Oral Medicine Flashcards
In Kilcoyne’s 2014 study, “Septic sialoadenitis in equids: A retrospective study of 18 cases (1998-2010),” what was the most commonly cultured bacterial species?
Fusobacterium sp
According to Kilcoyne’s 2014 study, “Septic sialoadenitis in equids: A retrospective study of 18 cases (1998-2010),” which salivary gland is most commonly affected by disease?
Parotid salivary gland
According to Kilcoyne’s 2014 study, “Septic sialoadenitis in equids: A retrospective study of 18 cases (1998-2010),” what factors contribute to the development of sialoadenitis in the horse?
Sialoliths and dental abnormalities (oral trauma and bacterial colonization such as secondary to sharp enamel overgrowths or crown fracture with feed packing)
According to the 2015 study by Dixon et al., “Computed tomographic appearance of melanomas in the equine head: 13 cases,” what were the respective attenuation values of melanomas versus the adjacent masseter muscle?
113.5 HU vs. 69 HU
In the 2015 study by Dixon et al., “Computed tomographic appearance of melanomas in the equine head: 13 cases,” what was the attenuation of melanomas in comparison to the adjacent masseter muscle?
All (216) melanomas were hyperattenuating compared to masseter musculature
In the 2015 study by Dixon et al., “Computed tomographic appearance of melanomas in the equine head: 13 cases,” what percentage of masses contained hypoattenuating areas at what median attenuation value?
19.4% (41/216)
45.1 HU
In the 2015 study by Dixon et al., “Computed tomographic appearance of melanomas in the equine head: 13 cases,” what percentage of masses contained mineralized areas at what median attenuation value?
25.9% (56/216)
326 HU
In the 2015 study by Dixon et al., “Computed tomographic appearance of melanomas in the equine head: 13 cases,” describe the type of mineralization seen on histological exam of melanomas of the head.
Dystrophic mineralization
In the figure below of a decalcified transverse section through EOTRH affected incisor from Hole’s 2016 review article: Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis what structure is the red arrow head
pointing to?
Howship’s lacunae (arrow heads)- resorption cavities containing multinucleate odontoclasts (arrows)
As stated in Nicholls 2016 VCNA Chapter, what % of geriatric animals have documented dental abnormalities?
VCNA 2016
95.4%
What geriatric dental disorder is noted here once the food has been removed from the incisors?
VNCA 2016
Senile diastamata
In the paper cited in the 2016 VCNA Nicholls chapter, what were the reported prevalence of sharp enamel points, periodontal disease and cheek teeth diastemata in horses >15 years old?
Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, et al. Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases. Equine Vet J
2012;44:101–6.
mandibular lingual enamel points (64%), maxillary buccal enamel points (51%), periodontal disease (42.9%), and cheek teeth diastemata (41.9%)
In the study cited in 2016 VCNA Nicholls chapter, what was the relative prevalence of cheek teeth diastemata, periodontal disease , and smooth mouth in horses > 30 years old?
Ireland JL, McGowan CM, Clegg PD, et al. A survey of health care and disease in geriatric horses aged 30 years or older. Vet J 2012;192:57–64.
> 70%
cheek teeth diastemata
(78.7%), periodontal disease (75%), and smooth mouth (71.7%) t
In Kern’s 2016 study “Bacteraemia before, during and after tooth extraction in horses in the absence of antimicrobial administration,” what percent of horses developed positive blood cultures at one or more time points during the study?
EVJ 2016
90% (18/20 horses)
In Kern’s 2016 study “Bacteraemia before, during and after tooth extraction in horses in the absence of antimicrobial administration,” what were the four most commonly isolated bacterial genera?
EVJ 2016
Streptococcus spp.
Actinomyces spp.
Fusobacterium spp.
Prevotella spp.
In Kern’s 2016 study “Bacteraemia before, during and after tooth extraction in horses in the absence of antimicrobial administration,” what surgical step was most commonly associated with the presence of bacteremia?
EVJ 2016
Elevation of the gingiva
In Earley’s 2017 study “Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis,” what was the most consistent abnormality on the CBC and chemistry profiles?
JVD 2017, Issue 3, Rawlinson
Hypoalbuminemia 88%
mild
In Earley’s 2017 study “Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis,” what endocrine parameter was of note?
JVD 2017, Issue 3, Rawlinson
parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration increased in 7/15 horses (47%)
Authors speculated that elevations in PTH could be reflective of mild nutrional secondary hyperparathyroidism and that if the concentrate feeds fed to older horses with oral pain from EOTRH contain elevated amounts of calcium chelators that could cause NSH
In Jackson’s 2019 paper “Peripheral caries and disease of the periodontium in Western Australian horses: an epidemiological, anatomical and histopathological assessment,” what was the cited critical pH at which demineralization of cementum vs dentin and enamel will occur?
