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Phase 1 Boards Prep - EQ > Endodontics > Flashcards

Endodontics Flashcards

1
Q

In Lundstrom’s 2016 paper “Description of a technique for orthograde endodontic treatment of equine cheek teeth with apical infections,” what material was used for bulk filling of the restoration for definitive treatment and why?

EVE 2016

A

Zinc oxide eugenol free cement containing calcium hydroxide (Provical QM)
Does not chemically bind to dentin, authors see this as an advantage since if a bulk material binds to dentin and contracts with time → stresses the dental hard tissue which can lead to fracture

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2
Q

In Lundstrom’s 2016 paper “Description of a technique for orthograde endodontic treatment of equine cheek teeth with apical infections,” how much of the bulk fill of the restoration was removed and what material was used as the occlusal restoration?

EVE 2016

A

5mm removed
resin cement (Embrace WetBond medium viscosity)

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3
Q

In Lundstrom’s 2016 paper “Description of a technique for orthograde endodontic treatment of equine cheek teeth with apical infections,” teeth were retreated at what time interval?

EVE 2016

A

3-8 weeks after initial treatment

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4
Q

In Lundstrom’s 2016 paper “Description of a technique for orthograde endodontic treatment of equine cheek teeth with apical infections,” what was the success rate?

EVE 2016

A

80%

Follow up for 474 teeth, 3-6 years, median 5 years

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5
Q

In Lundstrom’s 2016 paper “Description of a technique for orthograde endodontic treatment of equine cheek teeth with apical infections,” remaining fistulas were seen in what percent of cases and what was the most common cause?

EVE 2016

A

10%
Coronal/occlusal seal leakage

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6
Q

In Lundstrom’s 2016 paper “Description of a technique for orthograde endodontic treatment of equine cheek teeth with apical infections,” what was the most common cause of treatment failure?

EVE 2016

A

Fracture of treated teeth

Percent of cases affected not noted

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7
Q

In Dacre’s 2008 paper “Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse. 1: Normal endodontic anatomy and dentinal structure of equine cheek teeth,” sections of cheek teeth taken 2–6 mm below the occlusal surface (variation due to normal undulating occlusal surface) showed the presence of pulp in what % of maxillary or mandibular cheek teeth?

Dacre TVJ 2008

A

50% of individual maxillary CT pulp horns,
25% of individual mandibular CT pulp horns

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8
Q

In Shaw’s 2008 paper “Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 2. Quantitative measurements in normal equine dentine” what is the average deposition rate for secondary dentine?

Shaw TVJ 2008

A

0.5–10 μm/day

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9
Q

In Shaw’s 2008 paper “Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 2. Quantitative measurements in normal equine dentine” what locations on the maxillary and mandibular CT respectively had thicker secondary dentine?

Shaw TVJ 2008

A

Overall, thicker sub-occlusally than in the mid-tooth region

Max: significantly thicker (72% in primary, 43% in regular secondary dentine) on the medial compared to the lateral aspects of pulp horns

Mand: 15% and 14% thicker in primary and regular secondary dentine thickness, respectively, on the their medial as compared to their lateral aspects

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10
Q

In Dacre’s 2008 paper “Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 3. Quantitative measurements of dentine in apically infected cheek teeth” what differences in primary and secondary dentine were noted?

Dacre TVJ 2008

A

Sig reduced regular and irregular secondary dentine thickness in diseased as compared to control CT (varying between 27.4% and 89.1% reduced secondary dentine levels compared to age and site matched control CT values)

No significant differences were found between diseased and control primary dentine thickness in maxillary CT

Long term lack of secondary dentine deposition in apically affected teeth

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11
Q

In Dacre’s 2008 paper “Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 4. Aetiopathological findings in 41 apically infected mandibular cheek teeth (CT = cheek teeth)” what % of teeth had open pulps, no pulp exposure, and fractures through pulp horns?

Dacre 2008 TVJ

A

Open pulp horns: 34%
No pulp exposure (anachoresis): 59%
Fractures through PH: 20%

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12
Q

In Dacre’s 2008 paper “Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 5. Aetiopathological findings in 57 apically infected maxillary cheek teeth (CT = cheek teeth) and histological and ultrastructural findings” what were the causes noted for the apical infection?

Dacre 2008 TVJ

A

Anachoretic infection in 51%
Infundibular caries 16%
Perio-endo in 12%
fractures and fissures in 9%
dysplasia in 5%
miscellaneous or undiagnosed causes in 7%.

