Orthdontics Flashcards
In Haeussler’s 2014 study, “Intra-pulp temperature increase of equine cheek teeth during treatment with motorized grinding systems: influence of grinding head position and rotational speed,” what rise in pulp temperature was cited as causing pulp damage?
Staszyk. BMC Veterinary Research 2014.
5.5C
Zach, Cohen. “Pulp response to externally applied heat.” Oral Surg Oral Med. 1965
In Rodrigues’s 2013 survey, “A clinical survey on the prevalence and types of cheek teeth disorders present in 400 Zamorano-Leones and 400 Mirandes donkeys (Equus asinus),” what was the most commonly diagnosed dental disease?
Enamel overgrowths (73.1%, 585/800 cases)
In Haeussler’s 2014 study, “Intra-pulp temperature increase of equine cheek teeth during treatment with motorized grinding systems: influence of grinding head position and rotational speed,” doubling the rotational speed led to shortening the time to reach a 5.5C temperature increase by what percent for maxillary and mandibular CT?
Staszyk. BMC Veterinary Research 2014.
12,000rpm shortened the time to reach 5.5C increase in maxillary CT by 52% and mandibular CT by 78%
Stat sig
In Haeussler’s 2014 study, “Intra-pulp temperature increase of equine cheek teeth during treatment with motorized grinding systems: influence of grinding head position and rotational speed,” what was the suggested maximum time for grinding on one tooth should not cause pulpal damage?
Staszyk. BMC Veterinary Research 2014.
30 seconds
In Haeussler’s 2014 study, “Intra-pulp temperature increase of equine cheek teeth during treatment with motorized grinding systems: influence of grinding head position and rotational speed,” what variable were not significantly associated?
Staszyk. BMC Veterinary Research 2014.
Individual pulp horns did not warm stat sig faster at 6000 or 12,000rpm
No stat sig difference in maxillary CT mass loss at 6000 vs 12,000rpm
Doubling rotational speed led to stat sig shorter heating time for maxillary and mandibular CT edges
In Pizzigatti’s 2014 study, “Multiple dental abnormalities in a geriatric horse”, what was the incidence of enamel points in horses > 9 years of age?
44-72%
In Pizzigatti’s 2014 study, “Multiple dental abnormalities in a geriatric horse”, what bacteria is associated with the formation of caries in horses?
Staphylococcus devriesei
In Pizzigatti’s 2014 study, “Multiple dental abnormalities in a geriatric horse”, they found which disease is the most challenging in geriatric equine dentistry?
Periodontal disease
In Taylor’s 2015 study “Comparative Analyses of Tooth Wear in Free-Ranging and Captive Wild Equids,” what focal overgrowth was stat sig more prevalent in captive vs free-ranging wild equids?
EVJ 2015
Rostral 06s
In Taylor’s 2015 study “Comparative Analyses of Tooth Wear in Free-Ranging and Captive Wild Equids,” which teeth of captive equids generally exhibited less abrasion-dominated tooth wear than their free-ranging counterparts?
EVJ 2015
Premolars
In Easley’s 2016 study “Orthodontic Correction of Overjet/Overbite (parrot mouth) in 72 foals (1999-2013),” reduction in overjet and overbite dimensions were achieved in what percent of cases respectively?
EVJ 2016
Overjet 95%
Overbite 90%
In Easley’s 2016 study “Orthodontic Correction of Overjet/Overbite (parrot mouth) in 72 foals (1999-2013),” what was the median number of implant placements per animal and what percent of cases requred more than 1 procedure?
EVJ 2016
Median number implants 2
63% cases required more than 1 procedure
In Easley’s 2016 study “Orthodontic Correction of Overjet/Overbite (parrot mouth) in 72 foals (1999-2013),” what was the association between animal age and total reduction of overjet and rate of reduction in overbite?