EVJ 2019, Staszyk
Cementum 6.7
Dentin 6.2
Enamel 5.5
In Jackson’s 2019 paper “Peripheral caries and disease of the periodontium in Western Australian horses: an epidemiological, anatomical and histopathological assessment,” peripheral caries were present in what percent of horses and most commonly in what teeth?
EVJ 2019, Staszyk
58.8% horses examined
molars most commonly
In Jackson’s 2019 paper “Peripheral caries and disease of the periodontium in Western Australian horses: an epidemiological, anatomical and histopathological assessment,” feed accumulation between teeth was present in horses without or with significant gingival recession respectively?
EVJ 2019, Staszyk
Without sig gingival recession 52.8%
With gingival recession 39.8%
In Jackson’s 2019 paper “Peripheral caries and disease of the periodontium in Western Australian horses: an epidemiological, anatomical and histopathological assessment,” what factors were stat sig associated with interdental feed accumulation, and what arcades were sig more likely to have interdental feed accumulation and peripheral caries?
EVJ 2019, Staszyk
Peripheral caries, horse’s age, presence of displaced teeth, diastemata
Mandibular
In Steinfort’s 2019 paper “The Equine Gingiva: A Histological Evaluation,” what do A, B, C, and D in this image represent?
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
A. Oral epithelium
B. Sulcular epithelium
C. Junctional epithelium
D. Lamina propria
In Steinfort’s 2019 paper “The Equine Gingiva: A Histological Evaluation,” what was the gingival sulcus depth range and average depth?
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
0.1-2.7mm
average depth 0.8mm
In Steinfort’s 2019 paper “The Equine Gingiva: A Histological Evaluation,” were differences seen in the gingiva based on tooth type, upper and lower jaw, different locations around the tooth or between human/dog and equine gingiva?
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
No
In Steinfort’s 2019 paper “The Equine Gingiva: A Gross Anatomical Evaluation,” what percent of cases had a sulcus depth of less than 1mm?
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
90%
Authors suggest that the equine sulcus depth should be described as < 1mm
In Steinfort’s 2019 paper “The Equine Gingiva: A Gross Anatomical Evaluation,” periodontal pockets occurred significantly more in which teeth and with what factor?
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
Sig more in cheek teeth than incisors
Occurence of PPs in cheek teeth increased significantly with age
In Steinfort’s 2019 paper “The Equine Gingiva: A Gross Anatomical Evaluation,” what percent of diastemata were found between cheek teeth and were upper or lower cheek teeth diastemata most prevalent?
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
89% diastemata between cheek teeth
Most in upper cheek teeth
In Birmingham’s 2019 study “The Effect of Sedation, Oral Examination, and Odontoplasty on Systemic Inflammation as Measured by Serum Amyloid A in the Adult Performance Horse,” what was the main conclusion?
JVD 2019 issue 3
Results of study showed that sedation, oral exam and odontoplasty had no effect on systemic inflammation as measured by SAA in the adult performance horse
Blood collected from jugular vein before sedation and 48 and 72 hours after exam and float
In Kennedy’s 2016 paper “The microbiome associated with equine periodontitis and oral health” what bacterial genera dominated the periodonitis horses and control horses respectively?
Vet Research 2016
The periodontitis group was dominated by the genera Prevotella and Veillonella.
Healthy group was dominated by the genera Gemella and Actinobacillus
In Borkent’s 2019 study “A microbiome analysis of equine peripheral dental caries using next generation sequencing” what was the most common genus associated with the healthy samples vs the peripheral caries samples?
EVJ 2019
Streptococcus species was the genus most commonly associated with equine PC
Gemella species was the genus most associated with the control group.
Corynebacterium also associated with control
In Borkent’s 2019 study “A microbiome analysis of equine peripheral dental caries using next generation sequencing” what was the most common genus associated with rostral vs caudal peripheral caries?
EVJ 2019
Veillonella species was the most commonly associated genus with PC of the rostral cheek teeth
Streptococcus species was the most associated genus with the PC of caudal cheek teeth
In Nottle’s multicenter study “Fibro-Osseous Lesions Of The Craniofacial Complex In Horses: 30 Cases (2001-2019)” what are the three main diagnoses in the complex, and how many were diagnosed of each?
Vet Surg 2021
Ossifying fibroma in 20/30 (67%) horses
Osteoma in 8/30 (27%) horses
Fibrous dysplasia 2/30 (6%) horses.
