Oral Surgery

Question 1

In Bach 2014 paper “Bacterial Meningitis After Sinus Surgery in Five Adult Horses”, what was the onset of time to neurologic clinical signs from sinus surgery?

Vet Surg 2014

Answer 1

5–11 days after initial surgery and 4–11 days after last surgery in all 5 horses

Question 2

In Bach’s 2014 paper, “Bacterial Meningitis After Sinus Surgery in Five Adult Horses”, what were the 4 pathways hypothesized to have caused meningitis secondarily to sinus surgery?

Vet Surg 2014

Answer 2

1. osteitis/erosion of thin bones → fracture of cribiform plate
2. vascular spread (hematogenous‐metastatic, thrombophlebotic)
3. along cranial nerves (more common in ruminants - listeriosis), hypoth optic nerve in sphenopalatine sinus involvement
4. direct bacterial inoculation caused by (iatrogenic) head trauma

Question 3

In Mendez-Angulo’s paper “Extensive Rostral Mandibulectomy for Treatment of Ameloblastoma in a Horse” to what extent was the rostral mandibulectomy performed?

Vet Surg 2014

Answer 3

Caudal aspect of symphysis - The day after surgery, the remaining mandibular symphysis (<5 mm) fractured

Question 4

In Gilsenan’s case series “Headshaking in 5 Horses After Paranasal Sinus Surgery”, what dose of gabapentin was effective in resolution of clinical signs in 2/5 horses?

Vet Surg 2014

Answer 4

5–10 mg/kg orally every 6–8 hours

Question 5

What is the presumed MOA of neuropathic pain?

Gilsenan et al Vet Surg 2014

Answer 5

neuropathic pain are caused by spontaneous ectopic neuronal firing that may result from upregulation of sodium channels in injured nerves in various phases of repair

Question 6

In the 2015 study by Langeneckert et al, “Cheek Tooth Extraction Via a Minimally Invasive Transbuccal Approach and Intradental Screw Placement in 54 Equids,” what was the success rate of MITSE?

Vet Surg 2015

Answer 6

81% (47/58)

Question 7

In the 2015 study by Langeneckert et al, “Cheek Tooth Extraction Via a Minimally Invasive Transbuccal Approach and Intradental Screw Placement in 54 Equids,” what were the post-operative complications described by the authors?

Answer 7

• 4/58 (7%) animals w/ hemorrhage from trocar incision
• 3/58 procedures diffusion of local anesthetic caused temporary loss of facial nerve motor function
• 1/58 had oroantral communication

Question 8

In the 2015 study by Langeneckert et al, “Cheek Tooth Extraction Via a Minimally Invasive Transbuccal Approach and Intradental Screw Placement in 54 Equids,” what was the most common intraoperative complication described by the authors?

Answer 8

Screw pullout

Mechanical lockage of the target tooth w/in the extraction path resulted in screw pullout in 13/32 procedures

Friable tooth material responsible for screw pullout in 19/32 procedures

Question 9

In the 2015 study by Langeneckert et al, “Cheek Tooth Extraction Via a Minimally Invasive Transbuccal Approach and Intradental Screw Placement in 54 Equids,” MITSE was found to be favorable when compared to repulsion and invasive lateral buccotomy techniques for which reasons?

Answer 9

Repulsion:
- 3/14 (21%) of horses w/ repulsion of mandibular CT developed chronic draining tracts
- 6/30 (20%) of horses w/ entire apical repulsion of maxillary CT developed chronic nasal discharge w/ or w/o oroantral fistula formation (Prichard et al., 1992)
-vs. 2/33 (6%) of animals in this study

Invasive lateral buccotomy techniques:
- 3/112 (3%) of horses developed prolonged or permanent paralysis of the ventral buccal ramus of the facial nerve w/ drooping of the lower lip observed more than 2 months after surgery (O’Neill et al., 2011)

Question 10

In Lorello’s 2016 paper “Clinical treatment and prognosis of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis”, what was the mean age of diagnosis of EOTRH?

EVJ 2016

Answer 10

24 years (17-29 y range)

Question 11

In Jansson’s 2016 paper “Conservative Management of Unilateral Fractures of the Mandibular Rami in Horses”, how many of the horses returned to their intended use?

Vet Surg 2016

Answer 11

23/24 (96%)
1 horse had dental problems and subsequent non healing fracture, later euth

Question 12

In Jansson’s 2016 paper “Conservative Management of Unilateral Fractures of the Mandibular Rami in Horses”, how many horses were diagnosed with open fractures?

Vet Surg 2016

Answer 12

67%

9 of them developed cutaneous fistulas

Question 13

In this intraoperative image from “True Cementomas (cementoblastomas) Associated with a Nonvital Left Maxillary Second Premolar in an 11-year-old Miniature Horse,” what muscle and nerve were retracted ventrally?

Leudke, Rawlinson, EVE 2016

Answer 13

Levator nasolabialis m
Infraorbital nerve

Question 14

In Leudke’s 2016 paper ““True Cementomas (cementoblastomas) Associated with a Nonvital Left Maxillary Second Premolar in an 11-year-old Miniature Horse,” how is a cementoma histologically defined?

Rawlinson EVE 2016

Answer 14

Rare odontogenic tumors caused by abnormal proliferation of neoplastic or reactive cementoblasts that produce single or multiple nodular masses comprising sheets of mineralized cementum-like material

Differs from the Easley 2022 text that distinguishes reactive nodular hypercementosis from true cementomas as histologically different but clinically identical entities

Question 15

What bone is fractured in the image below?

Grant “Iatrogenic fracture of the premaxilla during standing exodontia” EVE 2016

Answer 15

Premaxilla, bilaterally

Question 16

In Nottrott’s 2018 JVD case report “Successful Treatment of a Persistent Oroantral Fistula via Transbuccal and Transnasal Endoscopic Debridement in a Horse”, what allowed the surgeons access to the sinuses transnasally? And which sinuses?

JVD 2018 issue 1

Answer 16

The absence of normal turbinate anatomy allows direct access into the maxillary and conchal sinuses on the right of the image.

Question 17

What were the major outcomes of this ex vivo study in regards to ability to perform the techniques, access to the sinuses, and sinus drainage?

Bach et al. Surgical enlargement of the nasomaxillary aperture and transnasal conchotomy of the ventral conchal sinus: Two surgical techniques to improve sinus drainage in horses. Vet surg 2019

Answer 17

Sinonasal communications were successfully created in all cadavers and affected live horses.

Transnasal endoscopy of all sinuses except the middle conchal sinus was possible in heads 4–9 and in all clinical cases.

Drainage was increased (P = .028) through the surgically created sinonasal communications (combined TCVCSSENMAP) in heads 7–9

Question 18

In Horbal’s 2016 paper “Gingival Fibrosarcoma in a Horse: A Case Report,” what treatments were performed?

JVD Dixon 2016

Answer 18

Repeated surgical debulking and intralesional cisplatin

Question 19

In Horbal’s 2016 paper “Gingival Fibrosarcoma in a Horse: A Case Report,” after the final surgical and cisplatin treatments the mass was noted to have regressed how many months later and what was the maximum follow up?

JVD Dixon 2016

Answer 19

3 months
4 years later horse asymptomatic in full work

Last oral exam 8 months after final treatment, mare asymptomatic, no recurrence, gingival recession 107

Question 20

In Morgan’s 2019 paper “Equine Odontogenic Tumors: Clinical Presentation, CT Findings, and Outcome in 11 horses,” what clinical presentation findings were noted in all horses?

Vet Radiol Ultra 2019

Answer 20

All masses nonpainful, firm, bony swellings palpated externally over dental arcades

Solitary mass 10/11 cases

Question 21

In Morgan’s 2019 paper “Equine Odontogenic Tumors: Clinical Presentation, CT Findings, and Outcome in 11 horses,” what CT characteristics were present in all cases?

Vet Radiol Ultra 2019

Answer 21

All tumors associated with maxillary/mandibular bone expansion, alveolar and cortical bone lysis and cortical bone thinning

Question 22

In Morgan’s 2019 paper “Equine Odontogenic Tumors: Clinical Presentation, CT Findings, and Outcome in 11 horses,” what were the only odontogenic tumors in this study found to contain enamel and be differentiable on CT examination?

Vet Radiol Ultra 2019

Answer 22

Complex odontomas

Question 23

In Morgan’s 2019 paper “Equine Odontogenic Tumors: Clinical Presentation, CT Findings, and Outcome in 11 horses,” what do the short white arrows, long white arrow and white arrowheads represent?

Answer 23

Short white arrows: alveolar bone lysis
Long white arrow: cortical bone thickening
White arrowheads: Smooth periosteal reaction

Question 24

In Rice’s 2018 paper “Standing intraoral extractions of cheek teeth aided by partial crown removal in 165 horses (2010-2016),” complete intraoral extraction was successful in what percent of horses and what percent of horses required additional intraoral extraction methods to complete extraction?