EVJ 2016
Increasing animal age significantly associated with decreased total reduction in overjet and decreased rate of reduction in overbite
In Easley’s 2016 study “Orthodontic Correction of Overjet/Overbite (parrot mouth) in 72 foals (1999-2013),” what was the association with original severity of overbite and rate of correction?
EVJ 2016
Increased original severity of overbite sig associated with increase rate of correction/length of correction
In Easley’s 2016 study “Orthodontic Correction of Overjet/Overbite (parrot mouth) in 72 foals (1999-2013),” what were the most common short and long term complications?
EVJ 2016
Short term: intraoperative hemorrhage (3 foals total), transient facial nerve neuropraxia (1 foal), irritation of mare’s udder
Long term: Cheek teeth diastema formation, incisor discoloration and maleruption (7 horses)
All foals developed small valve diastema of 07s/08s
In Moine’s 2017 study “Evaluation of the effects of performance dentistry on equine rideability: a randomized, blinded, controlled trial,” what was the correlation between severity of malocclusion and rideability score?
Veterinary Quarterly 2017
No correlation between the severity of malocclusion and the rideability score assigned prior to treatment
No stat sig correlations of any kind in this paper
In Moine’s 2017 study “Evaluation of the effects of performance dentistry on equine rideability: a randomized, blinded, controlled trial,” horses were assigned malocclusion scores how long prior to treatment and then were evaluated for rideability how often following treatment?
Vet Quart 2017
Two weeks prior to treatment
Ridden twice within 2 month period
In Spoorman’s 2018 study “Treatment of class 2 malocclusion by corrective osteotomy using two short locking compression plates” how many cases required a second corrective procedure and what was the time range for bridging of the osteotomy gap?
EVJ 2018
2/5
2-6.5 months
In Spoorman’s 2018 study “Treatment of class 2 malocclusion by corrective osteotomy using two short locking compression plates,” where was the osteotomy cut made and what were the advantages of this location and surgical technique?
EVJ 2018
Caudal third of the symphysis (symphysis preserved)
Greater stability than previous cases where the cut was made caudal to the symphysis
Greater degree of stability with short LCPs–> preserves mental nerve, mandibular canal and roots of incisors and cheek teeth
In Spoorman’s 2018 study “Treatment of class 2 malocclusion by corrective osteotomy using two short locking compression plates” what were the outcomes for the 5 cases?
EVJ 2018
3/5 cases very good (overjet 0-2mm)
1/5 case good (overjet 2-5mm)
1/5 case excellent (overjet 0mm)
In Sterkenburgh’s 2022 paper “A computerized simulation of the occlusal surface in equine cheek teeth: a simplified model,” what was identified as a significant factor in decreasing the speed of continued inclination (lateralventral occlusal angle)?
Frontiers 2022
Extended buccal deflection at the beginning of the power stroke — introducing forage leads to extended buccal deflection
In Sterkenburgh’s 2022 paper “A computerized simulation of the occlusal surface in equine cheek teeth: a simplified model,” introduction of what asumption lead to development of an edge on the buccal flank of upper cheek teeth which simulated sharp enamel points?
Frontiers 2022
Incisor landing
In Sterkenburgh’s 2022 paper “A computerized simulation of the occlusal surface in equine cheek teeth: a simplified model,” characteristic angular inclination of occlusal surface in lateroventral direction became visible after how many cycles?
Frontiers 2022
25 cycles
authors estimate that horses have around 100 million chewing cycles within their lifetimes
In Tinsley’s 2023 paper “The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses”, what were the most common dental pathologies noted?
Frontiers 2023
The most common dental diseases detected in this population were crown elongation (74%), oral mucosal ulceration (67%), diastemata (34%), class 1 malocclusion (34%) and hypodontia (12%) respectively.
In Tinsley’s 2023 paper “The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses”, what were the most commonly affected Triadan positions for crown elongations, diastema, class 1 mal, and missing teeth respectively?