In Nottle’s multicenter study “Fibro-Osseous Lesions Of The Craniofacial Complex In Horses: 30 Cases (2001-2019)” was there a trend for signalment of horse and location of lesion?
Vet Surg 2021
12/30 lesions were diagnosed in horses <1 year old.
20/30 lesions originated from the rostral mandible
Median age 2 yrs (4mo-21yo)
Other sites were maxilla or paranasal sinuses
In Nottle’s multicenter study “Fibro-Osseous Lesions Of The Craniofacial Complex In Horses: 30 Cases (2001-2019)” what were the outcomes reported?
Vet Surg 2021
Recurrence was not reported after complete excision.
Incomplete excision was confirmed in 8 horses – 4 ossifying fibromas, 3 osteomas, 1 fibrous dysplasia
Recurrence occurred in one horse, while six horses had long-term resolution of clinical signs.
In Kunz’ 2020 study “High Prevalence of Orodental Disorders in South Brazilian Cart Horses: Walking a Tightrope Between Animal Welfare and Socioeconomic Inevitability”, what was the prevalence of diastemas, and what Triadan position were they most associated with? What were other common patholgogy noted?
JVD 2020 issue 3
Cheek tooth diastemata 66%
Diastemata were more likely to be present between Maxillary and mandibular 06/07 or Mandibular 10/11
Excessively sharp enamel points 97% of horses
Mucosal ulcers 66%
What was the overall conclusion from Smyth and Carmalt’s 2019 paper “Histologic assessment of age-related changes in the temporomandibular joints of horses”
Smyth JAVMA 2019
The histo assessed lesions were associated with osteoarthritis, and they accumulated in the TMJs as horses aged.
No known clinical relevance
In Pusterla’s 2020 study “Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horse Presented for Routine Dental Care,” true respiratory pathogens (EHV-1, EHV-4, EIV, ERBV or MRSA), were detected in what percent of horses?
JVD 2020, Henry, Rice
22%
In Pusterla’s 2020 study “Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horse Presented for Routine Dental Care,” commensal respiratory pathogens were detected in what percent of horses?
JVD 2020, Henry, Rice
89%
In Pusterla’s 2020 study “Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horse Presented for Routine Dental Care,” which population of horses Wisconsin or California had a 3-fold higher detection rate of respiratory pathogens and what were the differences in the population demographics?
JVD 2020, Rice, Henry
Wisconsin population younger, more Warmbloods, greater occurrence of nasal discharge and 3-fold higher detection rate of respiratory pathogens
In Pusterla’s 2020 study “Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horse Presented for Routine Dental Care,” what percent colonization rate of MRSA did the Wisconsin population have compared to the California population?
JVD 2020, Henry, Rice
Wisconsin 25%
California 9%
Wisconsin sig higher
In Nitzsche’s paper “The Gingiva of Horses With Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Macroscopic Anatomical Evaluation” what was the conclusion in regards to presence of diastema in the PPID vs control groups?
Frontiers 2021
The presence of diastemata was significant (p < 0.0001) associated with age.
When controlling for age, PPID horses exhibited in 16.2% of cheek teeth with diastemata, compared to control horses that showed diastemata in 19.8% of cheek teeth interdental positions (NOT SIGNIFICANT)
In both groups, the lower CT showed more frequent (p = 0.0006; OR: 1.8) diastemata (22.7%) than the upper CT (14.0%). Triadan positions 406/407 and 306/307 were the most frequent locations for diastemata in both groups.
In Nitzsche’s paper “The Gingiva of Horses With Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Macroscopic Anatomical Evaluation” what was the overall takeaway in regards to PPID vs controls for the factors of gingival sulcus depth, gingival texture, peripheral caries, and perio pockets?
Frontiers 2021
Age had no influence on gingival texture alterations or on presence of gingival sulci ≥ 1 mm depth, and both alterations were found more frequently in the PPID group than in controls.
Peripheral caries as well as periodontal pockets were found more frequently in controls than in horses affected by PPID.
In Reisbig’s study “The effect of acute equine temporomandibular joint inflammation on response to rein-tension and kinematics” what were the changes noted when one TMJ was injected with LPS to induce inflammation?
Frontiers 2023
All horses showed reduced rein-tension on the injected (inflamed) side - SIG different at both walk and trot
Increased rein-tension was required on the non-injected side at trot, to maintain them in the correct position on the treadmill post-injection – because they are trying to take pressure off the inflammed side
only kinematic variable to show any significant change due to rein tension or TMJ inflammation during the walk or trot was an increase in forward head tilt in presence of rein tension
In Rehrl’s 2023 study “Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis: Investigating individual incisor disease patterns using radiological classification,” what distribution pattern was noted to be stat significant?