EVJ 2018 Rice

Answer 24

Complete intraoral extraction successful in 99.4% horses (164/165)
15% (25/165) required additional intraoral extraction methods

Question 25

In Rice's 2018 paper "Standing intraoral extractions of cheek teeth aided by partial crown removal in 165 horses (2010-2016)," what additional intraoral extraction method was performed most commonly? ## Footnote EVJ 2018 Rice

Answer 25

MITSE 21/25 cases ## Footnote tooth sectioning 4/25 cases

Question 26

In Rice's 2018 paper "Standing intraoral extractions of cheek teeth aided by partial crown removal in 165 horses (2010-2016)," what were the most common intraoperative complications and postoperative complications and rates respectively? ## Footnote EVJ 2018 Rice

Answer 26

Most common intraoperative: fractured root tips 6.7% 11/165 horses 3.6% (6/165) horses developed postop complications - small alveolar sequestra 4/6 horses

Question 27

In Caramello's 2020 study "Equine cheek tooth extraction: Comparison of outcomes for five extraction methods," which complication is highlighted by the arrows following lateral buccotomy extraction of 408? ## Footnote EVJ 2020

Answer 27

Bone sequestra from damage to alveolar bone

Question 28

In Caramello's 2020 study "Equine cheek tooth extraction: Comparison of outcomes for five extraction methods," in order from highest to lowest, what were the complication rates for the 5 extraction techniques? ## Footnote EVJ 2020

Answer 28

Oral extraction - 20% Repulsion by max trephine 42% Lateral buccotomy 53% Repulsion via mandibular trephine 54% Repulsion via max bone flap 80%

Question 29

In Caramello's 2020 study "Equine cheek tooth extraction: Comparison of outcomes for five extraction methods," which extraction technique significantly increased the odds of superficial incisional surgical site infection? ## Footnote EVJ 2020

Answer 29

Max trephine retropulsion

Question 30

In Caramello's 2020 study "Equine cheek tooth extraction: Comparison of outcomes for five extraction methods," which extraction technique significantly increased the likelihood of fistulation ## Footnote EVJ 2020

Answer 30

Repulsion via max bone flap (also inc odds of sinusitis post-op, damage to surrounding teeth, delayed alveolar granulation)

Question 31

In Caramello's 2020 study "Equine cheek tooth extraction: Comparison of outcomes for five extraction methods," which extraction technique significantly increased the odds of facial nerve neuropraxia? ## Footnote EVJ 2020

Answer 31

Lateral buccotomy

Question 32

In Pearce's 2019 study "Extraction of 22 equine cheek teeth with displaced sagittal fractures using polymethylmethacrylate stabilization (2011-2016)," what was the success rate of this technique and what percent of cases had clinical signs on presentation? ## Footnote EVE 2019

Answer 32

73% success rate 64% had clinical signs

Question 33

In Pearce's 2019 study "Extraction of 22 equine cheek teeth with displaced sagittal fractures using polymethylmethacrylate stabilization (2011-2016)," what complications were reported? ## Footnote EVE 2019

Answer 33

2 maxillary nerve block complications 2 cases that did not have preoperative sinusitis developed postoperative sinusitis

Question 34

In Kolos' 2019 paper "Transnasal endoscopic treatment of equine sinus disease in 14 clinical cases," what do A, B, C and D represent in the image below ## Footnote EVE 2019

Answer 34

A. Nasal septum B. Soft palate C. Dorsal concha D. Ventral concha

Question 35

In Kolos' 2019 paper "Transnasal endoscopic treatment of equine sinus disease in 14 clinical cases," what concha should be fenestrated to access the rostral and caudal sinus groups respectively? ## Footnote EVE 2019

Answer 35

Caudal sinus group: ventromedial wall of dorsal concha Rostral sinus group: medial wall of ventral concha

Question 36

In Kolos' 2019 paper "Transnasal endoscopic treatment of equine sinus disease in 14 clinical cases," what served as the craniocaudal landmark for fenestrations? ## Footnote EVE 2019

Answer 36

caudal termination of nasal septum attachment to hard palate

Question 37

In Kolos' 2019 paper "Transnasal endoscopic treatment of equine sinus disease in 14 clinical cases," complete resolution of clinical signs was reported in how many cases of dental and primary sinusitis respectively? ## Footnote EVE 2019

Answer 37

dental sinusitis 7/10 primary sinusitis 3/4

Question 38

In Wellman's 2019 study "A Study on the Potential Role of Occlusal Fissure Fractures in the Etiopathogenesis of Equine Cheek Teeth Apical Infections," standard CT identified how many occlusal fractures? ## Footnote JVD 2019 issue 3

Answer 38

1 out of 39

Question 39

In Wellman's 2019 study "A Study on the Potential Role of Occlusal Fissure Fractures in the Etiopathogenesis of Equine Cheek Teeth Apical Infections," how many occlusal fissure affected teeth had OFs going beyond 6mm depth? ## Footnote JVD 2019 issue 3

Answer 39

33% (13/39)

Question 40

In Kennedy's 2020 study "A long-term study of equine cheek teeth post-extraction complications: 428 cheek teeth (2004-2018)", what was the overall complication rate for extractions? ## Footnote EVJ 2020

Answer 40

13.6%

Question 41

In Kennedy's 2020 study "A long-term study of equine cheek teeth post-extraction complications: 428 cheek teeth (2004-2018)" what was the overall success rate for oral extraction? ## Footnote EVJ 2020

Answer 41

80%

Question 42

In Kennedy's 2020 study "A long-term study of equine cheek teeth post-extraction complications: 428 cheek teeth (2004-2018)" what was the complication rate for apically affected teeth vs those without? ## Footnote EVJ 2020

Answer 42

18.3% with apical infection 5.4% without

Question 43

In Kennedy's 2020 study "A long-term study of equine cheek teeth post-extraction complications: 428 cheek teeth (2004-2018)" what was the most common complication and the relative # times they were recorded for repulsion vs MTE vs oral extraction? ## Footnote EVJ 2020

Answer 43

32/58 (55%) complications were alveolar sequestra Alveolar sequestration was recorded following 14.6% (6/41) of Steinmann pin repulsions, 10.3% (4/39) of MTEs and 6.4% (22/343) of oral extractions

Question 44

In Limone's 2020 case report "Transcutaneous Lateral Alveolar Ostectomy for Standing Surgical Extraction of Mandibular First Molar in an 8-Year-Old Miniature Horse," what is demonstrated in the image below? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Answer 44

Pulp exposures of pulp horns 1 and 3

Question 45

In Limone's 2020 case report "Transcutaneous Lateral Alveolar Ostectomy for Standing Surgical Extraction of Mandibular First Molar in an 8-Year-Old Miniature Horse," what modification was made to Rawlinson's previous description of transcutaneous lateral alveolar ostectomy? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Answer 45

Buccal bones was only removed over the roots to the level of the furcation and not the reserve crown due to concern for mandibular fracture in a small patient

Question 46

In Lores' case report "Repair of an oronasal fistula with a two-layer closure method involving an autogenous fascia lata graft and oral mucosal flap in a pony" what was the first repair technique performed, and what technique ultimately got the fistula to resolve? ## Footnote JAVMA 2020

Answer 46

1) The pony initially underwent a reconstructive surgical procedure that combined an alveolar bone flap (performed under standing sedation) with a sliding mucoperiosteal hard palate flap to repair the oronasal fistula (under GA) 2) a novel 2-layer flap closure method involving an autogenous fascia lata graft and oral mucosa flap (under GA)

Question 47

In Pollaris’ 2021 article Fracture Resistance of Equine Cheek Teeth With and Without Occlusal Fissures: A Standardized ex vivo Model," what factor was associated with decreased fracture resistance? ## Footnote Frontiers 2021

Answer 47

Presence of fissure fractures Especially for Type 1a and 1b in mandibular teeth and all types in maxillary teeth ## Footnote no association with age decreased fx resistance also with decreased mesio to distal length

Question 48

In Pollaris’ 2021 article Fracture Resistance of Equine Cheek Teeth With and Without Occlusal Fissures: A Standardized ex vivo Model," what were the strongest areas of fracture resistance in the healthy teeth tested? ## Footnote Frontiers 2021

Answer 48

Fracture resistance sites were PH-2 for mand CT and PH-4 for maxillary CT

Question 49

In Pollaris’ 2021 article Fracture Resistance of Equine Cheek Teeth With and Without Occlusal Fissures: A Standardized ex vivo Model," what was signficant about fracture depth when healthy teeth were tested? ## Footnote Frontiers

Answer 49

Experimentally induced crown fractures that extended below the simulated bone level were more frequently associated with pulp horn exposure Degree of fracture depth was stat sig when comparing maxillary to mandibular CT (max>mand) PH 5 likely to be above gum line, other PH locations not signficant

Question 50

The white arrows are indicating deformation in what bone? ## Footnote Vlaminck 2021 Frontiers Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Idiopathic Primary Sino-Nasal Obstruction in Miniature Horse Breeds: Long-Term Follow-Up of Seven Cases

Answer 50

Frontal bone

Question 51

In this image from Elzer's 2020 paper "Standing Arthroscopic Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Sepsis in a Horse," which image left, middle or right shows moderate soft tissue swelling at the level of the TMJ? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Answer 51

Left ## Footnote middle: ostitis media right: bilateral osteoproliferative changes consistent with THO

Question 52

According to Elzer's 2020 paper "Standing Arthroscopic Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Sepsis in a Horse," what compartment of the TMJ provides access for arthrocentesis and arthroscopic exploration? ## Footnote JVD 2020

Answer 52

Larger dorsal compartment → caudolateral and rostrolateral synovial pouches

Question 53

In this image, what anatomy were the tubes placed?

Answer 53

Through medioventral wall of dorsal conchal sinus

Question 54

In Dixon's 2021 paper "Equine “Idiopathic” and Infundibular Caries-Related Cheek Teeth Fractures: A Long-Term Study of 486 Fractured Teeth in 300 Horses" what was the most common type of fracture? What was the most commonly fractured teeth (max vs mand)? ## Footnote Frontiers 2021

Answer 54

Maxillary pulp horn 1+2 (“slab”) fractures (n = 171/486) 35% Triadan 08–10s were the most commonly (86%) fractured maxillary teeth. The Triadan 08 and 09 positions were the most commonly (64%) fractured mandibular teeth

Question 55

In Dixon's 2021 paper "Equine “Idiopathic” and Infundibular Caries-Related Cheek Teeth Fractures: A Long-Term Study of 486 Fractured Teeth in 300 Horses" what were signficant findings related to infundibular-related fractures? ## Footnote Frontiers

Answer 55

1. Freq of INF-related fx differed signficantly with Triadan position (09s most common) 2. More common in older horses (signficant) 3. Unilateral nasal discharge more common with infundibular caries-related fractures (28/88 = 31.8%) than with all other types of maxillary teeth fractures (combined 60/284 = 21.1%).