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13
Q

In Dixon’s paper “Prevalence of occlusal pulpar exposure in 110 equine cheek teeth with apical infections and idiopathic fractures” how many teeth had occlusal pulp exposure?

M.S.D. van den Enden, P.M. Dixon TVJ 2008

A

Occlusal pulpar exposure was found in 32% of apically infected CT

A higher proportion (42%) of CT extracted because idiopathic fractures had pulpar exposure (26% multiple, 16% single pulps), especially with midline sagittal maxillary and miscellaneous pattern mandibular CT fractures, but only (3%) had occlusal pitting.

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14
Q

In du Toit’s 2008 paper “Pathological investigation of caries and occlusal pulpar exposure in donkey cheek teeth using computerised axial tomography with histological and ultrastructural examinations” what anatomic location was thought to be the route of bacterial exposure to pulp via caries?

du Toit TVJ 2008

A

amelo-cemental junction to be a possible route of bacterial infection in infundibular cemental caries

Histology identified the loss of occlusal secondary dentine, and showed pulp necrosis in teeth with pulpar exposure

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15
Q

In Simhofer’s paper “The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses,” what was the % incidence of cheek teeth fracture and what % of horses had at least 1 fractured tooth noted on exam?

Simhofer TVJ 2008

A

1.2% of all cheek teeth
22% of the horses

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16
Q

In Simhofer’s paper “A long-term study of apicoectomy and endodontic treatment of apically infected cheek teeth in 12 horses”, what was the succes rate of the apicoectomy and retrograde endodontic treatment in 12 horses?

A

successful in 7/12 horses (58%)
partially successful in 2 horses (17%)
unsuccessful in 3 (25%)

Partial success was recorded if the treated teeth were preserved but transient masticatory problems, bony swellings or pathological changes of the treated teeth occurred.

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17
Q

In Korsos’ paper “Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth,” how many of the teeth had evidence of at least one accessory canal?

Korsos Frontiers 2024

A

One or more accessory canals were identified in 100% of the maxillary cheek teeth (15/15) and 89% of the mandibular cheek teeth (17/19)

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18
Q

Of these accessory canal subtypes, what were the most common identified in Korsos et al 2024?

Korsos Frontiers 2024

A

95% accessory canals were singular - type A

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19
Q

In du Toit’s 2023 paper “Long-term follow-up of equine incisor endodontic treatments using an orthograde technique,” what was the most common diagnosis/reason for endodontic treatment and what teeth were most commonly affected?

JAVMA 2023

A

Fracture with direct pulp exposure 64%
Maxillary incisors 72%

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20
Q

In du Toit’s 2023 paper “Long-term follow-up of equine incisor endodontic treatments using an orthograde technique,” repeat treatment was performed in how many cases?

JAVMA 2023

A

50 (57%)

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21
Q

In du Toit’s 2023 paper “Long-term follow-up of equine incisor endodontic treatments using an orthograde technique,” what percent of cases were available for follow up and what was the success rate?

JAVMA 2023

A

36% had follow up
75% successful

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22
Q

Thermal damage will occur when pulp temperature is increased by how much?

Easley Textbook, ch 24

A

5.5 C

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23
Q

The risk of pulpar thermal damage is influenced by all of the following, except which?

A. Presence or absence of water cooling
B. Burr grit coarseness
C. Contact time
D. Depth of secondary dentin

Easley Textbook, ch 24

A

B. Burr grit coarseness

Burr speed is another factor that influences risk of thermal damage

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24
Q

If an overgrown tooth is reduced to the level of the adjacent teeth how often will you expose at least one live pulp?

Easley Textbook, ch 25

A

58%

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25
Q

What makes up equine pulp stones?

Ch 10

A

In equine teeth, pulp stones can more correctly be termed false pulp stones because they are composed of concentric layers of calcified tissue without any internal tubular structure.

These pulp stones occur both within viable equine pulp (free stones) and later embedded in areas replaced with secondary dentine and eventually can be seen on the occlusal surface.

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26
Q

In Liuti’s paper “Radiographic, computed tomographic, gross pathological and histological findings with suspected apical infection in 32 equine maxillary cheek teeth (2012–2015)” what were the main gross changes to the teeth included?