Frontiers 2023
Crown elongation: The Triadan 06 position was the most frequently affected (115 teeth)
Diastemata: Triadan 09–10 position
Class 1 mal: 60% of teeth were incisors and canines
Missing teeth: Triadan 08 (n=7) and 11 (n=9) most affected
In Tinsley’s 2023 paper “The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses”, what factors were found to be statistically sig associated with pathologies?
Frontiers 2023
The prevalence of abnormalities, diastemata and crown elongations increased with age (SIG)
Horses with a high body condition score had increased likelihood of having a class 1 malocclusion (SIG)
Horses with wider heads had a higher prevalence of dental disease and class 1 malocclusions (SIG)
No significant correlation between the length of the head and the presence or number of any category of disease
No correlation between sex, weight or height at the withers and the presence or frequency of any dental disease.
In Sterkenburgh’s 2023 paper “Temporomandibular joint biomechanics and equine incisor occlusal plane maintenance”, what % of horses had overjet, and how did this compare to other studies?
Frontiers Bioeng. Biotechnol 2023
Overjet was the most common occlusal deviation (52.9%) – 4.2 ± 2.5 mm (range: 0–20 mm)
Domanska-Kruppa et al. (2019) radiographically measured an OJ in 2% of 650 Warmblood foals ranging from 4 to 8 mm, but with the head fixed in a flexed position
Reporting an OJ prevalence of 51% in Quarter Horse foals in a head position comparable to Domanska-Kruppa et al. (2018) and Omura et al. (2015) measured mean OJ ranging from 0.5 to 1.74 mm in different age groups
What point during a horse’s chewing cycle are the forces the highest and what level (N) do they reach?
Sterkenburgh Frontiers Bioeng. Biotechnol 2023
Power stroke, 1956 N
In Carmalt’s 2003 study “Effect of dental floating on the rostrocaudal mobility of the mandible of horses”, what factors were associated with increased rostrocaudal motion (RCM) of the mandible?
JAVMA 2003
Dental correction resulted in a significant increase in RCM of the mandible in 31 of 33 horses (mean diff 3mm between tx and control group)
Breed category (heavy) had more RCM of mandible compared to light and intermediate prior to floating
Age and number of dental lesions did NOT significantly affect mobility before or after dental floating
In Carmalt’s 2004 study “Effect of dental floating on weight gain, body condition score, feed digestibility, and fecal particle size in pregnant mares” weight gain was significantly associated with what factor?
JAVMA 2004
Feed group
NOT assoc with dental floating
Digestability and quidding also not associated with dentla floating
In Carmalt’s 2004 study “Effect of dental floating on weight gain, body condition score, feed digestibility, and fecal particle size in pregnant mares” what were the most common dental pathologies noted on exams?
JAVMA 2004
Sharp enamel edges (81.5%) causing ulcers in 61% of horses
Stepped teeth (69%) - all mandibular
Rostral hooks (61%)
What is the bite force of incisors during food prehension?
Sterkenburgh Frontiers Biomed 2023 - citing Weinert 2020
2% body weight
Chewing rates differ depending on forage, ranging between 68.5 and 83.9 chews/min
In Bonin’s 2007 study “Comparison of mandibular motion in horses chewing hay and pellets” what differences in chewing were noted between the groups?
Bonin EVJ 2007, cited in Sterkenburgh frontiers biomed 2023
Frequency of the chewing cycles was lower for hay than for pellets. Excursions of the virtual mandibular marker were significantly larger in all 3 directions when chewing hay compared to pellets.
i.e. The range of mediolateral displacement of the mandible was sufficient to give full occlusal contact of the upper and lower dental arcades when chewing hay but not when chewing pellets.
What is the reported prevalence of Mandibular brachygnathism in the general horse population?