Question 56

In Dixon's 2021 paper "Equine “Idiopathic” and Infundibular Caries-Related Cheek Teeth Fractures: A Long-Term Study of 486 Fractured Teeth in 300 Horses" what type of fracture was most associated with clinical signs of oral pain and bitting problems? ## Footnote Frontiers 2021

Answer 56

Atypical mandibular cheek tooth fractures (ones through single pulp horns rather than typical "slab" fx through 1+2)

Question 57

In Derham's 2020 paper "Surgical treatment of a mandibular ameloblastic carcinoma with metastases to the mandibular lymph nodes in a pony," what IHC antibody stains were used to confirm the presence of odontogenic epithelium? ## Footnote EVE 2020

Answer 57

pancytokeratin vimentin

Question 58

In Derham's 2020 paper "Surgical treatment of a mandibular ameloblastic carcinoma with metastases to the mandibular lymph nodes in a pony," what technique to help stage the tumor had not been previously reported in horses? ## Footnote EVE 2020

Answer 58

sentinel lymph node mapping ## Footnote contrast uptake at mandibular lymph nodes bilaterally --> removed all mandibular lymph nodes

Question 59

In Gergeleit's 2020 study "Complications following mandibular cheek tooth extraction in 20 horses," what was the overall prevalence of postoperative complications for mandibular cheek teeth extractions? ## Footnote Fontiers 2020

Answer 59

6.6% (20/302)

Question 60

In Gergeleit's 2020 study "Complications following mandibular cheek tooth extraction in 20 horses," what Triadan position teeth had the most complications and what was the mean age of horses that developed complications vs horses that did not? ## Footnote Frontiers 2020

Answer 60

07s, 09s complications younger (mean 7 years) vs those that did not (13 years)

Question 61

In Gergeleit's 2020 study "Complications following mandibular cheek tooth extraction in 20 horses," intraoral extraction without additional techniques was successful in what percent of cases, and what was the relationship between surgical time, final extraction method and severity of complications? ## Footnote Frontiers 2020

Answer 61

55% intraoral extraction successful No direct correlation between surgical time, final extraction method and severity of complications

Question 62

In Gergeleit's 2020 study "Complications following mandibular cheek tooth extraction in 20 horses," what was the most prevalent complication, and what was the median healing time? ## Footnote Frontiers 2020

Answer 62

Alveolar bone sequestration with delayed alveolar healing 90% (18/20) 3 months (range 2-5 months)

Question 63

In White's 2022 article "Long-Term Outcome of Horses Undergoing Unilateral Mandibular Condylectomy and Meniscectomy for Temporomandibular Joint Disease" what was the most common diagnosis, post-op complication, and outcome? ## Footnote Frontiers 2022

Answer 63

8/11 septic osteoarthritis of the TMJ 5/11 drainage and peri-incisional swelling 10/11 returned to intended use ## Footnote 3/11 severe idiopathic OA other complications included hematoma from facial artery damage intra-op 1 horse was euthanized 2 years after UMC due to progressively worsening of clinical signs of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO), which were not present before surgery (neuro signs)

Question 64

In Verwilghen's 2022 paper "Equine Suture Exostosis: A Review of Cases from A Multicenter Retrospective Study" what were the 4 etiology groups identified? ## Footnote Vet Sciences 2022

Answer 64

45/105 developed following sino-nasal surgery 23/105 following trauma 7/105 with underlying sinus pathology 25/105 idiopathic

Question 65

In Verwilghen's 2022 paper "Equine Suture Exostosis: A Review of Cases from A Multicenter Retrospective Study" how many cases had bone sequstrum identified? ## Footnote Vet Sciences 2022

Answer 65

28 cases out of 105 (27%)

Question 66

In Verwilghen's 2022 paper "Equine Suture Exostosis: A Review of Cases from A Multicenter Retrospective Study" how many cases were following sinus surgery, and what % were flaps vs trephines? ## Footnote Vet Sciences 2022

Answer 66

43% (45/105) were following sinus surgery 56% (25/45) were flap surgeries 44% (20/45) were trephinations ## Footnote From the 25 flap surgeries, 11 were performed with an oscillating saw, two with chisel and in 12 the method was not reported Trephines ranged from 5mm to 24mm in diameter

Question 67

In Górski's paper "Application of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) as a Healing Aid after Extraction of Incisors in the Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis Syndrome" what theoretically are the positive effects of HBOT on healing? ## Footnote Vet Sciences 2022

Answer 67

Increased oxygen concentration reaches the diseased tissues, even those with poor blood supply, supporting aerobic mechanisms of action of neutrophils killing anaerobic bacteria, stimulated the angiogenesis process, reduces tissue swelling, and stimulates the proliferation of fibroblasts This allows for the acceleration of wound healing and shortens the recovery time after surgical procedures ## Footnote Case report...dumb

Question 68

Where do compressive forces and tensile forces generally apply to an incisor tooth? ## Footnote James EOTRH Review JVD 2022 issue 4

Answer 68

Compressive stresses were predominant on the labial aspect of the alveolar crest and the palatal/lingual aspect of the root tip. Tensile stresses were predominant on the palatal/lingual aspect of the alveolar crest ## Footnote The maximum stress in the PDL around the crestal bone and the palatal and lingual aspects of the root apex coincides with the position of initial resorptive lesions in the incisors of affected cases.

Question 69

In Christiansen's paper "Standing equine cheek tooth extraction: A multivariate analysis of the effect of antibiotics on the risk of post-operative complications" what was the overall outcome/conclusions? ## Footnote EVJ 2022

Answer 69

Antibiotics were not associated with the risk of complications in 264 horses that underwent standard oral extraction MTE was associated with a significantly greater risk of any complications, regardless of whether standing oral was combined with antibiotics or not and significance -- relative risk 2.32 for MTE Age was sig assoc with development of complications ## Footnote MTE not stat sig when additional comparisons made - take with a grain of salt Age seen as a confounding factor as horses that for abx were typically younger in this cohort

Question 70

In Townsend's study "Evaluation of the long-term oral consequences of equine exodontia in 50 horses" what was the rate of dental drift per year? ## Footnote Townsend TVJ 2008

Answer 70

rate of dental drift was calculated as 15.7% of extraction space/year (range 4–50%) NOT associated with the age at extraction (P = 0.78) or frequency of dental care since extraction (P = 0.48). ## Footnote There was a significant negative relationship between the rate of dental drift and the duration of time since extraction (P = 0.008)

Question 71

In Townsend's study "Evaluation of the long-term oral consequences of equine exodontia in 50 horses" what was the prevalence of overgrowth of the opposite tooth? ## Footnote Townsend TVJ 2008

Answer 71

98%

Question 72

In Hopfgartner's study "Comparison of equine paranasal sinus trephination complications and outcome following standing computed tomography, radiography and sinoscopy guided approaches for the treatment of sinusitis" what were the outcomes related to imaging groups? ## Footnote Hopfgartner Vet Surg 2024

Answer 72

Disease duration was sig longer in cases where CT was used for diagnostics versus cases with no CT imaging Short-term postoperative complications occurred in 30.1% and were higher in groups using preoperative CT imaging (p = .01), with hemorrhage being the most common surgical complication ## Footnote Post hospital complications occurred in 45.8% (105/223) of all cases and did not differ significantly between imaging groups No difference in case resolution among imaging groups

Question 73

In Hopfgartner's study "Comparison of equine paranasal sinus trephination complications and outcome following standing computed tomography, radiography and sinoscopy guided approaches for the treatment of sinusitis" what were the outcomes related to disease groups in terms of long and short term complications? ## Footnote Hopfgartner Vet Surg 2024

Answer 73

Disease duration was also significantly longer in primary sinusitis versus secondary sinusitis cases Long-term complications were more common in the secondary sinusitis (99/182; 50.6%) than the primary sinusitis (13/41; 31.7%) group Short term post-op complications more common in primary than secondary sinusitis

Question 74

In Pujol's 2020 study "Suspected primary mycotic rhinitis and paranasal sinusitis in seven horses (2013-2019)," what was the mean number of debridement sessions necessary to remove any necrotic material, and what was the range of time needed to observe complete regression of mycotic plaques? ## Footnote EVE 2020

Answer 74

mean 4 debridement sessions 1-5 months

Question 75

In Pujol's 2020 study "Suspected primary mycotic rhinitis and paranasal sinusitis in seven horses (2013-2019)," what fungal species was most commonly identified? ## Footnote EVE 2020

Answer 75

Aspergillus spp

Question 76

In Pujol's 2020 study "Suspected primary mycotic rhinitis and paranasal sinusitis in seven horses (2013-2019)," complete longterm clinical resolution was noted in what percent of cases? ## Footnote EVE 2020

Answer 76

83%

Question 77

In Zetterstrom's 2021 case report "Meningitis after tooth extraction and sinus lavage in a horse," what clinical signs were associated with the development of bacterial meningitis? ## Footnote Journal of Eq Vet Sci 2021

Answer 77

Hyperthermia, tachycardia, signs of neck pain ## Footnote First case report of a horse surviving following diagnosis of suspected bacterial meningitis following treatment of bilateral secondary sinusitis due to apical dental infection

Question 78

In Jehle's 2022 study "Trephination versus minimally invasive transnasal approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of sinus disease in horses," access to the affected paranasal sinuses was possible via natural openings in what percent of cases? ## Footnote Vet Sci 2022

Answer 78

44% ## Footnote No surgical access required

Question 79

In Jehle's 2022 study "Trephination versus minimally invasive transnasal approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of sinus disease in horses," this study was the first to demonstrate what endoscopic technique? ## Footnote Vet Sci 2022

Answer 79

transendoscopic fenestration of the maxillary septal bulla

Question 80

In Jehle's 2022 study "Trephination versus minimally invasive transnasal approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of sinus disease in horses," what was the most common complication? ## Footnote Vet Sci 2022