Liuti EVJ 2018

A

Gross pulpal abnormalities were present in the pulps of 29/32 teeth, with every pulp diseased in 8 teeth and apparently viable pulps remaining in the other 24 teeth

Calcified apical changes, including thickened, irregular-shaped and/or more generalised apical hypercementosis, were present in 17/32 teeth, with more destructive calcified changes including shortened roots and root destruction present in 8/32 teeth

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27
Q

Define the following:
Gouging
Ledge
Zipping or elliptication
Elbow stricture
Stripping

Wiggs ch 16 - endo

A

Gouging: the penetration of the pulp chamber floor but not completely through the root/crown wall
Ledge: a gouge or false canal created during instrumentation with excessive apical pressure primarily associated with curved canals, causes loss of WL
Zipping or elliptication: when an overextended file transports the outer wall of the apical foramen, typically from not pre-bending files
Elbow stricture: the root canal has decreased the diameter just before the actual terminus of the canal (narrow before apex)
Stripping: a complication that results in lateral wall perforation

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28
Q

What amount of time of bleeding during a VPT may indicate that not all inflamed hyperplastic tissue has been removed?

Wiggs Ch 16 - endo

A

5-6 min

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29
Q

If you have a K file size #25 file with #.02 taper,
what mm distance and diameter is from D1 to D16 in the image, and what size in mm is the tip of the file?
What is the diameter at D16?

A

Distance: 16 mm
D1 diameter: 0.27
Tip diameter: 0.25mm
Diameter: 0.57mm at D16 (0.25+0.32)

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30
Q

What is the flute surface of an endodontic file?

Ch 8

A

Groove in the working surface that collects soft tissue and dentin from the walls, collects the dentin

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31
Q

What is the leading edge of an endodontic file?
What is the rake angle?

Pathways ch 8

A

Leading edge: Surface with greatest diameter that follows the groove as it rotates – cuts the dentin
Rake angle: The angle formed by the leading edge and radius of file – Positive supposedly cuts; Negative supposedly scrapes

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32
Q

What is the helix angle of an endodontic file?

Pathways CH 8

A

The angle the cutting-edge forms with the long axis of file. Defines the type of file and how it is used

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33
Q

Define the order and direction of shaping the canal with each technique:

Step-back
Step-down
Crown-down

Pathways Ch 8

A

Step-back: Apical to coronal direction, taper canal
Step-down: Coronal pre-flaring before cleaning apically, WL before pre-flare
Crown-down: Coronal pre-flaring before cleaning apically, WL after pre-flare

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34
Q

What is the minimum concentration of NaOCl needed for pulp dissolution?

Pathways Ch 8

A

1 %

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35
Q

Which of the following properties of bleach leads to oxidizing pulpal tissue?
A. Saponification reaction
B. Neutralization reaction
C. Hypochlorous acid formation
D. Solvent action

Pathways Ch 8

A

C. Hypochlorous acid formation

Saponification reaction: Acts as an organic and fat solvent. Reduces the surface tension of the remaining solution.
Neutralization reaction: Neutralizes amino acids by forming water and salt. The pH is reduced.
Hypochlorous acid formation: Chlorine dissolves in water and it is in contact with organic matter: it forms hypochlorous acid. It is a weak acid that acts as an oxidizer.
Solvent action: Sodium hypochlorite also acts as a solvent, releasing chlorine that combines with protein amino groups (NH) to form chloramines (chloramination reaction). Chloramines impede cell metabolism and inhibits essential bacterial enzymes

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36
Q

What property of bleach makes it antimicrobial?

Pathways Ch8

A

High pH (>11)
The high pH interferes in cytoplasmic membrane integrity due to irreversible enzymatic inhibition, biosynthetic alterations in cellular metabolism, and phospholipid degradation observed in lipidic peroxidation.

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37
Q

What is the MOA of EDTA?

Pathways Ch 8

A

MOA: demineralizing chelating agent

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38
Q

Which of the following matches the material type and mechanism of action for GuttaFlow2 as a sealant?
A. Salicylate, Chelation
B. Silicone, Polymerization
C. Tricalcium silicate, Hydration
D. Salicylate, Ionomer formation

Pathways Ch 8

A

B. Silicone, Polymerization

Polymer formation by radical polymerization: Generation of a free radical monomer units results in polymers formation by the successive addition of free-radical building blocks

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39
Q

What are the layers of Dentin-Pulp Complex?