EVJ 2023
Bilateral disease
There was a significant positive correlation between age and tooth stages (p < 0.001) irrespective of Triadan position
There was a difference between the occurrence of the tooth stages in the different tooth positions (Triadan 01, 02, and 03) in the jaw (most in 03s, least in 01s)
In Smyth’s 2022 paper “The effect of acute unilateral inflammation of the equine temporomandibular joint on the kinematics of mastication” what was the change in chewing cycle noted after LPS injection into one joint?
EVJ 2022
All horses developed reduced vertical pitch (vertical opening) of the mandible (significant) - smaller ROM post-injection
The closing phase and power stroke were significantly affected, but not the opening phase for rostrocaudal movement
In the 2015 study by Smedley et al, “Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis: Histopathologic Features,” what were the common histopathologic findings?
- Cemental lesions: all affected incisors and canine teeth → cemental hyperplasia & lytic lesions
- Dentinal lysis: 2/17 (12%); varied from replacement resorption in all cases to inflammatory resorption
- Endodontic lesions: 12/15 horses (mild neutrophilic to lymphoplasmacytic inflammation (n=6), internal lysis of dentin (n=4), fibrosis (n=10), rim of atubular mineralized material (n=11))
- Periodontal disease: at least one tooth in 15/17 horses (88%); primarily lymphoplasmacytic inflammation and fibrosis of the PDL
- Gingival lesions: at least one tooth in 5/9 horses that had gingiva present (Mild to moderate lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic inflammation (n=3), mild lymphoplasmacytic inflammation (n=2), occasional downward growth of epithelium in regions of neutrophilic inflammation (n=1), mild hyperplasia (n=1))
- Lesions in the alveolar bone: at least one tooth in 5/9 horses that had alveolar bone present; scalloped surface w/ occasional osteoclasts within resorptive pits
According to the study by Arnbjerg in 2014, “Generalized hypercementosis in geriatric horses”, hypercementotic lesions are seen concentrated on which aspects of incisor tooth roots?
Arnbjerg, 2014
Axial and lingual
In Townsend’s 2021 study “Exodontia associated bacteremia in horses characterized by next generation sequencing,” they concluded that bacteremia by oral commensal bacteria was present how long after exodontia?
Scientific Reports 2021
One hour
In Townsend’s 2021 study “Exodontia associated bacteremia in horses characterized by next generation sequencing,” what type of testing was used to characterize the bacteria and what were the most common taxa indentified?
Scientific Reports 2021
16S rRNA sequencing
Actinobacillus, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Veillonella
In Beste et. al (2020) article, “Culture-independent and dependent evaluation of the equine paranasal sinus microbiota in health and disease,” what organisms were found to be part of the normal microbiome of the sinuses?
Beste 2020 EVJ
Aspergillus and Malazezia were suggested to be part of the normal fungal microbiota of the paranasal sinus cavity.
In Uldahl’s 2019 study “Lesions associated with the use of bits, nosebands, spurs and
whips in Danish competition horses”, which of the following increased the risk of lip commissure lesion?
A. Type of bit
B. Type of bridle
C. Breed of horse
D. Level of competition
EVJ 2019
D. Level of competition
Oral lesions or blood were visible at the commissures of the lips in 9.2% of horses and increased with level of competition but did not differ between bit types or bitless bridles.
In Tumola’s paper “Risk factors for bit-related lesions in Finnish trotting horses” what bit types were associated with oral lesions and which with bar lesions?
Tumola EVJ 2020
Moderate and severe oral lesion status was more common in horses wearing a Crescendo bit, a mullen mouth regulator bit or a straight plastic bit than in horses wearing a single-jointed snaffle trotting bit
Bar lesions were more common in horses wearing unjointed bits than in horses wearing jointed bits
In Tumola’s paper “Risk factors for bit-related lesions in Finnish trotting horses” what risk factor was associated with bit lesions?
Tumola EVJ 2020
Mares had a higher risk for severe lesions than geldings or stallions
Lesions in the buccal area and the inner lip commissures were NOT associated with bit type.
Bit thickness was NOT associated with severe lesion status
Using a tongue-tie or an overcheck, galloping, placement in the top three or money earned in the race were NOT associated with lesion risk
In Roberts’ study “The safety and efficacy of neuromodulation using percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of trigeminal-mediated headshaking in 168 horses” what was the success rate and complication rate of this tx?
Roberts EVJ 2020
Success: 53% (72/136)
Non-responders: 47% (64/136)
Complication rate: 8%
What % of horses have at least 1 dental abnormality on exam by the age of 15+ yo?
Easley ch 27
95.4%
What abrasion pathology is shown in this image and is almost a normal finding in aged donkeys?