Answer 80

Hemorrhage occurred in all minimally invasive procedures

Question 81

In Stemmet's 2022 case report "Unilateral, Rostral Maxillary Sinusitis Resulting from Displacement and Retention of an Alveolar Plug in a 4-Year-Old Horse," what structure is shown below? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 81

Maxillary septal bulla

Question 82

In Brown's 2022 study "Clinical, diagnostic and histological findings involving cheek teeth hypercementosis in nine horses," what is the definition of nodular reactive hypercementosis vs peripheral reactive hypercementosis? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 82

Nodular hypercementosis: Proliferation of cementum embedded in periodontal tissues but not visibly attached to tooth root Peripheral hypercementosis: Proliferation of cementum attached to margin of tooth

Question 83

In Brown's 2022 study "Clinical, diagnostic and histological findings involving cheek teeth hypercementosis in nine horses," how many cases of peripheral vs nodular reactive hypercementosis were diagnosed respectively? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 83

Peripheral 6/9 cases Nodular 3/9 cases

Question 84

In Brown's 2022 study "Clinical, diagnostic and histological findings involving cheek teeth hypercementosis in nine horses," how many horses developed complications and what were the most common complications? ## Footnote JVD 2022

Answer 84

5/9 cases Oronasal fistula 2/5 Recurrent sinusitis 2/5 ## Footnote Serous drainage for 7 days from mandibular repulsion site

Question 85

In Godoy's 2023 study "Treatment of a mandibular diastemal fracture using locking compression plate and cerclage wire in a mare," what factors were thought to contribute to the successful outcome? ## Footnote JVD 2023

Answer 85

Implant resistance, fracture stability and proper feed intake ## Footnote switched to pelleted feed

Question 86

In Hunt's 2023 paper "Intraoral formation of a rigid obturator for the treatment of dental fistulae and draining tracts in the horse," what materials were used to create the rigid obturator? ## Footnote Rice, Henry JVD 2023

Answer 86

Inorganic borate-based biologically active fiber (RediHeal) placed in debrided alveolus Flowable bis-acryl-based composite resin (ProTemp)

Question 87

In Hunt's 2023 paper "Intraoral formation of a rigid obturator for the treatment of dental fistulae and draining tracts in the horse," complete resolution of clinical signs was noted in what percent of horses, and confirmed healing was observed in what percent of horses? ## Footnote Henry, Rice JVD 2023

Answer 87

Complete resolution of clinical signs 95.5% (21/22) horses Confirmed healing PPOC 68% (15/22)

Question 88

In Hunt's 2023 paper "Intraoral formation of a rigid obturator for the treatment of dental fistulae and draining tracts in the horse," rigid obturator placement complications were noted in what percent of horses? ## Footnote Rice, Henry JVD 2023

Answer 88

32% (7/22) ## Footnote All complications resolved following repair or replacement of RO

Question 89

In Leps' 2024 study "Dental sectioning for intraoral equine cheek teeth extractions: 29 cases," what percent of teeth were extracted via sectioning? ## Footnote Frontiers 2024

Answer 89

6.3% (29/461) teeth

Question 90

In Leps' 2024 study "Dental sectioning for intraoral equine cheek teeth extractions: 29 cases," were more maxillary or mandibular cheek teeth sectioned and what percent of teeth/cases developed complications? ## Footnote Frontiers 2024

Answer 90

maxillary 27/29 24% complication rate

Question 91

In Dixon's 2005 study "Standing oral extraction of cheek teeth in 100 horses," what was the overall success rate and what was the success rate when a fracture was present? ## Footnote EVJ 2005

Answer 91

intraoral extraction 90% fracture present 83%

Question 92

In Razman's 2011 study "Extraction of fractured cheek teeth under oral endoscopic guidance in standing horses," what was the overall success rate? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2011

Answer 92

87%

Question 93

In Dubois' 2019 study "Assessment of clinical and computed tomographic findings for association with the outcome of intraoral cheek tooth extraction in horses and ponies," what was the intraoral extraction success rate? ## Footnote JAVMA 2019

Answer 93

67% (60/89 teeth) ## Footnote Determination of success was obtained by examination of extracted tooth fragments, endoscopic examination of alveolus or probing of alveolus (not rads) → if a small amount of root was present in alveolus deemed unsuccessful

Question 94

In Dubois' 2019 study "Assessment of clinical and computed tomographic findings for association with the outcome of intraoral cheek tooth extraction in horses and ponies," following multivariable analysis, what was the only CT factor that was stat sig associated with a lower extraction success rate and what was that success rate? ## Footnote Dixon JAVMA 2019

Answer 94

Fractured teeth 54% intraoral success rate

Question 95

In Dixon's paper "Empyema of the nasal conchal bulla as a cause of chronic unilateral nasal discharge in the horse: 10 cases (2013-2014)" how many cases has concurrent sinus disease, and how many cases were primary vs dental sinusitis? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2015

Answer 95

7/8 had concurrent sinusitis 1 primary sinusitis, 6 dental sinusitis ## Footnote the one case with no concurrent sinusitis was a dyplastic and infected 207 causing VCB empyema

Question 96

In Gergeleit’s paper, “Complications Following Mandibular Cheek Tooth Extraction in 20 Horses”, which mandibular Triadan tooth was most commonly affected by post-op alveolar sequestration in young horses? ## Footnote Gergeleit Frontiers 2020

Answer 96

Triadan 07

Question 97

What instrument is shown here? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2021

Answer 97

Trephines

Question 98

In Dixon's paper "A long-term study of sinoscopic treatment of equine paranasal sinus disease: 155 cases (2012-2019)" what was the most common reason for follow-up treatment being needed? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2021

Answer 98

Bone sequestra (9/47 cases)

Question 99

In Dixon's paper "A long-term study of sinoscopic treatment of equine paranasal sinus disease: 155 cases (2012-2019)" what was the % response to first tx alone, and the overall response rate? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2021

Answer 99

First response: 69.7% Overall response: 96.1%

Question 100

Where is this catheter located? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2021

Answer 100

VCS

Question 101

In Dixon's 2012 paper "Equine paranasal sinus disease: A long-term study of 200 cases(1997–2009): Treatments and long-term results of treatments" what was the overall success rate of all cases? What was the success for dental sinusitis tx? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2012

Answer 101

Overall: 87% Dental sinusitis: 82%

Question 102

In Monck's 2020 paper "Biomechanical comparison of locking compression plate fixation and a novel pedicle screw external fixation to repair equine mandibular fractures," how was the pedicle screw with wires (PDW) construct created? ## Footnote Easley, Vet Surg 2020

Answer 102

4 titanium 4.5mm self-tapping pedicle screws and a 5.5mm titanium rod to each hemimandible Placed 2cm from fracture site and 2cm from each other Screws inserted with handheld screwdriver into pre-drilled holes Bilateral inderdental wires added along tension side of fracture with 18G wire, wires passed between 306/307, 406/407 and wound through incisors

Question 103

In Monck's 2020 paper "Biomechanical comparison of locking compression plate fixation and a novel pedicle screw external fixation to repair equine mandibular fractures," which construct had greater bending stiffness and needed more force to fail? ## Footnote Easley, Vet Surg 2020

Answer 103

Locking compression plates ## Footnote LCP construct failed at 57% load of intact mandibles, PDW failed at 32% LCP 55% as stiff as intact mandibles, PDW 31% as stiff Statistical both constructs strengths differed from intact mandibles, but not stat sig compared to each other

Question 104

In Monck's 2020 paper "Biomechanical comparison of locking compression plate fixation and a novel pedicle screw external fixation to repair equine mandibular fractures," how many of the PDW and LCP interfered with tooth roots? ## Footnote Easley, Vet Surg 2020

Answer 104

PDW: 0/6 LCP: 2/6

Question 105

In Monck's 2020 paper "Biomechanical comparison of locking compression plate fixation and a novel pedicle screw external fixation to repair equine mandibular fractures," how did the LCP and PDW constructs compare to those previously evaluated by Peavey et al? ## Footnote Easley, Vet Surg 2020.

Answer 105

LCP performed better than the dynamic compression plate and other constructs evaluated by Peavey PDW performed similarly to constructs evaluted by Peavey et al

Question 106

In Peavey's 2003 study "Fixation technique influences the monotonic properties of equine mandibular fracture constructs," what constructs were evaluated and which was deemed the most stable? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2003

Answer 106

dynamic compression plate (DCP), external fixator (EF), external fixator with interdental wires (EFW), acrylic intraoral splint with interdental wires (ISW) to repair an osteotomy created 1cm caudal to mental foramen DCP was most stable

Question 107

What do the green arrows represent in the image below? ## Footnote Easley 2022

Answer 107

The entrances into the dorsal (discotemporal) and ventral (discomandibular) joint compartments

Question 108

What muscles do A, B, C and D represent in the image below?

Answer 108

A.) levator nasolabialis B.) Levator labii superioris C.) Buccinator D.) Depressor labii inferioris

Question 109

What is the preferred view for evaluating blind wolf teeth? ## Footnote Easley ch 28 exodontia

Answer 109

Le30V-RtDO

Question 110

Which two teeth are considered not accessible via MIB? ## Footnote Easley ch 28 exodontia

Answer 110

Mandibular 10 and 11, even with distraction of the mandibles ## Footnote approaches to the mandibular 09s and 10s are more difficult than for the rostral mandibular teeth, but not impossible challenges with max 10 and 11 due to thick masseter muscle, but not impossible

Question 111

What is the oral extraction complication rate? ## Footnote Easley ch 29

Answer 111

3.5-20%

Question 112

What complication risks should you consider when extracting wolf tips? ## Footnote Easley ch 29

Answer 112

Wolf tooth extractions can risk separated root tips or greater palatine artery laceration.

Question 113

What % of repulsion extraction cases may require further follow up? ## Footnote Easley ch 29

Answer 113

70%

Question 114

What complications should be considered with repulsion of cheek teeth? ## Footnote Easley ch 29

Answer 114

Inaccurate punch placement can result in damage to adjacent teeth and/or supporting bones. Skin incisions may discharge for a few weeks following surgery due to oral bacteria contamination. Disruption of the alveolar apex can result in fistula formatio ## Footnote like...why do it...