Alshami JVD 2024
2-5%
3.4% in Franches-Montagnes breeds
8.5% in Warmbloods
Define overjet and overbite
Alshami JVD 2024
Overjet (“overshot” jaw) occurs when the incisal surfaces of maxillary incisors project rostral to the incisal surfaces of mandibular incisors, and this can progress to overbite
Overbite (“parrot mouth”) occurs when the maxillary incisors occlude rostral to and directly in front of mandibular incisors.
In Liuti’s 2022 study “Studies on age-related changes in equine cheek teeth angulation and dental drift,” what direction were the clinical crowns inclinations of the 06s and 11s?
Dixon, Frontiers 2022
06s clinical crowns were inclined distally while 11s were inclined mesially with on average slightly more angulation in the mandibular teeth
In Liuti’s 2022 study “Studies on age-related changes in equine cheek teeth angulation and dental drift,” what direction did the teeth drift the most overall?
Dixon, Frontiers 2022
Mesially
In Liuti’s 2022 study “Studies on age-related changes in equine cheek teeth angulation and dental drift,” which teeth had statistically significant age related decreases in angulation?
Dixon, Frontiers 2022
mandibular 06s only stat sig
Age related decreases in angulation were found in mandibular and maxillary 06s and 11s but were significant only in the mandibular 06s
If an overgrown tooth is reduced to the level of the adjacent teeth how often will you expose at least one live pulp?
Easley Textbook, ch 25
58%
What is the rate of eruption for teeth that are completely out of occlusion?
Easley Textbook, ch 25
0.5cm-2cm / year
What malocclusion is shown in this image?
Ch 10
Shear mouth – 200s occlusal angle at 45 degress
In O’Leary’s 2013 paper “Pulpar temperature changes during mechanical reduction of equine cheek teeth: Comparison of different motorised dental instruments, duration of treatments and use of water cooling” what was the signficance of instrument choice, time of rasping, subocclusal thickness, and water cooling?
O’Leary and Dixon 2013 EVJ
Instrument: Using motorised dental instrument B compared with either A or C increased the likelihood that the critical temperature was reached in pulps by 8.6 times.
Time: Compared with rasping for 30s – critical temp risk inc with time
Subocclusal dentin thickness and water cooling: Thicker subocclusal secondary dentine (odds ratio [OR] = 0.75/mm) and water cooling (OR = 0.14) were both protective against the likelihood of the pulp reaching the critical temperature.
instrument B had highest max rpm
In Marshall’s paper “A study of sub-occlusal secondary dentine thickness in overgrown equine cheek teeth” what was the outcome for mandibular and maxillary overgrown cheek teeth when compared to controls?
Marshall and Dixon 2012 TVJ
No significant difference between SO2D thickness in overgrown and control mandibular CT
SO2D was significantly thicker in overgrown as compared to control maxillary CT.
The mean difference in SO2D thickness between the overgrown and control mandibular teeth was -0.13 mm (range, 7.13 to 10.62 mm) and between overgrown and control maxillary teeth was 3.25 mm (range, 6.84 to 23.52 mm)
In Brown’s 2008 study “Occlusal angles of cheek teeth in normal horses and horses with dental disease,” what was the range of overall normal occlusal angles?
Vet Record 2008, Easley 2022
15-35 degrees
In Brown’s 2008 study “Occlusal angles of cheek teeth in normal horses and horses with dental disease,” do maxillary or mandibular cheek teeth have greater angulation and do the rostral or caudal mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth have greater angles?
Vet Record 2008, Easley 2022
Mandibular greater overall angulation
Maxillary more angled rostrally, less caudally
mandibular less angled rostrally, more angled caudally
In Listman’s 2016 article “Occlusal angles of equine cheek teeth,” what was the mean occlusal angles and how did they differ from maxilla to mandible and rostral to caudal?
Livestock Science, 2016
mean occlusal angles 15-20 degrees with angles increasing caudally for both the maxilla and the mandible
What occlusal pressure can horses generate during mastication?
Easley ch 6, Staszyk 2006.