Easley ch 27
“Smile mouth”
What portion of the incisor is most comonly affected by EOTRH lesions?
Easley ch 27
Apical 1/3-1/2
What extraoral abnormality is noted in the image below?
Easley 2022
Bilateral bony enlargements of the temporomandibular joints
What is the normal amount of rostro-caudal mandibular excursion in a foal and adult horse respectively?
Easley 2022
Foal: 3-4mm
Adult: 6-8mm
What is the normal excursion to molar contact of light breed horses, miniature horses and ponies and draft breeds respectively according to Easley’s 2022 textbook?
Light breed horse: 12.3mm
Minis and ponies: 5-6mm
Draft breeds: 15-16mm
What abnormality is seen in the image below and what is the cause?
Easley 2022
Gingival hyperplasia secondary to an environmental irritant
What were these nodular masses diagnosed as from Easley’s 2022 textbook?
Easley 2022
Lymphoma via biopsy and histopath
What are the definitions of the tooth mobility index for equine teeth according to Easley’s 2022 text?
0: normal with no crown mobility
1: up to 0.5mm of movement
2: Movement of crown up to 3mm
3: Greater than 3mm movement in any direction
In Ireland’s 2012 study “A survey of health care and disease in geriatric horses aged 30 years or older,” at least one dental abnormality was found in what percent of horses over 15 years?
The Vet J 2012, referenced in Easley 2022
95.4%
In Du Toit’s 2009 paper “Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 1: prevalence of dental disorders,” what incisor occlusal surface profile was present in 96% of aged donkeys with dental disease and 99% of donkeys without dental disease and may be considered a normal incisor occlusal table surface appearance in older donkeys?
EVJ 2009
Smile mouth (ventral convex curvature)
The image below shows what type of incisor occlusal surface?
Easley 2022
Smile mouth (ventral convex curvature)
Can be seen with excessive wear of the maxillary incisors but is considered a potentially normal finding in aged donkeys
What inflammatory mediator is suspected to play a key role in the stimulation of odontoclasts that perpetuate tooth resorption in cases of EOTRH?
Easley 2022
PGE2
In Henry’s 2017 study “Radiographic evaluation in clinical practice of the types and stage of incisor tooth resorption and hypercementosis in horses,” what types of tooth resorption were most commonly identified?
EVJ 2017
external replacement resorption and external inflammatory resorption
In Nuttall’s 2019 paper “Prevalence and analysis of equine periodontal disease, diastemata and peripheral caries in a first opinion horse population in the UK,” what was the prevalence of horses with active periodontal disease and what teeth were most commonly affected?
The Vet J 2019
Periodontal disease prevalence 14%
More common in mandibular CT than maxillary
Premolars more commonly affected than molars
For every year of age the prob of a horse having PD increased by 10.6%
In Nuttall’s 2019 paper “Prevalence and analysis of equine periodontal disease, diastemata and peripheral caries in a first opinion horse population in the UK,” what was the prevalence of peripheral caries and what teeth was it more likely to occur in?
The vet J 2019
Prevalence PC 8.2%
PC not stat sig more likely to occur in maxilla or mandible
Stat sig more likely to occur in molars
Peripheral caries not stat sig associated with age, periodontal disease or diastemata
In Nuttall’s 2019 paper “Prevalence and analysis of equine periodontal disease, diastemata and peripheral caries in a first opinion horse population in the UK,” what was the prevalence of diastemata and what teeth was it more likely to occur in?
The Vet J 2019
Prevalence diastemata 8.7%
Stat sig more often in mandibular arcades and premolars
Horses with diastemata were sig more likely to have periodontal disease
In Lee’s 2019 study “A post-mortem study on the prevalence of peripheral dental caries in Scottish horses,” what was the prevalence of peripheral caries and what was the most commonly identified grade?
Dixon EVE 2019
PC prevalence 91%
Grade 1.1 most common - 73% of PC
In Lee’s 2019 study “A post-mortem study on the prevalence of peripheral dental caries in Scottish horses,” what teeth were most commonly affected and what aspects of the maxillary and mandibular teeth were most commonly affected?
Dixon EVE 2019
Molars most commonly affected (prevalence 75%)
Palatal aspect of maxillary CT and buccal aspect of mandibular CT sig more commonly affected
females stat sig more commonly affected by PC than males
In Lee’s 2019 study “A post-mortem study on the prevalence of peripheral dental caries in Scottish horses,” what was the prevalence of diastemata and was it stat sig associated with peripheral caries?
