Periodontics

Question 1

In Rodrigues’s 2013 survey, “A clinical survey on the prevalence and types of cheek teeth disorders present in 400 Zamorano-Leones and 400 Mirandes donkeys (Equus asinus),” what was found to be the major cause of periodontal disease in the study?

Answer 1

Diastemata (97.4% of CT adjacent to diastemata had periodontal disease)

Question 2

In Jackson’s 2016 study “A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth,” what treatments showed stat sig reductions in periodontal pocket depth?

JVD 2016

Answer 2

Chlorhexidine
Metronidazole
PVS

Question 3

In Jackson’s 2016 study “A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth,” what treatment group did not show a significant reduction after adjusting for multiple testing?

JVD 2016

Answer 3

Diastema widening

Question 4

In Jackson’s 2016 study “A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth,” what was the relationship between pocket depth and improvement following treatment?

JVD 2016

Answer 4

Deeper pockets tended to experience greater improvement following treatment

Question 5

In Jackson’s 2016 study “A Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Four Different Treatments of Periodontal Disease in Equine Cheek Teeth,” what were the two main inclusion criteria?

JVD 2016

Answer 5

At least one cheek tooth periodontal pocket with a depth of 5mm or more
Second treatment/exam performed within 6 months

Question 6

In Schrock’s 2013 paper, “Finite element analysis of equine incisor teeth. Part 1: Determination of the material parameters of the periodontal ligament,” what two properties describe the elastic behavior of materials?

Answer 6

Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio

Question 7

Describe the properties of the periodontal ligament as presented in Schrock’s 2013 paper, “Finite element analysis of equine incisor teeth. Part 1: Determination of the material parameters of the periodontal ligament.”

Answer 7

Anisotropic with viscoelastic and non-linear behavior

Question 8

In Schrock’s 2013 paper, “Finite element analysis of equine incisor teeth. Part 1: Determination of the material parameters of the periodontal ligament,” what was the calculated Young’s moduli of equine incisor periodontal ligaments?

Answer 8

1.3- 8.0 Mpa

Question 9

In Schrock’s 2013 paper, “Finite element analysis of equine incisor teeth. Part 2: Investigation of stresses and strain energy densities in the periodontal ligament and surrounding bone during tooth movement,” what were the two principal directions of tooth movements observed in all jaws?

Answer 9

Intrusive movement in an apical direction along the longitudinal axis of the tooth into its alveolus

Tilting movement in a labial direction

Question 10

Describe the predominant areas of the tooth responsive to compressive and tensile stresses and the associated bone reaction as described in Schrock’s 2013 paper, “Finite element analysis of equine incisor teeth. Part 2: Investigation of stresses and strain energy densities in the periodontal ligament and surrounding bone during tooth movement.”

Answer 10

Compressive stresses predominant on the
labial side of the alveolar crest
palatal/ lingual side of the root tip –> loss of bone

Tensile stresses predominant on the
palatal/ lingual side near the alveolar crest
–> deposition of bone

Question 11

What were the top 3 phyla identifies in Wenling’s 2015 study on the equine subgingival microbiome?

Microb Path 2015

Answer 11

Proteobacteria (41%)
Firmicutes (28%)
Bacteroidetes (25%)

Question 12

In Kennedy’s 2017 paper, Gingival Toll-like receptor and cytokine messenger RNA
levels in equine periodontitis and oral health (EVJ (49); 294-299), was there a difference in mRNA of TLRs and cytokines when comparing diseased and normal gingiva?

EVJ 2017

Answer 12

Yes
Significant increases in mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR9, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 (P≤0.05) and IFN-c (P≤0.01) were observed for both unweighted and age-weighted analyses of diseased gingival tissue samples compared with healthy gingival samples

Question 13

In Turner’s 2021 study on perio in horses related to tooth elongations, what tooth pairs were signficantly associated with PD1?
a. 106/107, 206/207
b. 106/107, 410/411
c. 310/311, 410/411
d. 206/207, 310/311

JVD 2021, issue 3

Answer 13

a. 106/107, 206/207

Question 14

In Turner’s 2021 study on perio in horses related to tooth elongations, what PD grade(s) were associated with all four tooth pairs?

106/107, 206/207, 310/311, 410/411 were the pairs

JVD 2021, issue 3

Answer 14

PD2 and PD4

Question 15

In Zapf’s study “Periodontal structures in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: A histological evaluation” what differences between the PPID and control groups may predispose PPID horses to periodontal disease?

Frontiers 2023

Answer 15

The changes in leukocyte infiltration of the PDL and the irregular cementum in inter-dental and non inter-dental locations might point to a disproportionate inflammation in PPID affected horses and a structural weakening of the periodontal tissue predisposing for the development of diastemata.