875N on 06; 1800N on 11s during power stroke
highest in caudal cheek teeth
How long do horses need to graze a day to obtain their nutritional requirements from grazing alone (hypergrazers)?
Easley 2022
18 hours a day
What does the evolutionary process of molarisation refer to?
Easley 2022
premolars became molar-like in size and shape and became aligned in tight cheek teeth rows with no visible interdental spaces.
How many times harder is enamel than dentin and cementum?
Easley 2022Up
Up to 5 times harder and more wear resistant
What is a rasp facet?
Easley 2022
The consistent morphology of the equine occlusal surface
What is the relationship between equine body size and dental morphology variables according to Carmalt’s 2008 paper “The relationship between cheek tooth occlusal morphology, apparent digestibility, and ingesta panicle size in the horse?”
Am Vet Med Assoc 2008
No correlation between body size and dental morphology (total, inner, and outer enamel ridge perimeter as well as total, inner, and outer surface area)
What does double blade construction mean?
Easley 2022
Refers to the shearing and cutting function of the rasp facet of modern equine cheek teeth that have multiple protruding occlusal enamel ridges that allow the entire occlusal surface to be involved in food comminution
Peripheral enamel ridge (buccal) and central enamel ridges (infundibular)
During mastication do modern horses have a single or double power stroke?
Easley 2022
Single
in a lingual direction acting across the entire cheek teeth occlusal area
What are hypselolodont teeth?
Easley 2022
Continually produce enamel throughout the life of the animal (incisors of rodents and lagomorphs, cheek teeth of Guinea pigs)
When did hypsodont dentition develop?
Easley 2022
Miocene epoch 20 to 15 million years ago
What teeth are referred to as anticlinal teeth and what is their definition?
Easley 2022
Maxillary 08s and 09s
Mandibular 07s
Teeth in an almost vertical position
Are the articular surfaces of the equine TMJ covered with hyaline or fibrocartilage?
Easley 2022
Fibrocartilage
Approximately how wide is the articular tubercle/mandibular fossa in the adult horse?
Easley 2022
70mm
What do A, B, C, D and E represent in the image below?
Easley 2022
A. External acoustic meatus
B. Retroarticular process
C. Articular tubercle
D. Mandibular head
E. Paracondylar process
What is the consistent angulation of the mandibular heads and temporal bones?
Easley 2022
~ 15 degrees
What is the origin and insertion of the caudal ligament of the TMJ?
Easley 2022
Origin: retroarticular process
insertion: condylar process ventral to the mandibular head
also attached to mandibular disc
What structures reinforce/are attached to the articular disc?
Easley 2022
Lateral ligament
Caudal ligament
Lateral pterygoid muscle (rostromedial aspect of articular disc)
What directions does the mandibular head slide during mastication?
Easley 2022
Ventrorostral and lateral
What phases of mastication/mandibular movements do the numbers below represent?
Easley 2022
- Opening stroke
- Closing stroke
- Power stroke
- Recovery stroke
What are the maximum recorded values for masticatory forces of the 11s during the power stroke?
Easley 2022
1800N
In Carmalt’s 2006 study “Effect of rostrocaudal mobility of the mandible on feed digestibility and fecal particle size in horses,” what was the relationship between feed type and masticatory frequency and lateral movement of the mandible respectively?
JAVMA 2006
Masticatory frequency lower with hay than pelleted diets
Increased lateral movement with hay
I think this is actually Bonin 2007 (Easley ch 6)
The 2006 carmalt JAVMA paper concluded RCM did not affect fecal partical size or weight gain
When using a removable functional bite plate for treating MAL2 how many hours a day does the foal need to wear the appliance?
Easley ch 31
16 hours
In Klaus’ 2013 papers on surgical correction of brachygnathia, what surgery and fixation device was used? What device was used in a follow up paper?