Dixon EVE 2019
Diastemata prevalence 38.6%
Not stat sig associated with peripheral caries
In Lee’s 2019 study “A post-mortem study on the prevalence of peripheral dental caries in Scottish horses,” what was the prevalence of cheek teeth fractures and was it stat sig associated with peripheral caries?
Dixon EVE 2019
Cheek teeth fractures prevalence 5%
Not stat sig associated with peripheral caries
In Simhofer’s 2008 study “The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses,” what was the most prevalent disorder and which teeth had the highest prevalence?
The Vet J 2008
Sharp enamel ridges 96% horses
Maxillary 09s and 10s highest prevalence
In Simhofer’s 2008 study “The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses,” what were the prevalences of focal dental overgrowth, fissure fractures, and diastemata?
The Vet J 2008
Focal dental overgrowths 64%
Fissure fractures 54%
Diastemata 24%
In Simhofer’s 2008 study “The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses,” what was the prevalence of infundibular hypoplasia/caries and fractured teeth?
The Vet J 2008
Infundibular hypoplasia/caries 48%
Fractured teeth 22% all horses
In du Toit’s 2008 study “Post mortem survey of dental disorders in 349 donkeys from an aged population (2005-2006). Part 1: Prevalence of specific dental disorders,” what was the dental disorder prevalence overall and what was the most common dental disorder?
Dixon, EVJ 2008
Dental disorder prevalence 93%
Cheek teeth diastemata 85%
According to Antilla, Raekallio, and Valros 2022 paper ”Oral Dimensions Related to Bit Size in Adult Horses and Ponies”, what were the author’s conclusion?
Frontiers 2022
Ill-fitting bits are common
Horses should be refitted for bits as they age
In du Toit’s 2008 study “Post mortem survey of dental disorders in 349 donkeys from an aged population (2005-2006). Part 2: Epidemiological studies,” what factors were associated with cheek teeth diastemata?
Dixon EVJ 2008
Older age range, presence of missing teeth, displaced and worn cheek teeth
In du Toit’s 2008 study “Post mortem survey of dental disorders in 349 donkeys from an aged population (2005-2006). Part 2: Epidemiological studies,” what cause of death was stat sig associated with the presence of CT diastemata?
Dixon, EVJ 2008
Colic
Colic related disease was the most common illness necessitating euthanasia 31.5%
In Rodrigues’ 2013 study “A clinical survey on the prevalence and types of cheek teeth disorders present in 400 Zamorano-Leones and 400 Mirandes donkeys (Equus asinus),” what was the overall prevalence of dental disorders and what was the most commonly diagnosed cheek tooth disorder?
Vet Record 2013
Overall dental disorder prevalence 83%
Most common dental disorder enamel overgrowths prevalence 73%
No stat sig differences between the two breeds
In Rodrigues’ 2013 study “A clinical survey on the prevalence and types of cheek teeth disorders present in 400 Zamorano-Leones and 400 Mirandes donkeys (Equus asinus),” what risk factor was found to be significantly associated with dental disorders and what was the major cause of periodontal disease?
Vet Record 2013
Increasing age stat sig associated with dental disorders
CT diastemata was the major cause of peridontal disease → 89% of teeth diagnosed with PD were caused by CT diastemata
In Kunz’ 2020 study “High Prevalence of Orodental Disorders in South Brazilian Cart Horses: Walking a Tightrope Between Animal Welfare and Socioeconomic Inevitability”, what was the most common dental disorder?
JVD 2020
Excessively sharp enamel points 97% horses
Mucosal ulcers were present in 66%, cheek teeth diastemata were the other most common finding at 66%
In Tinsley’s 2023 study “The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses,” what was the overall prevalence of dental disease and what were the 4 most common pathologies?
Frontiers 2023
95%
Crown elongation 74%
Oral mucosal ulceration 67%
Diastemata 34%
Class 1 malocclusion 34%
In Tinsley’s 2023 study “The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses,” what factor was stat sig associated with the prevalence of dental abnormalities and what factors were not stat sig associated with dental disease?
Frontiers 2023
Stat sig associated with age
No stat sig associations between dental disease and sex, weight, height
In Tinsley’s 2023 study “The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses,” what factors were stat sig associated with an increased likelihood of Class 1 malocclusions?
Frontiers 2023
High body condition score
wider heads (also had a stat sig association with increased prevalence of dental disease in general)
In Collins’ 2005 article “Diagnosis and management of equine diastemata,” what fiber length was recommended as a dietary modification for horses with diastemata?
Dixon Clin Tech Pract 2005
< 5mm
What structure is dilated in the image below?
Easley 2022
Parotid salivary duct
Stomatitis in horses can be caused by what?
