Orthdontics

Question 1

```

~~~

In Haeussler’s 2014 study, “Intra-pulp temperature increase of equine cheek teeth during treatment with motorized grinding systems: influence of grinding head position and rotational speed,” what rise in pulp temperature was cited as causing pulp damage?

Staszyk. BMC Veterinary Research 2014.

Answer 1

5.5C

Zach, Cohen. “Pulp response to externally applied heat.” Oral Surg Oral Med. 1965

Question 2

In Rodrigues’s 2013 survey, “A clinical survey on the prevalence and types of cheek teeth disorders present in 400 Zamorano-Leones and 400 Mirandes donkeys (Equus asinus),” what was the most commonly diagnosed dental disease?

Answer 2

Enamel overgrowths (73.1%, 585/800 cases)

Question 3

In Haeussler’s 2014 study, “Intra-pulp temperature increase of equine cheek teeth during treatment with motorized grinding systems: influence of grinding head position and rotational speed,” doubling the rotational speed led to shortening the time to reach a 5.5C temperature increase by what percent for maxillary and mandibular CT?

Staszyk. BMC Veterinary Research 2014.

Answer 3

12,000rpm shortened the time to reach 5.5C increase in maxillary CT by 52% and mandibular CT by 78%

Question 4

In Haeussler’s 2014 study, “Intra-pulp temperature increase of equine cheek teeth during treatment with motorized grinding systems: influence of grinding head position and rotational speed,” what was the suggested maximum time for grinding on one tooth should not cause pulpal damage?

Staszyk. BMC Veterinary Research 2014.

Answer 4

30 seconds

Question 5

In Haeussler’s 2014 study, “Intra-pulp temperature increase of equine cheek teeth during treatment with motorized grinding systems: influence of grinding head position and rotational speed,” what variable were not significantly associated?

Staszyk. BMC Veterinary Research 2014.

Answer 5

Individual pulp horns did not warm stat sig faster at 6000 or 12,000rpm
No stat sig difference in maxillary CT mass loss at 6000 vs 12,000rpm

Question 6

In Pizzigatti’s 2014 study, “Multiple dental abnormalities in a geriatric horse”, what was the incidence of enamel points in horses > 9 years of age?

Answer 6

44-72%

Question 7

In Pizzigatti’s 2014 study, “Multiple dental abnormalities in a geriatric horse”, what bacteria is associated with the formation of caries in horses?

Answer 7

Staphylococcus devriesei

Question 8

In Pizzigatti’s 2014 study, “Multiple dental abnormalities in a geriatric horse”, they found which disease is the most challenging in geriatric equine dentistry?

Answer 8

Periodontal disease

Question 9

In Taylor’s 2015 study “Comparative Analyses of Tooth Wear in Free-Ranging and Captive Wild Equids,” what focal overgrowth was stat sig more prevalent in captive vs free-ranging wild equids?

EVJ 2015

Answer 9

Rostral 06s

Question 10

In Taylor’s 2015 study “Comparative Analyses of Tooth Wear in Free-Ranging and Captive Wild Equids,” which teeth of captive equids generally exhibited less abrasion-dominated tooth wear than their free-ranging counterparts?

EVJ 2015

Answer 10

Premolars

Question 11

In Easley’s 2016 study “Orthodontic Correction of Overjet/Overbite (parrot mouth) in 72 foals (1999-2013),” reduction in overjet and overbite dimensions were achieved in what percent of cases respectively?

EVJ 2016

Answer 11

Overjet 95%
Overbite 90%

Question 12

In Easley’s 2016 study “Orthodontic Correction of Overjet/Overbite (parrot mouth) in 72 foals (1999-2013),” what was the median number of implant placements per animal and what percent of cases requred more than 1 procedure?

EVJ 2016

Answer 12

Median number implants 2
63% cases required more than 1 procedure

Question 13

In Easley’s 2016 study “Orthodontic Correction of Overjet/Overbite (parrot mouth) in 72 foals (1999-2013),” what was the association between animal age and total reduction of overjet and rate of reduction in overbite?

EVJ 2016

Answer 13

Increasing animal age significantly associated with decreased total reduction in overjet and decreased rate of reduction in overbite

Question 14

In Easley’s 2016 study “Orthodontic Correction of Overjet/Overbite (parrot mouth) in 72 foals (1999-2013),” what was the association with original severity of overbite and rate of correction?