Pathways ch 13

A

Dentin –> predentin –> odontoblast layer –> cell-poor zone –> cell-rich zone –> pulp proper

Ch 13

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40
Q

Odontoblasts mainly synthesize what type of collagen?

Pathways ch 13

A

Type 1

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41
Q

What is the most prominent cell in the pulp proper?

Pathways Ch 13

A

Fibroblast

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42
Q

What immune cells are found normally within dental pulp?

Pathways Ch 13

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
T lymphocytes

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43
Q

What dental materials have been shown to depress the metabolic activity of pulpal cells?

Pathways Ch 13

A

Eugenol
Zinc oxide and eugenol
Calcium hydroxide
silver amalgam

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44
Q

What is the definition of secondary dentin?

Pathways Ch 13

A

Regular circumferential dentin formed after tooth eruption
its tubules remain continuous with that of primary dentin

secondary dentin responsible for decreasing pulp width throughout life of tooth

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45
Q

What is the definition of tertiary dentin?

Pathways Ch 13

A

Irregular dentin that is formed in response to abnormal to abnormal stimuli such as excess wear, cavity preparation, restorative material, caries

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46
Q

What is the standard taper of ISO files?

Pathways Ch 8

A

0.32mm over 16mm of cutting blades
0.02mm increase in diameter per millimeter of flute length

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47
Q

Are K-files and NiTi files produced by milling or twisting?

Pathways Ch 8

A

K-files twisting
NiTi milling

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48
Q

What kind of files are A and B?

Pathways Ch 8

A

A. K-files (twisting)
B. Hedstrom file (grinding)

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49
Q

What is reaming vs filing motions?

Pathways of the Pulp

A

Reaming is rotating the file while filing is an “in and out” motion

reaming generally causes less transportation

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50
Q

What is the difference between reamers and K-files?

Pathways Ch 8

A

Reamers have fewer cutting flutes per mm of the working surface

More appropriate for twisting motion

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51
Q

H-files have positive, negative or neutral rake angles?

Pathways Ch 8

A

Positive

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52
Q

A, B and C demonstrate what types of rake angles?

Pathways Ch 8

A

A. negative
B. Neutral
C. Positive

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53
Q

A, B, C, and D show what most common preparation errors?

Pathways Ch 8

A

A. Apical zip
B. Ledge
C. Apical zip with perforation
D. Ledge with perforation

54
Q

What does obturation do?

Pathways of the pulp

A

Reduces coronal leakage and bacterial contamination, seals the apex from the periapical tissue fluids, and entombs the remaining irritants in the canal.

55
Q

When is obturation contraindicated?

Pathways of the pulp

A

Presence of exudation from the canal, or when you cannot full dry the canal.

56
Q

How is removal of the smear layer generally accomplished?

Pathways of the pulp

A

By irrigating the canal with 17% disodium EDTA and 5.25% bleach
EDTA removes the inorganic material, and bleach or NaOCl removes the remaining organic components

57
Q

What are the mechanical and chemical objectives of irrigation?

Pathways Ch 8

A

1.) Flush out debris
2.) Lubricate the canal
3.) Dissolve organic and inorganic tissue
4.) Prevent formation of a smear layer during instrumentation or dissolve it once it forms

58
Q

What are the benefits of using irrigants in root canal treatment?

Pathways Ch 8

A

Removal of particulate debris and wetting of the canal walls
Destruction of microorganisms
Dissolution of organic debris
Opening of dentinal tubules by removal of smear layer
Disinfection and cleaning of areas inaccessible to endodontic instruments

59
Q

What is the irrigant of choice in endodontics?

Pathways Ch 8

A

Sodium hypochlorite

60
Q

Pathways

What is the active component of sodium hypochlorite?

Pathways Ch 8

A

hypochlorous acid

61
Q

Increasing the temperature of low-concentration NaOCl solution improves which of their characteristics?

Pathways Ch 8

A

Immediate tissue dissolving capacity
Remove organic debris from dentin shavings more efficiently

However- no clinical studies at this point to support the use of heated NaOCl

62
Q

Low concentrations of NaOCl can be effective for canal irrigation when used at what volume and frequency?

Pathways Ch 8

A

Higher volume
More frequent intervals

63
Q

What ion in bleach is responsible for its dissolving and antibacterial capacity and how quickly is it consumed?