Easley 2022
Trauma (ingested objects, dental trauma)
Toxicity (heavy metals, plants, insects (blister beetles, drugs (phenylbutazone))
infections (vesicular stomatitis virus, equine arteritis virus and equine herpesvirus-2)
What do A and B indicate in the figure below
A. Dorsal buccal salivary glands
B. Polystomatic sublingual salivary gland
According to Kilcoyne’s 2014 study, “Septic sialoadenitis in equids: A retrospective study of 18 cases (1998-2010),” what imaging modality was more reliable for diagnosing septic sialoadenitis?
EVJ 2014
Ultrasound
Gas echoes miliary in appearance
What is the incidence of cleft palate of horses, what is the typical morphology, and what signalment can present?
Ch 12 Easley - references papers
Incidence: 0.1-0.8%
Majority (64-92% soft palate only, rarely both hard and soft palate)
Majority are foals (< 1 yo) but some adult horses can also present (Barakzai 2013)
Name possible neoplasias of the lips
Name possible neoplasias of the tongue
Easley Ch 12
Lips: Melanoma, Sarcoid, SCC
Tongue: SCC, lymphosarcoma, adenocarcinoma, chondrosarcoma, rhabdomysarcome
What infectious disease can cause vesicular stomatitis in the horse?
Easley ch 12
Rhabdovirus - reportable
Also rarely EHV-3
What toxins can cause oral ulcerations?
Easley Ch 12
Arsenic and mercury
What toxic plants and toxic insect can cause tongue ulcerations?
Easley ch 12
Nightshade, pokeweed
Blister beetle
What are the two forms of gingival hyperplasia in the horse?
Easley ch 14
Epithelial - usually diffuse, proliferative, around incisors and canines
Fibrous - can be diffuse or regional with discrete mass, uncommon
What’s your diagnosis on nasal endoscopy?
Easley ch 14
Progressive ethmoid hematoma
What’s your diagnosis?
Easley ch 14
Reactive hypercementosis
secondary to inflamma around PDL, can be chronic or acute, can also happen after extraction is cementoblasts remain and are inflammed
What’s your top differential around this maxillary canine tooth?
Easley ch 14
Dentigerous cyst
What’s your top differential?
Easley ch 14
Radicular cyst
What type of cyst do you suspect and is it a true or pseudocyst?
Easley ch 14
Bone cyst
Pseudocyst
This horse presents with a draining tract at the ear base. What is your top differential, and was are other ddx to rule out?
Easley ch 14
Temporal teratoma
other ddx: Otitis externa, otitis media, abscess, foreign body, septic TMJ, THO, neoplasia, and dermal parasitic invasion
This horse presents with a ~5cm diameter swelling at the nostril area. What do you suspect?
Easley ch 14
Epidermal inclusion cyst, AKA atheroma
What are the origin tissues of the following:
Ameloblastoma
Odontoma
SCC
FSA
Melanoma
Easley ch 14
Ameloblastoma - odontogenic epithelium
Odontoma - mixed odontogenic epithelium and mesenchyme
SCC - epithelial
FSA - mesenchymal
Melanoma - mesenchymal
What is the characteristic imaging sign for osteosarcoma?
Easley ch 14
Sunburst bone reaction - periosteal-driven new bone and osteoid formation
What genetic mutation do grey horses inherit that predispose them to developing melanomas?
Easley ch 14
STX17g
Worse prognosis if melanoma in a non-grey horse
In Sykora’s 2012 paper “Isolation of Treponema and Tannerella spp. from equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis related periodontal disease” what was the difference between groups?
EVJ 2012 Sykora
Treponema and/or Tannerella DNA was detected in 100% of periodontitis-related samples and in 52.2% of DNA derived from healthy horses
What are the three red complex bacteria?
Carranza
Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas
gingivalis
What were the two main features of cheek teeth EOTRH in the case report by Moore et al?
EVE 2016 Moore
1) Wider than usual CT (can be subtle to detect) with the spatial layered hypercementosis pattern previously described
2) Unusual mobility of CT detected when the grinding burr was placed against the teeth.
What aspect of the tooth is most commonly affected by EOTRH (in incisors)?
Easley ch 27, Staszyk 2008
Apical ⅓ - ½ is most commonly affected.
Starts on lingual/palatal aspect of the tooth and expands in a mesial/distal direction
In Ireland et al 2012 paper “A survey of health care and disease in geriatric horses aged 30 years or older”, at least one dental abnormality was detected in what percentage of horses over 15 years?
Easley ch 27
95%
According to Du Toit et al’s 2009 paper “Clinical dental examination of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 1: prevalence of dental disorders.”, what is noted about “smile mouth” and how common was it?
Easley ch 27
“Smile” mouth was present in 96% of donkeys with dental disease and 99% of donkeys without dental disease.