EVJ 2016

Answer 14

Increased original severity of overbite sig associated with increase rate of correction/length of correction

Question 15

In Easley’s 2016 study “Orthodontic Correction of Overjet/Overbite (parrot mouth) in 72 foals (1999-2013),” what were the most common short and long term complications?

EVJ 2016

Answer 15

Short term: intraoperative hemorrhage (3 foals total), transient facial nerve neuropraxia (1 foal), irritation of mare’s udder
Long term: Cheek teeth diastema formation, incisor discoloration and maleruption (7 horses)

All foals developed small valve diastema of 07s/08s

Question 16

In Moine’s 2017 study “Evaluation of the effects of performance dentistry on equine rideability: a randomized, blinded, controlled trial,” what was the correlation between severity of malocclusion and rideability score?

Veterinary Quarterly 2017

Answer 16

No correlation between the severity of malocclusion and the rideability score assigned prior to treatment

No stat sig correlations of any kind in this paper

Question 17

In Moine’s 2017 study “Evaluation of the effects of performance dentistry on equine rideability: a randomized, blinded, controlled trial,” horses were assigned malocclusion scores how long prior to treatment and then were evaluated how often following treatment?

Vet Quart 2017

Answer 17

Two weeks prior to treatment
Ridden twice within 2 month period

Question 18

In Spoorman’s 2018 study “Treatment of class 2 malocclusion by corrective osteotomy using two short locking compression plates” how many cases required a second corrective procedure and what was the time range for bridging of the osteotomy gap?

EVJ 2018

Answer 18

2/5
2-6.5 months

Question 19

In Spoorman’s 2018 study “Treatment of class 2 malocclusion by corrective osteotomy using two short locking compression plates,” where was the osteotomy cut made and what were the advantages of this location and surgical technique?

EVJ 2018

Answer 19

Caudal third of the symphysis (symphysis preserved)
Greater stability than previous cases where the cut was made caudal to the symphysis
Greater degree of stability with short LCPs–> preserves mental nerve, mandibular canal and roots of incisors and cheek teeth

Question 20

In Spoorman’s 2018 study “Treatment of class 2 malocclusion by corrective osteotomy using two short locking compression plates” what were the outcomes for the 5 cases?

EVJ 2018

Answer 20

3/5 cases very good (overjet 0-2mm)
1/5 case good (overjet 2-5mm)
1/5 case excellent (overjet 0mm)

Question 21

In Sterkenburgh’s 2022 paper “A computerized simulation of the occlusal surface in equine cheek teeth: a simplified model,” what was identified as a significant factor in decreasing the speed of continued inclination?

Frontiers 2022

Answer 21

Extended buccal deflection at the beginning of the power stroke

Question 22

In Sterkenburgh’s 2022 paper “A computerized simulation of the occlusal surface in equine cheek teeth: a simplified model,” introduction of what asumption lead to development of an edge on the buccal flank of upper cheek teeth which simulated sharp enamel points?

Frontiers 2022

Answer 22

Incisor landing

Question 23

In Sterkenburgh’s 2022 paper “A computerized simulation of the occlusal surface in equine cheek teeth: a simplified model,” characteristic angular inclination of occlusal surface in lateroventral direction became visible after how many cycles?

Frontiers 2022

Answer 23

25 cycles

authors estimate that horses have around 100 million chewing cycles within their lifetimes

Question 24

In Tinsley’s 2023 paper “The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses”, what were the most common dental pathologies noted?

Frontiers 2023

Answer 24

The most common dental diseases detected in this population were crown elongation (74%), oral mucosal ulceration (67%), diastemata (34%), class 1 malocclusion (34%) and hypodontia (12%) respectively.

Question 25

In Tinsley’s 2023 paper “The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses”, what were the most commonly affected Triadan positions for crown elongations, diastema, class 1 mal, and missing teeth respectively?

Frontiers 2023

Answer 25

Crown elongation: The Triadan 06 position was the most frequently affected (115 teeth)
Diastemata: Triadan 09–10 position
Class 1 mal: 60% of teeth were incisors and canines
Missing teeth: Triadan 08 (n=7) and 11 (n=9) most affected

Question 26

In Tinsley’s 2023 paper “The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses”, what factors were found to be statistically sig associated with pathologies?