Easley ch 31
Osteotomy and external fixator (type 1)
LCP
Both vet surg papers, 2013
What is the best age to place a functional orthodontic appliance on a foal with MAL2?
Easley ch 31
8-12 weeks
After deciduous 02s erupt
In Easley’s 2016 paper: Orthodontic correction of overjet/overbite in 73 foals (EVJ) what was the mean reduction in over jet malocclusion?
Easley ch 31
9.9mm
In Easley’s 2016 paper: Orthodontic correction of overjet/overbite in 73 foals, what was the mean reduction in overbite malocclusion?
Easley ch 31
8.4mm
What was the difference between Spoormaker’s 2018 technique for corrective osteotomy and LCPs for MAL2 and Klaus’ 2013?
Easley ch 31
LCP longer in Klaus (went length of mandible) whereas spoormaker much shorter, spanning interdental space length
According to Easley’s 2022 textbook, what are the 5 rules to follow when performing crown reductions?
Easley 2022, chp 25
1) Minimizetime spent to10 seconds or less of continuous odontoplasty
2) Flush water on the treated tooth often, as this will cool the tooth and clean its surface
3) Keep burrs clean with a stiff brush and water
4) Visualize the occlusal surface periodically to evaluate pulp horn staining
5) Limit odontoplasty to removal of no more than 3-4mm of occlusal crown at a time
In the figure below what do A, B, C and D represent?
Easley 2022, chp 25
A. Mesastyle
B. Mesostyle
C. Parastyle
D. Transverse ridges
What is the definition of embrication?
Easley 2022, Chp 25
Irregularly arranged teeth within a row due to lack of space or crowding. These teeth can also be
infraerupted, supraerupted or displaced.
How is this slant bite described/characterized in Easley 2022?
100/400 diagonal incisor bite
What type of enamel is shown on a scanning electron microscopy image below represented by the letter E?
Kempson, Dacre. The effect of three types of rasps on the occlusal surface of equine cheek teeth: a scanning electron microscopic study. JVD 2003.
Type 1 enamel
In the scanning electron microscopy image below, what type of instrument was used for odontoplasty and what does the asterisk and white arrows represent?
Kempson, Dacre. The effect of three types of rasps on the occlusal surface of equine cheek teeth: a scanning electron microscopic study. JVD 2003.
Tungsten chip hand rasp
Asterisk: disruption of dentin
White arrows: exposure and amputation of odontoblast processes
In Kempson’s 2003 study “The effect of three types of rasps on the occlusal surface of equine cheek teeth: a scanning electron microscopic study,” which type of rasp created the greatest amount of physical damage to teeth and no smear layer?
Dacre JVD 2003
Solid carbide rasp (cutting action on pull stroke)
In Kempson’s 2003 study “The effect of three types of rasps on the occlusal surface of equine cheek teeth: a scanning electron microscopic study,” what type of rasp was associated with the least amount of damage and produced a complete smear layer?
Dacre JVD 2003
Electrically driven rotating bur
In Kempson’s 2003 study “The effect of three types of rasps on the occlusal surface of equine cheek teeth: a scanning electron microscopic study,” what rasps resulted in amputation of odontoblast processes?
Dacre JVD 2003
all three rasps
(solid carbide hand rasp, tungsten chip hand rasp, electrically driven bur)
In Carmalt’s 2004 study “Effect of dental floating on weight gain, body condition score, feed digestibility, and fecal particle size in pregnant mares” what factors were not stat sig associated with dental floating?
JAVMA 2004
Weight gain, change in body condition score, feed digestibility, and fecal particle size were NOT significantly different between horses that underwent dental floating and untreated control horses
Age was not sig associated with number of dental lesions
In White’s 2010 study “A study of the thickness of cheek teeth subocclusal dentine in horses of different ages,” what was the stat sig association of subocclusal dentin thickness with age?