Pathways Ch 8

A

Chlorine ion
Within 2 minutes

64
Q

What are the properties of an ideal sealer?

Pathways of the pulp

A
  1. Exhibits tackiness when mixed for good adhesion
  2. Establishes a hermetic seal
  3. Radiopaque, so that it can be seen on rads
  4. No shrinkage on setting
  5. No staining of tooth structure
  6. Bacteriostatic
  7. Exhibits a slow set
  8. Insoluble in tissue fluids
  9. Tissue tolerant - non irritating to periradicular tissue
  10. Soluble in a common solvent - for ease of removal
  11. Fine powder, to mix well with water
65
Q

The precipitate formed by combination of NaOCl and CHX causes what effects in the canal?

Pathways of the pulp

A

Color changes
Formation of a possibly toxic insoluble precipitate that may interfere with the seal of the root obturation

66
Q

What forms when CHX and EDTA are combined?

Pathways Ch 8

A

A white precipitate that is a salt

67
Q

What is the definition of the smear layer? (American Association of Endodontists 2003)

Pathways Ch 8

A

A surface film of debris retained on dentin or another surface after instrumentation with either rotary instruments or endodontic files.
Consists of dentin particles, remnants of vital or necrotic pulp, bacterial components and retained irrigants

controversy regarding thoughts on if its removal either opens dentinal tubules to allow removal of bacteria or if it protects dentinal tubules
Only 1 in vivo study that found that use of EDTA sig incrased odds of success of retreatment

68
Q

What benefits as an irrigant does EDTA provide?

Pathways Ch 8

A

It can chelate and remove the mineralized portion of the smear layer

69
Q

What is the antibacterial MOA of EDTA?

Pathways Ch 8

A

EDTA extracts bacterial surface proteins by combining with metal ions from the cell envelope which can eventually lead to cell death
Can also detach biofilms adhering to root canal walls

70
Q

How long does it take for EDTA to remove the inorganic component of the smear layer?

Pathways Ch 8

A

< 1 minute

71
Q

What does the term monoblock mean?

Pathways Ch 8

A

The idealized scenario in which the canal space becomes perfectly filled with a gap-free, solid mass that consists of different materials and interfaces, with the purported advantages of simultaneously improving the seal and fracture resistance.

72
Q

What type of sealer is GuttaFlow?

Pathways of the pulp

A

Silicone sealer

73
Q

What are the two major categories of resin sealers?

Pathways of the pulp

A

Epoxy resin and methacrylate resin

74
Q

What are the pros and cons to GuttaFlow?

Pathways of the pulp

A

Cons: Setting time is inconsistent

Pros: Fills canal irregularities, biocompatible, working time 15 minutes, cures in 25-30 minutes, may promote PDL stem cells into cementoblasts

75
Q

What are the 10 properties of an ideal obturation material?

Pathways of the pulp

A
  1. Easily manipulated with ample working time
  2. Dimensionally stable with shrinkage once inserted
  3. Seals the canal laterally and apically
  4. Nonirritating to the periapical tissues
  5. Impervious to moisture and nonporous
  6. Unaffected by tissue fluids
  7. Inhibits bacterial growth
  8. Radiopaque
  9. Does not discolor tooth structure
  10. Sterile
  11. Easily removed from the canal if necessary
76
Q

What is the definition of canal transportation?

Pathways Ch 8

A

the removal of canal wall structure on the outside curve in the apical half of the canal due to the tendency of files to restore themselves to their original linear shape during canal preparation

77
Q

What are the disadvantages to Gutta Percha?

Pathways of the pulp

A

Lack of adhesion to dentin, and when heated, it will shrink once it is cooled down.

78
Q

What is a disadvantage of lateral compaction?

Pathways of the pulp

A

The technique may not fill canal irregularities as the process does not produce a homogenous mass

79
Q

What are the disadvantages to warm vertical compaction?

Pathways of the pulp

A

Slight risk of vertical root fracture, less length control compared to lateral compaction, and therefor potential for overextrusion of obturation materials into periradicular tissues

80
Q

What are the advantages of warm vertical compaction?

Pathways of the pulp

A

Filling of canal irregularities and accessory canals

81
Q

What are the contents of Gutta Flow

Pathways of the pulp

A

gutta percha, polydimethylsiloxane sealer, and nanosilver preservative particles

82
Q

What is the working time and curing time of AH plus compared to GuttaFlow 2?