Clarifier: when they controlled for age, then any significant differences of the tissues went away – corroborates that age is a determinant of perio, not PPID

Question 16

In Walker’s 2012 paper, “Prevalence and some clinical characteristics of equine
cheek teeth diastemata in 471 horses examined in a UK first-opinion equine
practice (Veterinary Record),” what % of horses had at least 1 diastema and which teeth were most affected?

Walker Vet Record 2012

Answer 16

49.9% of horses examined had at least one diastemata
83.5% of diastemata involved mandibular cheek teeth.
The most common mandibular diastema site was 07/08 position.

Question 17

In Simhofer’s paper “The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses,” what was the % of horses had at least 1 diastema noted on exam?

Simhofer TVJ 2008

Answer 17

24.3% of horses

Question 18

In Borkent’s 2019 study “A microbiome analysis of equine peripheral dental caries using next generation sequencing” what was the most common genus associated with the healthy samples vs the peripheral caries samples?

EVJ 2019

Answer 18

Streptococcus species was the genus most commonly associated with equine PC
Gemella species was the genus most associated with the control group.

Corynebacterium also associated with control

Question 19

In Borkent’s 2019 study “A microbiome analysis of equine peripheral dental caries using next generation sequencing” what was the most common genus associated with rostral vs caudal peripheral caries?

EVJ 2019

Answer 19

Veillonella species was the most commonly associated genus with PC of the rostral cheek teeth
Streptococcus species was the most associated genus with the PC of caudal cheek teeth

Question 20

In Walker’s 2012 paper, “Prevalence and some clinical characteristics of equine
cheek teeth diastemata in 471 horses examined in a UK first-opinion equine
practice (Veterinary Record),” what was the prevalence of diastema, and what teeth were most affected by them?

Walker 2012 Vet Rec

Answer 20

49.9% of horses examined had at least one diastemata

83.5% of diastemata involved mandibular cheek teeth.
The most common mandibular diastema site was 07/08 position.

Question 21

In Ramzan’s 2011 paper, “The incidence and distribution of peripheral caries in the cheek teeth of horses and its association with diastemata and gingival recession,” out of 108 horses, what % had at least 1 diastema?

Ramzan 2011 The Vet Journal

Answer 21

75%

80% of diastemas were on the mandible
10-11 Triadan position most affected (27%)

Question 22

In Nuttall’s paper “Prevalence and analysis of equine periodontal disease, diastemata and
peripheral caries in a first-opinion horse population in the UK,” what factors were significantly associated with diastemas?

Nuttall 2019 The Vet Journal

Answer 22

Diastema more common in mandibular than maxillary arcades
Periodontal disease assoc. with diastemas
Increasing age was a significant risk factor for periodontal disease and diastemata

Sex was not stat sig as a risk factor

Question 23

In Cox’s study “Histopathological lesions associated with equine periodontal disease” what was the conclusion about gingival hyperplasia and equine periodontitis lesions?

Cox 2012 The Vet Journal

Answer 23

Present in some degree in all horses
Only weakly associated with stage of periodontitis

Many histo features had a lot of overlap from healthy and diseased gingiva

Question 24

In Cox’s study “Histopathological lesions associated with equine periodontal disease” what was the association between gingival recession and periodontitis and how many horses had GR?

Cox 2012 The vet journal

Answer 24

Present in 13/21 horses
Sig assoc with higher periodontal status

Question 25

What are the arrows indicating in this sulcular sample from a horse?

Cox 2012 TVJ

Answer 25

Gingival epithelial hyperplasia in a periodontal pocket

Question 26

What are the arrws indicating in this sulcular epithelial sample from a horse?

Cox 2012 TVJ

Answer 26

Spirochaetal bacteria (arrows) within the sulcular epithelium (Modified Young’s stain).

Question 27

Which of the following has the correctly paired definition?
A. Bacterial Adhesions - biofilm adhering to the teeth
B. Dental Plaque - proteinaceous layer that is between 0.5-1µm thick
C. Acquired pellicle - proteinaceous layer that is between 0.5-1µm thick
D. Acquired pellicle - proteinaceous layer that is thicker than 10µm

Ch 8

Answer 27

C. Acquired pellicle - proteinaceous layer that is between 0.5-1µm thick

Question 28

What are the criteria for PD stage in Easley’s Ch 10?

Ch 10

Answer 28

Grade 0 - Normal
Grade 1 -gingivitis only (no interdental pocket or attachment loss)
Grade 2 - Gingivitis +interdental periodontal pocket < 10 mm depth with minor periodontal attachment loss at buccal or lingual/palatal margins
Grade 3 - Gingivitis + interdental periodontal pocket > 10 mm depth with moderate periodontal attachment loss at buccal or lingual/palatal margins
Grade 4 - Gingivitis + extensive periodontal pocket(s) > 10 mm with major periodontal attachment loss at buccal or lingual/palatal margins