Dixon EVJ 2010
Occlusal secondary dentin thickness did not stat sig increase with age
Slight trend to decrease with age but was not stat sig
In White’s 2010 study “A study of the thickness of cheek teeth subocclusal dentine in horses of different ages,” what was the association of subocclusal dentin thickness between different pulp horns?
Dixon EVJ 2010
No stat significant differences in occlusal secondary dentine thickness between rostral and caudal, or medial and lateral aspects of the CT, or between contralateral CT
In White’s 2010 study “A study of the thickness of cheek teeth subocclusal dentine in horses of different ages,” what was the association between maxillary vs mandibular secondary dentin thickness?
Dixon EVJ 2010
Mandibular CT had significantly thicker subocclusal secondary dentine than maxillary CT
In Marshall’s 2012 study “A study of sub-occlusal secondary dentine thickness in overgrown equine cheek teeth,” what was the association between the height of dental overgrowths and subocclusal secondary dentin thickness?
Dixon The Vet J 2012
height of dental overgrowths was greater than SO2D thickness over one or more pulp horns in 14/24 overgrown teethqqq
Consequently, reduction of these overgrown teeth to the level of adjacent normal height teeth would cause occlusal pulp exposure in 58% of teeth, in addition to possible thermal damage to additional pulp horns.
According to Easley’s 2022 textbook, when should a functional orthodontic device to correct a MAL2 ideally be placed?
Chp 31
When deciduous 02s are in wear (8-12 weeks old)
According to Easley’s 2022 textbook, how can functional orthodontic devices be utlized to treat moderate MAL4s?
Chp 31
Retard growth on convex side of deformity with tension wires spanning premolars to incisors
Can be aided with an incline plane as well
In Omura’s 2015 study “Measurement of incisor overjet and physiological diastemata parameters in Quarter horse foals,” what was the correlation between age and maxillary and mandibular physiologic diastemata length and at what age did maximum growth occur?
JVD 2015
Positive correlation between age and maxillary and mandibular physiological diastemata length
Maximum growth occurs in foals between 4 and 5 months of age
98% foals had longer maxillary diastema regardless of presence of malocclusion
In Omura’s 2015 study “Measurement of incisor overjet and physiological diastemata parameters in Quarter horse foals,” what was the overall overjet prevalence and what was the association with sex and lineage?
JVD 2015
51%
Most common in females and show lineage
In Listmann’s 2017 paper “Occlusal Angles of Equine Incisors,” were the upper or lower bars most suitable to determine incisor angulations?
Staszyk JVD 2017
Lower bars
In Listmann’s 2017 paper “Occlusal Angles of Equine Incisors,” what was the association between maxillary vs mandibular sagittal angles and the relationship between angles of opposing incisors?
Staszyk JVD 2017
Mandibular incisors showed significantly steeper sagittal angles than maxillary incisors
The transverse angles of opposing 01s and 02s were significantly correlated
The sagittal angles of all 3 opposing incisors were correlated
What is the reported shortest reserve crown and the longest of the premolars?
VCNA 2020 Earley
Shortest: 3.3 cm, Triadan 06
Longest: 5.1 cm Triadan 08
What is the eruption age of the premolars per their reserve crown length
VCNA 2020 Earley
premolars life expectancy of a normal cheek tooth posteruption ranges between 13.2 years (second premolar) and 20.4 years (fourth
premolar).
average attrition rates 2.5 mm/y
Given that all permanent equine dentition is present around 5 years of age, it is estimated that the equine dentition has a life span ranging between 18.2 years (second premolar) and 25.4 years (fourth premolar).
In Domanska-Krupa’s 2018 study “Study of the relationship between overjet development and some skull bone measurements in Warmblood foals,” what percent of foals had an overjet at 2 weeks old and what percent had spontaneous regression?