Question 115

What important anatomy do you need to consider when performing a lateral buccotomy? What issues can you recognize if they're damaged? ## Footnote Easley ch 29

Answer 115

Damage to the dorsal buccal nerve causes lower lip paresis. Damage to the ventral buccal nerve causes ipsilateral nostril and upper lip paresis. Laceration of the parotid duct can result in saliva leakage through the surgical site.

Question 116

MIB approach througn the masseter muscle risks damaging what structure? ## Footnote Easley ch 29

Answer 116

Deep facial vessels

Question 117

In Rice's 2018 paper "Standing intraoral extractions of cheek teeth aided by partial crown removal in 165 horses (2010–2016)" what depth was recommended for the coronectomy cut? ## Footnote Rice EVJ 2018

Answer 117

To the level of the crestal bone

Question 118

What is the healing time for oral epithelium after cheek tooth extraction? ## Footnote VCNA 2020 Earley and Galloway

Answer 118

Oral epithelium migrates at a rate of 0.3 to 0.5 mm per day, and mucosal epithelialization from the gingival margin should be significant within 2 weeks and complete within 1 month.

Question 119

How does the apex of a cheek tooth extraction heal over time? ## Footnote VCNA 2020 Earley and Galloway

Answer 119

In the apical two-thirds of the alveolus the blot clot is replaced by osteoid. The osteoid fully mineralizes into woven bone by the beginning of the second month, and remodeling into cortical and trabecular bone is complete by 6 months.

Question 120

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, which is the larger recess in the discotemporal and discomandibular joint compartments respectively? ## Footnote Chp 16

Answer 120

Discotemporal: caudal recess Discomandibular: rostral recess

Question 121

What compartment of the TMJ is being aspirated in the image below ## Footnote Easley 2022, Chp 16

Answer 121

Discomandibular (caudal approach)

Question 122

What is the name of the instrument shown below? ## Footnote Easley 2022, Chp 28

Answer 122

Reverse fulcrum forcep

Question 123

In the Schwieder case report "Dentigerous cysts with exostosis of the temporal bone in horses – A new variant diagnosed by computed tomography" what type of dentigerous cyst was diagnosed in this report? ## Footnote EVE 2019

Answer 123

Neither a ‘dermoid type’ nor a ‘dentigerous type’ It was a dentigerous cyst with no dental tissue, and additional exostosis (boney prolif noted)

Question 124

In the Schwieder case report "Dentigerous cysts with exostosis of the temporal bone in horses – A new variant diagnosed by computed tomography" where did the exostosis originate from anatomically? The arrow an arrowhead show the contrast enhancing cyst and tract from retrograde injection The asterisk shows the exostosis ## Footnote EVE 2019

Answer 124

An exostosis (arrow) derives from the supramastoid crest (asterisk) near the external acoustic meatus (arrowhead)

Question 125

What direction should a parotid duct catheter be inserted due to the course of parotid duct? ## Footnote Easley 2022, Chp 28

Answer 125

Dorsal to ventral opening points dorsally but duct courses ventrally

Question 126

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, where is it best to make a partial coronectomy on a tooth whose roots curve distally? ## Footnote Chp 28

Answer 126

Distal aspect of the tooth

Question 127

In Sacks case report "Fixation of chronic suture exostosis in a mature horse" what surgery was performed and what duration length to resolution was reported? ## Footnote Sack EVE 2013

Answer 127

The periosteum was elevated and the callus around the suture between the frontal and nasal bones was removed revealing a distinct 2 mm gap between the bones. Unilock plate was placed on each side and fixed with 3 mm locking screws; Four screws were placed proximal and 4 distal to the suture on each side Epiphora diminished after surgery and was completely resolved 6 months later. The horse returned to normal use and the owner was satisfied with the outcome There was no radiographic evidence of periosteal reaction or callus 6 months post operatively and the connection between implant and bone appeared stable

Question 128

What patient factors are major considerations for if a tooth is a candidate for intraoral sectioning? ## Footnote Easley 2022, Chp 28

Answer 128

Patient age/length of tooth Small patients like minis and ponies' mouths may not accommodate long sectioning burs 11s --> can be very challenging to section due to caudal angulation (45 degree NSK head may be needed)

Question 129

When sectioning teeth, what cut is made in blind fashion since it cannot be monitored radiographically? ## Footnote Easley 2022, chp 28

Answer 129

Mesial-distal/sagittal cut of maxillary cheek teeth

Question 130

In Dixon's 2005 study "Standing oral extraction of cheek teeth in 100 horses (1998-2003)," what percent of horses overall developed postoperative complications and what percent of horses with apical cheek teeth infections developed intraoperative and postoperative complications? ## Footnote EVJ 2005

Answer 130

Overall postoperative complications: 8% Apically infected cheek teeth complications: 23%

Question 131

In Dixon's 2005 study "Standing oral extraction of cheek teeth in 100 horses (1998-2003)," what was the stat sig association between apical infected cheek teeth postoperative complication rates for teeth extracted intraorally in this study vs via repulsion Dixon 2000? ## Footnote EVJ 2005

Answer 131

Complications stat sig lower for intraoral vs repulsion (49%)

Question 132

What is the timeline of tensile strength loss in Monocryl (Poligecaprone 25) suture? ## Footnote JVD 2014 issue 3

Answer 132

Tensile strength is 50 % at 7-days, 20-25 % at 14 -days, and 100 % at 21-days.

Question 133

Absorbable sutures lose all measureable tensile strength and degrade in how many days? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 133

60 days

Question 134

What are the advantages of using poligecaprone 25 (monocryl)? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 134

Very low tissue drag most pliable of all absorbable sutures Good knot security very good ease of handling very high initial tensile strength and strength:size ratio --> can use smaller sutures rapid loss of tensile strength --> 50% at 7 days, 20-25% at 14 days, 100% at 21 days completely absorbed at 120 days

Question 135

What is Polyglactin 910 and when is there no detectable tensile strength left? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 135

Vicryl, 28 days

Question 136

How are ALL synthetic sutures degraded? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 136

Hydrolysis, which results in more predictable absorption times

Question 137

What are the pros and cons to chromic gut? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 137

Good handling ability and knot security Poor tissue response --> moderate to severe inflammation, especially cats; premature resorption in tissue that is infected, inflamed, or very vascular; can induce allergic reaction in cats especially ones with stomatitis!

Question 138

What are the two phases that suture absorption occurs in chromic gut? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 138

Collagenolysis and proteolytic enzyme digestion and absorption

Question 139

How long do non-absorbable sutures maintain their tensile strength? When do they need to be removed? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 139

Non-absorbable sutures maintain tensile strength for greater than 60 days. Non-absorbable suturesneed to be removed in 7 to 21days

Question 140

What is Polyglecaprone 25? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 140

Monocryl ## Footnote Absorbable MONOfilament

Question 141

What has the longest complete absorption in absorbable suture? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 141

PDS at 182 days

Question 142

What are sutures that are contraindicated in the mouth? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 142

Nonabsorbable sutures like nylon and polypropylene, and PDS

Question 143

Poliglecaprone maintains what percent of its tensile strength for 7 days and when is it completely degraded by? ## Footnote Pegg "Clinical Evaluation of Intraoral Suture Patterns Using Poliglecaprone 25 in Greyhound Dogs," JVD 2022

Answer 143

maintains 50-60% of tensile strength through 7 days Completely degraded by hydrolysis after 91-119 days

Question 144

What is Polyglactin 910? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 144

Vicryl ## Footnote Absorbable MULTIfilament

Question 145

What is Polydioxanone? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 145

PDS ## Footnote absorbable MONOfilament

Question 146

What is the tensile strength loss timeline and complete absorption of Polyglactin 910? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 146

50% - 14 days 20% - 21 days 60-90 days complete or 56-70 days - depends on the source cited | Vicryl

Question 147

What is the tensile strength loss timeline and complete absorption of Poliglecaprone 25? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 147

60-70% - 7 days 30-40% - 14 days Complete - 90-119 days | Monocryl ## Footnote timeline differs by source - another says 50% - 7 d.20% - 14 d. in this paper

Question 148

What is the tensile strength loss timeline and complete absorption of Polydioxanone? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 148

74% - 14 days 58% - 28 days Complete - 182-283 days | PDS ## Footnote 4-0 and smaller: 60% - 14 d 40% - 30 d 35% - 45 d

Question 149

What needle does this represent? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 149

A: 1/2 circle, cutting needle

Question 150

What needle does this represent? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 150

B: 3/8 circle, reversecutting needle

Question 151

What needle does this represent? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 151

C: 1/2 circle, taper needle

Question 152

What needle does this represent? ## Footnote JVD 2014, Issue 3. "Suture material and needle options in oral and periodontal surgery" Domnick

Answer 152

D: 5/8 circle, taper-cut needle

Question 153

What was the dental drift rate found in Townsend's 2008 study "Evaluation of the long-term oral consequences of equine exodontia in 50 horses," and how did it compare to the experimentally determined drift rate found by Vlaminck 2006, 2008? ## Footnote Dixon Vet J 2008

Answer 153

15.7% extraction space per year Vlaminck 39-41% following experimental repulsion of maxillary 08s or 09s

Question 154

In Townsend's 2008 study "Evaluation of the long-term oral consequences of equine exodontia in 50 horses," what percent of horses had no appreciable extraction space at re-examination? ## Footnote Dixon Vet J 2008

Answer 154

18% cases 4-23 years post-extraction

Question 155

In O'Neil's 2011 study "Extraction of cheek teeth using a lateral buccotomy approach in 114 horses," what percent of cases had procedure related complications and what was the most common complication? ## Footnote EVJ 2011

Answer 155

30% horses Partial wound dehiscence most common (47% complications) 3% cases permanent facial nerve paralysis