A

AH plus: working time 4 hours, setting time 8 hours
GuttaFlow 2: working time 10-15 minutes, setting time 30 min

83
Q

Do AH Plus and Gutta Flow 2 shrink or expand on setting?

A

AH plus shrinks (1.76%)
Gutta Flow 2 expands (0.2%)

84
Q

What is the austenite phase (A-phase) of NiTi alloy?

Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

A

The austenite phase (A-phase) is a hexagonal lattice that is strong and hard. As stress (shearing force) occurs there is a transformation from the austenite phase to the martensite phase (M-phase)

85
Q

What is the martensite phase (M-phase) of NiTi alloy?

Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

A

The martensite phase is more elastic and has greater tensile strength than the austenite phase.
Once the stress is released, the M-phase transforms back to austenite due to martensite high memory trait

86
Q

What is a phase of NiTi alloy associated with precipitates or dislocations in aging files?

Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

A

R-phase: rhombohedral distortion of cubic austenite phase

87
Q

What property of NiTi alloy allows it to return to its normal shape on unloading before deformation or shape memory?

Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

A

Low modulus of elasticity

88
Q

How many bending cycles can steel withstand vs NiTi alloy?

Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

A

Stainless steel 20 cycles
NiTi alloy 1000 cycyles

89
Q

The image below demonstrates what first generation NitTi file feature?

Guillory, Vall. Past, Present, and Future Trends of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instrumentation. JVD 2022

A

Radial lands

90
Q

What are the major advantages of NaOCl as an endodontic irrigant?

Sasser. “Endodontic Disinfection for Orthograde Root Canal Treatment in Veterinary Dentistry”
JVD 2020. Vol 37 (1)

A

Dissolves necrotic pulp tissue and organic debris of smear layer
Removes exposed collagen fibrils –> decreases collagen exposed for adherence of E. faecalis

91
Q

What direction should fluted instruments be turned during retrieval from canal to unscrew flutes engaged in dentin?

McCoy. “Managing endodontic instrument separation,” JVD 2015

A

Counterclockwise

92
Q

NiTi files should be discarded after how many uses to prevent fracture?

McCoy. “Managing endodontic instrument separation,” JVD 2015

A

3-6 uses

93
Q

In Simhofer’s 2008 paper “A long-term study of apicoectomy and endodontic treatment of apically infected cheek teeth in 12 horses” what was the success rate outcomes?

Simhofer 2008 TVJ

A

Successful in 7/12 horses (58%)
Partially successful 2/12 (17%)
Unsuccessful in 3/12 (25%)

94
Q

In Baratt’s commentary “Challenges in developing valid techniques for equine endodontic treatment of apically infected cheek teeth” what challenges did he note?

Baratt EVE 2016

A

Lack of evidence based medicine for the few studies on retrograde and orthograde endo techniques in horses
Access challenges occlusally
Invasive nature of apicoectomy access
Materials lacking evidence in horses - for obturation and restoration, how they stand up to long term attrition, how they deal with pulp communications

He basically was like…what are we doing?

95
Q

In Kopke’s 2012 paper “The dental cavities of equine cheek teeth: three-dimensional reconstructions based on high resolution micro-computed tomography” what variations in pulp compartments were noted in maxillary cheek teeth? Were they age related?

Kopke BMC 2012

A

Maxillary cheek teeth showed up to four separate pulp compartments but the frequency of two, three and four pulp compartments was NOT related to tooth age (P > 0.05).

96
Q

In Kopke’s 2012 paper “The dental cavities of equine cheek teeth: three-dimensional reconstructions based on high resolution micro-computed tomography” what % of teeth had a segmented pulp system (i.e. root canal to pulp horns separate per root)?

Kopke BMC 2012

A

72%

97
Q

In Kopke’s 2012 paper “The dental cavities of equine cheek teeth: three-dimensional reconstructions based on high resolution micro-computed tomography” what was the root canal configuration found in mandibular cheek teeth?

Kopke BMC 2012

A

One root canal within each root was found in all teeth between 2.5 and 4 years.

The solitary pulp compartments of mandibular teeth comprised up to three coalesced pulp horns being derived from one root canal

98
Q

According to Easley 2022 is this tooth considered vital? Why or why not?

A

Technically considered vital due to the presence of a dentinal bridge at the stars and narrowed pulp chamber apically (white arrows)

99
Q

According to Easley 2022 what radiographic changes constitute evidence that a tooth is vital?