Vet Rec 2018
2% overjet
69% spontaneous regression between 9-29 weeks of age
31% control foals developed an overjet between 9-22 weeks of age
In Domanska-Krupa’s 2018 study “Study of the relationship between overjet development and some skull bone measurements in Warmblood foals,” what 5 ratios were shown to be useful to differentiate foals born with overjet in which the malocclusion persisted and foals in which the overjet resolved during the study period?
Vet Rec 2018
Ethmoidal line/Mandibular length (EtL/ML)
Mandibular cheek teeth length/mandibular length (Mna/ML)
Maxillary diastema/Mandibular diastema (Mxd/Mnd)
Pars incisiva mandibulae/Mandibular diastema (PiMn/Mnd)
Pars incisiva maxillae/Pars incisiva mandibulae (PiMx/PiMn)
In Domanska-Krupa’s 2018 study “Study of the relationship between overjet development and some skull bone measurements in Warmblood foals,” what two ratios were useful to determine whether a foal born with physiological incisor alignment would subsequently develop overjet?
Vet Rec 2018
Pars incisiva maxillae/Pars incisiva mandibulae (PiMx/PiMn)
Mandibular cheek teeth length/mandibular length (Mna/ML)
In Liuti’s 2020 study “The use of the geometric morphometric method to illustrate shape differences in the skulls of different aged horses,” what structures were thought to be predictive of age group?
Dixon Vet Research Comm 2020
Pterygoid processes bilaterally
Caudal aspect of hard palate
Tip of nasal bone
Ethmoid sinuses
Caudal aspect of ventral conchal bulla
Caudal aspect of vomer bone
In Liuti’s 2020 study “The use of the geometric morphometric method to illustrate shape differences in the skulls of different aged horses,” what was the relationship between allometric shape and age?
Dixon Vet Research Comm 2020
Allometric shape differences could distinguish youngest versus the two older age groups
When allometric effects (shape variation explained by size) removed → PC1 unable to distinguish horses by age group
In Kau’s 2020 study “Computed tomography (CT)-Assisted 3D cephalometry in horses: interincisal angulation of clinical crowns,” what was the range of the interincisal angle determined by labial axis of the clinical crown?
Staszyk Frontiers 2020
90-180 degrees
Regardless of tooth position, tooth generation, or age,
In Kau’s 2020 study “Computed tomography (CT)-Assisted 3D cephalometry in horses: interincisal angulation of clinical crowns,” what was the relationship between interincisal angle and age and tooth position?
Staszyk Frontiers 2020
A non-linear age-related angle decline most distinctive in third incisor length was shown
Third incisor teeth show a significantly higher overall angle decrease compared to first and second incisors
IIA tends to approach an end value in older horses
Age estimate based on the IIA of clinical crowns is not recommended
According to Alsahmi’s 2024 study “Comparison of computed tomography assisted 3D cephalometric measurements in straight Egyptian Arabian and Thoroughbred horses,” what distal chromosomal region has been identified as potentially being associated with maxillary prognathism/Class 2 malocclusions?
JVD 2024
ECA13
According to Alsahmi’s 2024 study “Comparison of computed tomography assisted 3D cephalometric measurements in straight Egyptian Arabian and Thoroughbred horses,” in donkeys what polymorphism has been implicated as playing a role in mandibular prognathism (MAL3)?
JVD 2024
MATN1
In Alsahmi’s 2024 study “Comparison of computed tomography assisted 3D cephalometric measurements in straight Egyptian Arabian and Thoroughbred horses,” all 9 cephalometric measurements and the interincisal angle were found to be sig greater in which horses?
JVD 2024
Thoroughbreds
Differences in interincisal angle may be explained by sig difference in age between SEAR and TB groups with SEAR group being older
In Alsahmi’s 2024 study “Comparison of computed tomography assisted 3D cephalometric measurements in straight Egyptian Arabian and Thoroughbred horses,” what ratio was significantly greater for SEARs than TBs?
JVD 2024
maxillary cheek teeth length: ethmoidal line ratio (Mxa/EtL),