Question 156

In Kennedy's 2020 study "A long-term study of equine cheek teeth post-extraction complications: 428 cheek teeth (2004-2018)" what factors were stat sig associated with an increased risk of developing a post-extraction alveolar disorder in the cases that were managed by the authors? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2020

Answer 156

Extraction of mandibular 06s, 07s, 08s Teeth with apical infections Repulsion or minimally invasive transbuccal extraction

Question 157

In Christiansen's 2022 study "Standing equine cheek tooth extraction: A multivariate analysis of the effect of antibiotics on the risk of post-operative complications," what was the overall complication rate for standing oral extraction vs minimally invasive trans-buccal extraction? ## Footnote EVJ 2022

Answer 157

Oral extraction 16.7% MTE 36.6%

Question 158

In Christiansen's 2022 study "Standing equine cheek tooth extraction: A multivariate analysis of the effect of antibiotics on the risk of post-operative complications," what was the association of antibiotic use with risk of complications for oral extractions vs MTE extractions? ## Footnote EVJ 2022

Answer 158

Antibiotics were not stat sig associated with the development of complications for standing oral extractions MTE without antibiotics was associated with sig greater risk of complications when compared to standing oral extraction with or without antibiotics

Question 159

In Christiansen's 2022 study "Standing equine cheek tooth extraction: A multivariate analysis of the effect of antibiotics on the risk of post-operative complications," what was the association of age with the development of complications? ## Footnote EVJ 2022

Answer 159

Younger age stat sig associated with the development of complications

Question 160

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, drainage cannot be established for what group of sinuses with endoscopically guided balloon trans-nasal sinoplasty? | Chp 34

Answer 160

Rostral group because the sino-nasal ostium is too small/acute

Question 161

In the image below from Easley's 2022 textbook, what does the white arrow, A, B, and C represent? ## Footnote Chp 35

Answer 161

White arrow: infraorbital canal A: caudal maxillary sinus B: rostral maxillary sinus C: Ventral conchal sinus

Question 162

In the image below from Easley's 2022 textbook, what do D, E, F and G represent? ## Footnote Chp 35

Answer 162

D: Dorsal conchal bulla E: Dorsal conchal sinus F: Rostral aspect of ethmoid mass G: Frontal sinus

Question 163

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, the skin incision of a sinus flap should be how much larger than the osteotomy site? ## Footnote Chp 35

Answer 163

1cm with slightly curved corners

Question 164

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, what are the landmarks for the caudal incision of the frontonasal sinusotomy flap? ## Footnote chp 35

Answer 164

2cm medial to medial canthus to dorsal midline of skull at the a level halfway between the medial canthus of the eye and the supra-orbital fossa

Question 165

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, what are the landmarks for the rostral incision of the frontonasal sinusotomy flap? ## Footnote Chp 35

Answer 165

10cm rostral to caudal incision just medial to an imaginary line drawn between the medial canthus of the eye and the nasoincisive notch to dorsal midline of skull ## Footnote Lateral incision connecting the caudal and rostral incisions may need to deviate dorsally to avoid the nasolacrimal duct

Question 166

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, what are the landmarks for the caudal incision for the maxillary sinusotomy flap? ## Footnote Chp 35

Answer 166

Just dorsal to the facial crest to just below a line between the medial canthus and the infraorbital foramen at a level 1-2cm rostral to the medial canthus of the eye

Question 167

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, what are the landmarks for the rostral incision for the maxillary sinusotomy flap? ## Footnote Chp 35

Answer 167

Just dorsal to the facial crest to just below a line between the medial canthus and the infra-orbital foramen at the rostral aspect of the facial crest.

Question 168

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, what size fenestration of the ventral conchal or dorsal conchal rostromedial walls is recommended to promote fistula formation and sinus drainage? ## Footnote Chp 35

Answer 168

> 3cm

Question 169

In Tremaine's 2001 study "A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease Part 1: details of horses, historical, clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings," what were the 5 most common causes of sinonasal disease? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2001

Answer 169

Primary sinusitis 24% Dental sinusitis 22% Sinus cysts 13.4% Sinonasal neoplasia 8% Progressive ethmoid hematoma 7.6%

Question 170

In Tremaine's 2001 study "A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease Part 1: details of horses, historical, clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings," what stat sig associations were present between sinonasal disease etiology and the two most common clinical signs nasal discharge and facial swelling respectively? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2001

Answer 170

Malodorous nasal discharge sig less frequently associated with primary sinusitis Facial swelling stat sig more associated with sinus cysts and sinonasal neoplasia than dental sinusitis

Question 171

In Tremaine's 2001 paper "A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease Part 2: treatments and results of treatments," what sinonasal disease had the best long-term outcome with complete remission of clinical signs? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2001

Answer 171

Sinonasal mycosis 92%

Question 172

In Tremaine's 2001 paper "A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease Part 2: treatments and results of treatments," what percent of cases had a good long-term outcome with complete remission of clinical signs for primary sinusitis, dental sinusitis, sinus cysts and sinonasal neoplasia? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2001

Answer 172

Primary sinusitis 84% Dental sinusitis 78% Sinus cysts: 82% Sinonasal neoplasia 12%

Question 173

In Tremaine's 2001 paper "A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease Part 2: treatments and results of treatments," what percent of dental sinusitis cases required more than one treatment? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2001

Answer 173

70%

Question 174

Name this IDS wiring technique ## Footnote Wiggs ch 13

Answer 174

Ivy loop

Question 175

Name this IDS wiring technique ## Footnote Wiggs ch 13

Answer 175

Stout

Question 176

Name this IDS wiring technique ## Footnote Wiggs ch 13

Answer 176

Essig

Question 177

Name this IDS wiring technique ## Footnote Wiggs ch 13

Answer 177

Risdon

Question 178

What interdental wiring technique is shown? ## Footnote Verstraete Ch 31

Answer 178

Ivy Loop

Question 179

What interdental wiring technique is shown? ## Footnote Verstraete Ch 31

Answer 179

Stout loop

Question 180

What interdental wiring technique is shown? ## Footnote Verstraete Ch 31

Answer 180

Risdon wiring with secondary wires anchoring around individual teeth

Question 181

What interdental wiring technique is shown and what type of fractures is it best used for? ## Footnote Verstraete Ch 31

Answer 181

Essig interdental wiring Reduction and stabilization of luxated canine teeth with alveolar bone fracture

Question 182

What wiring technique is shown here, outline in Easley ch 33 ## Footnote Easley ch 33

Answer 182

Obwegeser pattern

Question 183

What are the most common injury of the equine head? ## Footnote Easley ch 33

Answer 183

Incisive bone and rostral mandible

Question 184

What are type 1 and type 2 external fixators ## Footnote Easley ch 33

Answer 184

Type 1 fixation involves applying a sidebar on one side of the head only Type 2 fixation systems comprise a construct with sidebars on both sides of the head

Question 185

When applying external fixation, how many pins should be placed? ## Footnote Easley ch 33

Answer 185

two pins on either side of fracture ideally at a slight angle to each other

Question 186

When monitoring patients with external fixators, what common radiographic signs will be seen around the pins? ## Footnote Easley ch 33

Answer 186

Some osteopenia and discharge is expected and should resolve quickly after fixator removal.

Question 187

What is the least mechanically effective placement location for fixation of a mandibular fracture with an LCP or DCP? ## Footnote Easley ch 33

Answer 187

Ventral ## Footnote Ventrolateral is stronger; the best is along the tension side, but teeth in the way obvi

Question 188

Which side of the mandible is the tension side and which is the compression side? ## Footnote Easley ch 33

Answer 188

Tension - oral Compression - ventral

Question 189

What is the prognosis for vertical ramus fractures? ## Footnote Easley ch 33

Answer 189

The prognosis for vertical ramus fractures that do not involve the temporomandibular joint are favourable, although fibrosis within the masseter may be a rare cause of dysmastication or reduced ability to open the mouth.

Question 190

What depth of a tongue laceration needs repair? ## Footnote Easley ch 33

Answer 190

Transverse, dorsal tongue laceration should be repaired if 25% or more of the vital tongue remains attached.

Question 191

In Perkin's 2009 study "Sinoscopic treatment of rostral maxillary and ventral conchal sinusitis in 60 horses," the ventral chonchal bulla (maxillary septal bulla) was able to be fenestrated via a conchofrontal portal in what percent of horses? ## Footnote Dixon Vet Surg 2009

Answer 191

95% ## Footnote Following fenestration, hemorrhage prevented examination of the RMS and/or VCS in 21%

Question 192

In Nagy's case report "Mandibular Condylectomy and Meniscectomy for the Treatment of Septic Temporomandibular Joint Arthritis in a Horse" what had occured on this post-op CT? ## Footnote Nagy Vet Surg 2006

Answer 192

Remodeling of a pseudocondyle, more cranial than caudal and mostly medially

Question 193

In Perkin's 2009 study "Sinoscopic treatment of rostral maxillary and ventral conchal sinusitis in 60 horses," sinoscopy was diagnostically useful in what percent of horses overall and disease resolved following sinoscopic treatment and longer term sinus lavage in what percent of cases? ## Footnote Dixon Vet Surg 2009

Answer 193

Diagnostically useful in 67% horses Resolved in 43% horses

Question 194

What three sinuses drain via the sinonasal ostium? ## Footnote O’Leary, Dixon. A review of equine paranasal sinusitis. Aetiopathogenesis, clinical signs and ancillary diagnostic techniques. EVE 2011.

Answer 194

The sphenopalatine, ethmoid and caudal maxillary sinuses The sinonasal ostium communicates directly with the caudal maxillary sinus

Question 195

What sinuses drain into the nasal cavity via the naso-maxillary opening? ## Footnote O’Leary, Dixon. A review of equine paranasal sinusitis. Aetiopathogenesis, clinical signs and ancillary diagnostic techniques. EVE 2011.