A

Pulp stones, dentinal bridges, narrowing of the pulp chamber

All indicative of odontoblastic activity providing an active response to injury

100
Q

In Easley’s 2022 textbook, when is pulp capping indicated to treat vital pulp exposure vs partial vital pulpotomy?

A

Pulp capping involves direct application of a pulp dressing over the exposed vital pulp with minimal restoration of the tooth.
Pulp capping is not considered the ideal way to address vital pulp exposure and can be performed as an emergency alternative to doing nothing.
Pulp capping has an increased risk of failure

101
Q

Why does pulp capping have lower success rates than partial vital pulpotomy for treating vital pulp exposure?

Easley 2022

A

In pulp capping, diseased pulp is not removed so there is a higher risk of contamination and inability to place appropriate layers to provide protection

102
Q

According to Easley’s 2022 textbook, what is the only scenario where pulp capping may be appropriate?

A

iatrogenic pulp exposure (i.e. during odontoplasty) where the pulp capping can happen immediately with minimal contamination.

Even in this scenario however, a partial vital pulpotomy would be a more optimal treatment.

103
Q

What depth of diseased or healthy pulp should be removed in vital pulp therapy of equine incisors or canines?

Easley 2022

A

8-10mm
or below level of diseased pulp

104
Q

What depth of pulp dressing should be applied over the pulp according to Easley 2022?

A

2-3mm

105
Q

According to Easley 2022 what characteristics of glass ionomer make it a good choice for an intermediate layer?

A

It chemically bonds to the tooth, and has fluoride releasing qualities

106
Q

In Easley’s 2022 textbook, what dilution of bleach is recommended for a canal irrigant, what is the pH, and what contact time necessary for dissolution of the pulp is quoted?

A

2.5%
pH 12
30 minute contact time

107
Q

What is the particle size of Gutta Flow 2 and what is the advantage of this size?

Easley 2022

A

< 0.9 micrometers
flows into smallest dentinal tubules

108
Q

In Easley’s 2022 textbook, what is the minimum depth of restoration recommended for teeth obturated with gutta percha?

A

1cm

109
Q

What paper proposed that the type of dentin present most centrally in every pulp chamber examined be reclassified from tertiary dentin to irregular secondary dentin?

A

Dacre, Dixon 2008 “Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 1. Normal endodontic anatomy and dentinal structure of equine
cheek teeth.” The Vet J

110
Q

In Dacre’s 2008 study “Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 1. Normal endodontic anatomy and dentinal structure of equine cheek teeth,” communications between one or more pulp horns were present in what percent of maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth?

Dixon, The Vet J

A

Maxillary 16%
Mandibular 37%
Difference stat sig

111
Q

In Dacre’s 2008 study “Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 1. Normal endodontic anatomy and dentinal structure of equine cheek teeth,” what pulp horns most commonly communicated in maxillary and mandibular teeth respectively?

Dixon, 2008, The Vet J

A

Maxillary pulp horns 3 and 5
Mandibular pulp horns 3 and 5, 1 and 4

Occured in dental age of 2-4.5 years

Note: they called mand buccal PH #4+5!!
Stick to current numbering and memorize Kopke’s study

112
Q

In Dacre’s 2008 study “Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 1. Normal endodontic anatomy and dentinal structure of equine cheek teeth,” what do 1D, PS, 2iD, and 2rD represent?

Dixon, 2008, The Vet J

A

1D: Primary dentin
PS: pulp stone
2iD: irregular secondary dentin
2rD: regular secondary dentin

113
Q

In Windley’s 2009 study “Two- and three-dimensional computed tomographic anatomy of the enamel, infundibulae and pulp of 126 equine cheek teeth. Part 1: Findings in teeth without macroscopic occlusal or computed tomographic lesions,” increasing age was associated with decreases in what factors?

Tremaine, Equine Vet J, 2009

A

Pulpar volume
number of interpulpar communications between pulp horns
the distance pulp extended apically within individual roots
Length of the reserve crown

114
Q

In Windley’s 2009 study “Two- and three-dimensional computed tomographic anatomy of the enamel, infundibulae and pulp of 126 equine cheek teeth. Part 1: Findings in teeth without macroscopic occlusal or computed tomographic lesions,” what findings increased with age?