Frontiers 2023

Answer 26

The prevalence of abnormalities, diastemata and crown elongations increased with age (SIG)

Horses with a high body condition score had increased likelihood of having a class 1 malocclusion (SIG)

Horses with wider heads had a higher prevalence of dental disease and class 1 malocclusions (SIG)

No significant correlation between the length of the head and the presence or number of any category of disease
No correlation between sex, weight or height at the withers and the presence or frequency of any dental disease.

Question 27

In Sterkenburgh’s 2023 paper “Temporomandibular joint biomechanics and equine incisor occlusal plane maintenance”, what % of horses had overjet, and how did this compare to other studies?

Frontiers Bioeng. Biotechnol 2023

Answer 27

Overjet was the most common occlusal deviation (52.9%) – 4.2 ± 2.5 mm (range: 0–20 mm)

Domanska-Kruppa et al. (2019) radiographically measured an OJ in 2% of 650 Warmblood foals ranging from 4 to 8 mm, but with the head fixed in a flexed position

Reporting an OJ prevalence of 51% in Quarter Horse foals in a head position comparable to Domanska-Kruppa et al. (2018) and Omura et al. (2015) measured mean OJ ranging from 0.5 to 1.74 mm in different age groups

Question 28

What point during a horse’s chewing cycle are the forces the highest and what level (N) do they reach?

Sterkenburgh Frontiers Bioeng. Biotechnol 2023

Answer 28

Power stroke, 1956 N

Question 29

In Carmalt’s 2003 study “Effect of dental floating on the rostrocaudal mobility of the mandible of horses”, what factors were associated with increased rostrocaudal motion (RCM) of the mandible?

JAVMA 2003

Answer 29

Dental correction resulted in a significant increase in RCM of the mandible in 31 of 33 horses (mean diff 3mm between tx and control group)
Breed category (heavy) had more RCM of mandible compared to light and intermediate prior to floating

Age and number of dental lesions did NOT significantly affect mobility before or after dental floating

Question 30

In Carmalt’s 2004 study “Effect of dental floating on weight gain, body condition score, feed digestibility, and fecal particle size in pregnant mares” weight gain was significantly associated with what factor?

JAVMA 2004

Answer 30

Feed group

NOT assoc with dental floating
Digestability and quidding also not associated with dentla floating

Question 31

In Carmalt’s 2004 study “Effect of dental floating on weight gain, body condition score, feed digestibility, and fecal particle size in pregnant mares” what were the most common dental pathologies noted on exams?

JAVMA 2004

Answer 31

Sharp enamel edges (81.5%) causing ulcers in 61% of horses
Stepped teeth (69%) - all mandibular
Rostral hooks (61%)

Question 32

What is the bite force of incisors during food prehension?

Sterkenburgh Frontiers Biomed 2023 - citing Weinert 2020

Answer 32

2% body weight

Chewing rates differ depending on forage, ranging between 68.5 and 83.9 chews/min

Question 33

In Bonin’s 2007 study “Comparison of mandibular motion in horses chewing hay and pellets” what differences in chewing were noted between the groups?

Bonin EVJ 2007, cited in Sterkenburgh frontiers biomed 2023

Answer 33

Frequency of the chewing cycles was lower for hay than for pellets. Excursions of the virtual mandibular marker were significantly larger in all 3 directions when chewing hay compared to pellets.

i.e. The range of mediolateral displacement of the mandible was sufficient to give full occlusal contact of the upper and lower dental arcades when chewing hay but not when chewing pellets.

Question 34

What is the reports prevalence of Mandibular brachygnathism in the general horse population?

Alshami JVD 2024

Answer 34

2-5%

3.4% in Franches-Montagnes breeds
8.5% in Warmbloods

Question 35

Define overjet and overbite

Alshami JVD 2024

Answer 35

Overjet (“overshot” jaw) occurs when the incisal surfaces of maxillary incisors project rostral to the incisal surfaces of mandibular incisors, and this can progress to overbite

Overbite (“parrot mouth”) occurs when the maxillary incisors occlude rostral to and directly in front of mandibular incisors.