Answer 195

Rostral maxillary and ventral conchal

Question 196

In Dixon's 2012 study "Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments," what was the association of fluid lines on rads with different etiologies of sinusitis? ## Footnote EVJ 2012

Answer 196

Fluid lines sig less common with chronic primary sinusitis than subacute primary sinusitis, sig less with sinus cysts than primary sinusitis combined

Question 197

In Dixon's 2012 study "Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments," what sinus compartment was most frequently invovled and what sinus compartments were least frequently invovled overall? ## Footnote EVJ 2012

Answer 197

Caudal maxillary sinus 78% Least: sphenopalatine and ethmoidal 6%

Question 198

What structures risk damage during surgical approach to the TMJ or coronoid process? ## Footnote Magri EVE 2021

Answer 198

risks injury to the superficial temporal artery, the transverse facial artery and vein, and the transverse facial branch of the auriculotemporal nerve

Question 199

In Magri's case series "Coronoidectomy as a treatment for mandibular immobility caused by fracture of the coronoid process in three horses" how was the coronoid process accessed and removed? ## Footnote Magri EVE 2021

Answer 199

Incision dorsally through skin into the supraorbital fossa ## Footnote Did not do zygomatectomy

Question 200

In Frietman's case report "A minimally invasive partial condylectomy and temporal bone resection for the treatment of a suspected chronic synovial sepsis of the temporomandibular joint in a 3.5-year-old paint horse gelding" what surgical approach was used? ## Footnote Frietman Vet Quarterly 2018

Answer 200

Arthroscopic approach to TMJ (meniscomandibular and meniscotemporal compartments) and debridement of meniscus and bone Bone debridement until healthy subchondral bone was reached ## Footnote Diseased tissue: There were signs of chronic synovitis, characterised by synovial hyperaemia, synovial hyperplasia and multiple synovial adhesions

Question 201

What do A, B, C and D represent in the image below? ## Footnote Froydenlund, Dixon, Reardon. Anatomical and histological study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses. Vet Rec 2015.

Answer 201

A. Dorsal conchal sinus B. Ventral conchal sinus C. Dorsal conchal bulla D. Ventral conchal bulla

Question 202

In Froydenlund's 2015 study "Anatomical and histological study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses," which bulla was larger and contained more septae, cellulae and drainage apertures? ## Footnote Dixon Vet Rec 2015

Answer 202

Dorsal conchal bullae

Question 203

In Froydenlund's 2015 study "Anatomical and histological study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses," what was the median number of drainage apertures from the dorsal and ventral conchal bullae respectively and what part of the bullae did they drain from? ## Footnote Dixon Vet Rec 2015

Answer 203

DCB 2 (range 0-6) with all draining from ventral aspect into middle meatus VCB 1 (0-3) with all draining from dorsal and/or dorsolateral aspects into middle meatus

Question 204

In Froydenlund's 2015 study "Anatomical and histological study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses," what was the relationship between the bullae and the adjacent paranasal sinuses? ## Footnote Dixon Vet Record 2015

Answer 204

No communications were identified between the bullae and the immediately adjacent paranasal sinuses

Question 205

In Froydenlund's 2015 study "Anatomical and histological study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses," what was the histologic appearance of the bullae? ## Footnote Dixon Vet Record 2015

Answer 205

Bullae consisted of ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelium over glandular submucosa often overlying turbinate bone and variably hyaline cartilage

Question 206

In Liuti's 2015 study "An anatomical study of dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings," what was the association between bullae size and age and head size? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2015

Answer 206

In both dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla, there were significant differences in sizes between the different age groups (smaller in younger animals) Measures of bullae size and volume were significantly associated with head size

Question 207

In Liuti's 2015 study "An anatomical study of dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings," what teeth were most commonly associated with the rostral and caudal limits of dorsal and ventral conchal bullae respectively? ## Footnote Dixon EVJ 2015

Answer 207

Dorsal conchal bullae rostral 07s, caudal 10s Ventral conchal bullae rostral 07s, caudal 09s

Question 208

In Liuti's 2017 study "Computed tomographic assessment of equine maxillary cheek teeth anatomical relationships, and paranasal sinus volumes," what was the relationship between 06s and 07s, 08s, 09s, 10s and 11s with the sinuses respectively? ## Footnote Vet Rec 2017

Answer 208

06s and 07s were not in contact with any sinus lumen in any age group All 08s partially or fully within RMS 09s fully within RMS in all except 2 young (age 1.5-2 years) cases fully in CMS 10s variably in RMS or CMS 11s consistently in CMS

Question 209

In Liuti's 2017 study "Computed tomographic assessment of equine maxillary cheek teeth anatomical relationships, and paranasal sinus volumes," what was the relationship between the dorsal conchal sinus and age? ## Footnote Reardon, Dixon Vet Record 2017

Answer 209

Dorsal conchal sinus larger than frontal sinus in group 2 (aged 6-15 years) and group 3 (aged > 15 years) but not in group 1 (aged < 6 years) ## Footnote DCS 2-3 times larger than VCS in all age groups

Question 210

In Liuti's 2017 study "Computed tomographic assessment of equine maxillary cheek teeth anatomical relationships, and paranasal sinus volumes," the clinical crown and apices of 11s were how much more rostral in the oldest age group vs the young age group? ## Footnote Reardon, Dixon Vet Record 2017

Answer 210

2.48cm, 2.83cm ## Footnote Mesial drift with age

Question 211

What do A, B and C represent from the images below from Bach's 2019 study "Surgical enlargement of the nasomaxillary aperture and transnasal conchotomy of the ventral conchal sinus: two surgical techniques to improve sinus drainage in horses?" ## Footnote Simhofer Vet Surg 2019

Answer 211

A: Caudal maxillary sinus B: Bullae of the maxillary septum C: Dorsal concha

Question 212

In Bach's 2019 study "Surgical enlargement of the nasomaxillary aperture and transnasal conchotomy of the ventral conchal sinus: two surgical techniques to improve sinus drainage in horses," sinonasal communication was successfully created in how many horses and sinusitis resolved in how many live horses? ## Footnote Simhofer Vet Surg 2019

Answer 212

Sinonasal communications successfully created in all cadavers and affected live horses Sinusitis resolved in all affected horses with follow up of 3-25 months ## Footnote Drainage was stat sig increased through the surgically created sinonasal communications with combined TCVCS and SENMAP in heads 7-9

Question 213

What characteristics of a joint tap are indicative of sepsis vs inflammation? What is the definitive way to diagnose? ## Footnote Auer and Stick ch 79

Answer 213

Sepsis: > 4 g/dL total protein, >90% neutrophils, >30,000 total cell count Definitive dx from synovial culture ## Footnote Normal TP less than 2.5 g/dL, normal neutrophil % is less than 10%

Question 214

In Fenner's 2019 study "Paranasal sinus cysts in the horse: complications related to their presence and surgical treatment in 37 cases," complications of surgical site healing occurred in what percent of cases and full remission was obtained in what percent of cases? ## Footnote EVJ 2019

Answer 214

Complications 32% Full remission 78.6% cases

Question 215

In Fenner's 2019 study "Paranasal sinus cysts in the horse: complications related to their presence and surgical treatment in 37 cases," cysts recurred in what percent of cases? ## Footnote EVJ 2019

Answer 215

19%

Question 216

What structure is marked by the white star below? ## Footnote Pouyet. Validation of a 2-mm videoendoscope for the evaluation of the paranasal sinuses with a minimally invasive technique. Vet Surg 2019.

Answer 216

Rostral lacrimal tubercle ## Footnote a boney prominence palpable just rostral and slightly dorsomedial to the medial canthus. Insertion of orbicualr muscle

Question 217

What do C, D, E and F represent in the image below? ## Footnote Pouyet. Validation of a 2-mm videoendoscope for the evaluation of the paranasal sinuses with a minimally invasive technique. Vet Surg 2019.

Answer 217

C: Maxillary septal bulla D: Infraorbital canal E: Frontomaxillary opening F: entrance to the sphenopalatine sinus

Question 218

In Pouyet's 2019 study "Validation of a 2-mm videoendoscope for the evaluation of the paranasal sinuses with a minimally invasive technique," what differences were seen for visualization of the structures within the caudal maxillary sinus when the frontal sinus vs caudal maxillary sinus approaches were compared? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2019

Answer 218

No difference for visualization

Question 219

When is mandibular symphysiotomy considered? ## Footnote Easley ch 32

Answer 219

To access hard and soft palate

Question 220

To what landmark can a commisurotomy be performed? ## Footnote Easley ch 32

Answer 220

Rostral masseter Avoid damaging parotid duct and facial a+v

Question 221

What muscle and skin flap transposition should be used for a sinocutaneous fistula involving conchofrontal and maxillary sinuses respectively? ## Footnote Easley ch 32

Answer 221

CFS: temporalis muscle RMS/CMS: levator nasolabilais or levator labii superioris muscle

Question 222

Which needle placement is to access the ventral NCB and dorsal NCB from an extranasal approach? ## Footnote Pouyet EVE 2022 "Extra-nasal approach to access the dorsal and ventral conchal bullae in horses"

Answer 222

For the DNCB, the needle is inserted half-way between the infra-orbital foramen and the dorsal aspect of the nasal bone, with the needle oriented perpendicular to the bone surface. For the VNCB, the needle is inserted at a point located at 30% of the distance between the infra-orbital foramen and the dorsal aspect of the nasal bone, with a minimum of 1.5 cm above the infra-orbital foramen and the needle oriented approximately 40° downwards. The needle was placed at least 1.5 cm above the infra-orbital foramen to minimise nasolacrimal duct damage.