Tremaine, Equine Vet J, 2009

A

The number of apical formina per root

115
Q

What is the main difference between brachydont and hypsodont morphologic pulp zones?

A

There is no cell poor zone in hypsodont pulp

116
Q

What is the name of the burs to the right of the image?

Easley 2022

A

Lindemann

117
Q

What material is recommended for permanent obturation of equine cheek teeth in Easley’s 2022 textbook?

A

Calcium hydroxide

118
Q

In Easley’s 2022 textbook, retrograde root canal therapy is suggested by Chris Pearce to have benefit in what clinical scenario?

A

During traumatic mandibular or dental apical fracture during debridement of fracture site

119
Q

In Lundstrom’s 2016 paper “Description of a technique for orthograde endodontic treatment of equine cheek teeth with apical infections,” the author recommends accessing which pulp horns on the maxilla and mandible respectively due to their potential for communication with other pulps?

EVE 2016

A

Pulp horn 5 in maxilla
Pulp horn 4 in mandible

120
Q

In Schramme’s 2000 AAEP proceeding “Endodontic therapy for periapical infection of the cheek teeth: a study of 19 horses,” what was the success rate?

Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP

A

40%

121
Q

In Korsos’ 2024 paper “Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth,” what type of accessory canals are represented below?

Staszyk Frontiers 2024

A

A.) Singular accessory canal
B.) Branching accessory canal
C.) Furcation canal
D.) Recurrent canal
E.) Peripheral canal
F.) Apical delta

122
Q

In Korsos’ 2024 paper “Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth,” what roots had the greatest distribuation of accessory canals for maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth?

Staszyk Frontiers 2024

A

Maxillary: palatal root ~50%
mandibular: mesial 56%, dista, 44%

123
Q

In Korsos’ 2024 paper “Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth,” what locations/orientations along the root were most common?

Staszyk Frontiers 2024

A

Axial and root tip for maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth

124
Q

In Korsos’ 2024 paper “Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth,” what was the relationship of location along the root to increasing prevalence of accessory canals?

Staszyk Frontiers 2024

A

Prevalence increased in an occlusal to apical direction with the apical third containing 78% of accessory canals

125
Q

In Korsos’ 2024 paper “Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth,” what was the relationship between age and number of accessory canals?

Staszyk Frontiers 2024

A

Increasing dental age associated with increased numbers of accessory canals

126
Q

In Liuti’s paper “Radiographic, computed tomographic, gross pathological and histological findings with suspected apical infection in 32 equine maxillary cheek teeth (2012–2015)” what percent agreement between CT and histopathology was identified vs radiographs and histopathology?

Dixon EVJ 2018

A

97% agreement histo and CT
53% radiographs and histo

127
Q

In RoBgardt’s 2022 study “The equine dental pulp: analysis of the stratigraphic arrangement of the equine dental pulp in incisors and cheek teeth,” what was the association of blood vessel density with age and what zones of the pulp had the highest blood vessel density?

Vet Sci 2022

A

Blood vessels had an increasing trend with age in the equine dental pulp

The density of small blood vessels in all age groups decreased significantly from zone 1a to zone 4 → peripheral to central (most in peripheral zone)

Teeth of aged horses possess a similar or even higher vascularity than deciduous or young teeth → high prolonged productivity

128
Q

In Englisch’s 2018 paper “Anatomy of equine incisors: Pulp horns and subocclusal dentine thickness”, what was the subocclusal dentine thickness range for upper and lower incisors?

Staszyk EVJ 2018

A

1.5 and 11.7 mm in upper incisors
0.7 and 6.7 mm in lower incisors

129
Q

In Englisch’s 2018 paper “Anatomy of equine incisors: Pulp horns and subocclusal dentine thickness”, if an incisor featured a single pulp horn which was the most prevalent?

Staszyk EVJ 2018

A

Labiomesial 97% of all single pulp horns

130
Q

In Englisch’s 2018 paper “Anatomy of equine incisors: Pulp horns and subocclusal dentine thickness”, what was the association of subocclusal dentin thickness with age, and what was the mean subocclusal dentin thickness overall?

Staszyk EVJ 2018

A

Subocclusal dentin thickness decreased with age
greater than 4mm

The shortest pulpoocclusal distance of 0.7 mm (a 401 from a 15.5 yo) –> care should be taken with incisor reduction

Phase 1 Boards Prep - EQ (11 decks)

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