8-10%

36
Q

Do foals need more or less protein?

A

more (for development and exercising)

37
Q

Most common ways for horses to get protein?

A

alfalfa and/or soybean meal

38
Q

Problems with too much protein in equine diet?

A

unabsorbed AAs increase fecal odor, additional substrate for fermentation to produce some nasty stinky compounds

39
Q

Most common fat supplements in the equine diet?

A

vegetable/corn oil, rice bran

40
Q

Ca:P

A

2:1

41
Q

Percent grain by body weight per feeding

A

0.5% BW/feeding

42
Q

What’s more common in gestating mares - over or under feeding?

A

overfeeding

43
Q

Problems with Overfeeding Gestating Mares

A
  1. Changes to Glucose/Insulin Metabolism
  2. Metabolic Syndrome Precursor
  3. Oxidative Stress
  4. Lower IgG in foal
44
Q

What are low levels of IgG in the foal typically a result of?

A

overfeeding! (not passive transfer failure)

45
Q

4 Supplements for the Gestating mare

A
  1. Selenium
  2. Vitamin E
  3. Copper
  4. Arginine
46
Q

How often should a foal nurse?

A

every 20 minutes

or suckle 5-7 times per hour for about 2 minutes each time

47
Q

What comes first - bone mineralization or bone growth?

A

bone growth

48
Q

When is foal/weanling at greatest risk for developmental orthopedic disease (DOD)?

A

3-9 months

49
Q

Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism

A

result of to much phosphorus, not enough calcium

enamel of the teeth is the last bone matrix to show osteoporosis

604 Nutrition (15 decks)

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