Question 223

In Dixon's paper "Swellings of the angle of the mandible in 32 horses (1997–2011)" what trauma phenotypes were discussed at this location in the mandible? ## Footnote Dixon TVJ 2013, also Ch 13 Easley

Answer 223

Most appear to be traumatic in origin but gross fractures are uncommon

Question 224

What fracture repair technique is depicted here? ## Footnote Beard EVE 2009 "Fracture repair techniques for the equine mandible and maxilla" Also ch 13 Easley

Answer 224

U bar

Question 225

What pathology is most common with swelling at each of the following mandibular regions? ## Footnote Dixon 2014 Swellings at angle of mandible, also Ch 13 Easley

Answer 225

1 - Rostral, masses 2 - body, apical infections 3 - angle, traumatic mandibular periosteitis

Question 226

What should be done differently for maxillary sinus flaps in young horses? ## Footnote Easley ch 35

Answer 226

Maxillary flaps in young horses and ponies should be restricted to the CMS as more rostral flaps risk damaging the dental apices and provide very limited or no access to the rostral sinus group

Question 227

Which sinusotomy approach gives better access to the ventral conchal sinus? ## Footnote Easley ch 35

Answer 227

Frontonasal

Question 228

Disorders affecting which sinus are most likely to result in neurological syndromes such as blindness and trigeminal nerve dysfunction? ## Footnote Easley ch 15

Answer 228

Sphenopalatine sinus ## Footnote These sinuses are in close association with cranial nerves II-VI and some major blood vessels. Recent anatomical and imaging review confirmed that, unlike the other sinuses, the median septum, separating left and right sides of the SPSs is often eccentric or absent

Question 229

When can crown amputation be considered for diseased canine teeth? What finding intra-op would suggest it is not appropriate? ## Footnote Easley ch 28

Answer 229

External replacement resorption (ankylosis) There should be no visible pulp chamber present in the ideal candidate for crown amputation, but if bleeding is noted from the pulp chamber after amputation, surgical extraction of the entire tooth should be performed.

Question 230

What is the working and set time of Protemp? ## Footnote Easley ch 28

Answer 230

working time: 40 sec setting time: 1 min 40 sec

Question 231

What speculum is depicted, and what procedure is it recommended to use during? ## Footnote Easley ch 28

Answer 231

Modified Gunther Speculum MIB extraction techniques

Question 232

In Vlaminck's 2021 paper "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of idiopathic primary sino-nasal obstruction in miniature horse breeds: long-term follow-up of seven cases," what were the short and longterm outcomes? ## Footnote Frontiers 2021

Answer 232

Incisions healed and clinical signs resolved within 3 weeks Long-term outcome following median period of 19 months very good in all cases with resolution of clinical signs

Question 233

In Verwilghen's 2022 paper "Equine suture exostosis: a review of cases from a multicenter retrospective study," what 4 etiology patterns were identified? ## Footnote Pearce, Staszyk Vet Sci 2022

Answer 233

Following sino-nasal surgery, following trauma, underlying sinus pathology, idiopathic ## Footnote Following sino-nasal surgery most prevalent 45/105 cases

Question 234

In Hopfgartner's 2024 study "Comparison of equine paranasal sinus trephination complications and outcome following standing computed tomography, radiography and sinoscopy guided approaches for the treatment of sinusitis," what was the most common cause of sinusitis and what percent of cases were secondary sinusitis? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2024

Answer 234

Dental sinusitis most common cause 60.7% ## Footnote Secondary sinusitis made up 82% of all cases

Question 235

In Hopfgartner's 2024 study "Comparison of equine paranasal sinus trephination complications and outcome following standing computed tomography, radiography and sinoscopy guided approaches for the treatment of sinusitis," what percent of cases developed post hospital complications, what was the most common one and what was its association with imaging group? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2024

Answer 235

46% Most common complication: recurrence of disease 37% Did not stat sig differ between imaging groups ## Footnote Long-term complications more common in secondary sinusitis group 50.6% vs primary sinusitis 32%

Question 236

In Hopfgartner's 2024 study "Comparison of equine paranasal sinus trephination complications and outcome following standing computed tomography, radiography and sinoscopy guided approaches for the treatment of sinusitis," what percent of cases resolved following initial trephination surgery and what percent had final resolution after follow up medical or surgical treatment? ## Footnote Vet Surg 2024

Answer 236

Following initial trephination surgery 57% of cases resolved with no sig difference between imaging groups Final resolution after follow up medical or surgical treatment increased to 95% and was NOT different between imaging groups or between primary or secondary sinusitis

Question 237

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, what plug material is least likely to loosen for obturator of an oroantral fistula? ## Footnote chp 32

Answer 237

PMMA

Question 238

According to Easley's 2022 textbook, transposition with what two muscles can be utilized to obliterate an oromaxillary fistula? ## Footnote Chp 32

Answer 238

Levator nasolabialis m. Levator labii superioris m.

Question 239

What muscle has been exteriorized to treat the maxillary fistula that communicates with the oral cavity (white arrow)? ## Footnote Easley 2022, chp 32

Answer 239

Levator labii superioris m. ## Footnote originates beneath the orbit at the junction of the lacrimal, maxillary and zygomatic bones

Question 240

Transposition of what muscle(s) can be used to resolve a sinocutaneous fistula involving the conchofrontal or rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses respectively? ## Footnote Easley 2022 textbook, Chp 32

Answer 240

Conchofrontal: Temporalis m. Maxillary sinuses: levator nasolabialis m., levator labii superioris m.

Question 241

Describe the course of the parotid duct. ## Footnote Easley 2022, Chp 32

Answer 241

Duct exits gland 2-3cm rostral to linguofacial vein, crosses tendon of insertion of sternomandibularis m., travels rostrally ventral to facial vein, at vascular notch follow rostral border of masseter m, perforates cheek at buccal ostium adjacent to 07s/08s

Question 242

How much saliva does a 500kg horse produce in 24 hours? ## Footnote Easley 2022, Chp 32

Answer 242

40L primarily from parotid salivary glands

Question 243

Involvement of what neurovascular structures makes removal of the parotid salivary duct difficult to impossible? ## Footnote Easley 2022 textbook, Chp 32

Answer 243

Maxillary vein, internal and external carotid arteries, facial, glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal nerves, vagosympathetic trunk

Question 244

What structure is isolated in this image and what is it coursing over? ## Footnote Easley textbook 2022, Chp 32

Answer 244

Parotid salivary duct Tendon of the sternomandibularis m.

Question 245

In Hawkes's 2008 article "Treatment of oromaxillary fistulae in nine standing horses (2002-2006)," how fistulae were associated with diastemata, fractured cheek teeth and a central defect in a worn cheek tooth respectively? ## Footnote Easley, Dixon EVJ 2008

Answer 245

Diastemata 7/9 Fractured cheek tooth 1/9 Central defect in worn cheek tooth 1/9

Question 246

In Hawkes's 2008 article "Treatment of oromaxillary fistulae in nine standing horses (2002-2006)," how were the defects treated? ## Footnote Easley, Dixon EVJ 2008

Answer 246

PMMA packed in diastemata or dental defect following debridement 6/9 cases PMMA packed in alveolus following extraction 3/9 cases

Question 247

In Dixon's 2000 study "Equine dental disease part 4: a longterm study of 400 cases: apical infections of cheek teeth," how many horses had primary apical infections of their cheek teeth? ## Footnote EVJ 2000

Answer 247

162/400 40%

Question 248

In Dixon's 2000 study "Equine dental disease part 4: a longterm study of 400 cases: apical infections of cheek teeth," infections of the caudal maxillary cheek teeth with secondary paranasal sinusitis had complete response to initial treatment in what percent of cases? ## Footnote EVJ 2000

Answer 248

33%

Question 249

In Tucker's 2016 paper "Radiographic, computed tomographic and surgical anatomy of the equine sphenopalatine sinus in normal and diseased horses" what were the clinical signs associated with disease of this sinus? What were the causes? ## Footnote Tucker EVJ 2016

Answer 249

CS: exophthalmos, blindness, unilateral epistaxis or unilateral nasal discharge Diagnoses included neoplasia (7), progressive ethmoidal haematoma (4), sinus cyst (2) and empyema (1)

Question 250

In Tucker's 2016 paper "Radiographic, computed tomographic and surgical anatomy of the equine sphenopalatine sinus in normal and diseased horses" what were the limitations for endoscopic access? What was the most superior imaging modality? ## Footnote Tucker EVJ 2016

Answer 250

The palatine portion of the sphenopalatine sinus was consistently accessible sinoscopically and the sphenoidal portion was accessible in 6/10 cadaver heads. The borders of the sphenopalatine sinus were NOT identifiable on plain radiographs --> CT is superior

Question 251

According to Brinkshulte's 2014 paper on sinonasal communication, what were the variations in the rostral sinonasal channel (RSC) and the caudal sinonasal channel (CSC)? ## Footnote Brinkschulte 2014 BMC

Answer 251

RSC: 52% go to rostral max sinus only; 42% go to rostral max sinus and Ventral conchal sinus; 5% go to VCS only CSC: all go to caudal max sinus

Question 252

In Brinkschulte's 2014 study on sinonasal communications, what variation in location of the nasomaxillary aperture was noted? ## Footnote Brinkschulte 2014 BMC

Answer 252

< 15yo -- located at the 09 or 10 > 15 yo -- located at the 10 or 11 ## Footnote Makes sense with mesial drift

Question 253

In Brinkschulte's 2013 paper on sinus anatomy and volumes, that sinus was noted to sometimes be contacted but the palatal roots of cheek teeth? ## Footnote Vet Rad US 2013 Brinkschulte

Answer 253

Ventral conchal sinus

Question 254

In Brinkschulte's 2013 paper on sinus anatomy and volumes, what variation in rostral aspect of the maxillary septum was noted? ## Footnote Vet Rad US 2013 Brinkschulte

Answer 254

47% at the 09 44% at the 10 2.8% at the 08 (n=1) 5.6% at the 11 (n=2) ## Footnote The septum continued caudo-dorsally and merged with the dorsal spiral lamellae of the ventral conchal sinus.

Question 255

THO is most common in what breed? ## Footnote Easley ch 32

Answer 255

QH