Therefore ‘smile mouth’ may be regarded as a normal incisor occlusal table surface appearance in older donkeys.
In Henry et al 2017 paper “Radiographic evaluation in clinical practice of the types and stage of incisor tooth resorption and hypercementosis in horses”, which types were found to be the most common types of resorption affecting horses?
Easley ch 27
External replacement resorption and external inflammatory resorption.
In Rehrl’s paper “Radiological prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis” what EOTRH-related pathology is noted by the circle?
Rehrl 2017 EVJ
Blunted root tip
What is a flash noseband?
Easley 2022
adaption of the Cavesson with an extra leather strap attached at its midpoint and dropping down at an angle to fit under the bit and in the chin groove.
Is a high or low port bit typically more severe?
Easley ch 3
The higher the port the less chance of damaging the tongue unless a lot of rein pressure is applied which can make the bit rotate and contact the hard palate
Common misconception that low port is more mild - but that is not true, low port is more severe because more contact without rein pressure
In Rehrl’s paper “Radiological prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis” what % of horses had mild changes and was % had moderate to severe?
Rehrl 2017 EVJ
32% mild
62 % mod-severe
94% of all horses had some EOTRH-like changes on rads in n=142
In Rehrl’s paper “Radiological prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis” what factors were found signficant?
Rehrl 2017 EVJ
Increased age sig inc severity of EOTRH lesions, and sig differences between age groups
No breed or sex predilection stat sig
What is the minimum and maximum mouthpiece diameter that most horse show associations allow?
Easley 2022
0.64cm or narrower
1.4cm max
What is the definition of a snaffle bit?
Easley 2022
any bit, whether it has a jointed or solid mouthpiece, in which the cheeks of the bridle and the reins attach to the same or adjacent rings on the bit. Snaffle bits have a 1:1 ratio, with a direct line of pull from the rider’s hands to the horse’s mouth
No mechanical advantage or application of poll pressure
What is the name of this bit?
Easley 2022
Loose ring snaffle with single jointed mouthpiece
What is the name of this bit and what advantage does it have over a Loose ring snaffle bit?
Easley 2022
D-ring snaffle
Has a metal cylinder that connects the mouthpiece to the cheek rings, thus avoiding the pinching at the corners of the mouth sometimes caused by loose rings.
Egg butt bits also have this advantage
What is the purpose of prongs/cheeks on snaffle bits?
Easley 2022
cheeks encourage the horse to turn in the desired direction by increasing the pressure on the corners of the mouth and sides of the face. The cheeks also prevent the bit from being pulled through the mouth.
What is the name of this bit?
Easley 2022
Waterford Snaffle
What is the name of the bit below?
French link snaffle with egg butt cheek pieces
What is the name of the bit below?
Mullen mouth snaffle with loose rings
What is the definition of a leverage bit?
Easley 2022
Leverage bits have bridle rings above the mouthpiece and rein rings below the mouthpiece
What is the name of the two parts of the double bridle shown on top and bottom respectively?
Easley 2022
Top: Weymouth with straight shanks
Bottom: Loose ring Bradoon snaffle
What is the definition of a Pelham bit?
Easley 2022
Curb bit and snaffle bit combination
Designed to give the advantages of a double bridle using a single mouthpiece
What type of biting system is pictured below and what conformation does not work well with this bit type?
Easley 2022
Pelham bit with double reins and curb chain
does not work well in horses with exceptionally long bars of the mouth
What is the name of this bit and where does it place pressure?
Easley 2022
Cheltenham Gag Bit
Bit slides back and upwards and places pressure on the poll
What type of bit is pictured below?
Easley 2022
Gag Bit (Three Ring Dutch)
Places pressure on the poll
What is the name of the bridle shown below?
Easley 2022
Side pull Bitless Bridle (Dr. Cook’s Bitless Bridle)
What kind of bit is shown below and what is its purpose?
Easley
Chifney bit
Used to lead difficult to lead horses in hand
can cause a lot of damage
Horses with a low or high hard palate arch should not be fitted with high port bits?
Easley ch 3
Low palate arch
In Beste’s 2020 study “Culture-independent and dependent evaluation of the equine paranasal sinus microbiota in health and disease,” what were the most common aerobic and anaerobic organisms isolated?
EVJ 2020
Aerobic: Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus (47% with primary and 28% with secondary sinusitis)
Anaerobic: Fusobacterium (27% primary and 49% secondary sinusitis)
In Beste’s 2020 study “Culture-independent and dependent evaluation of the equine paranasal sinus microbiota in health and disease,” what clinical conclusions were made about anaerobic contribution to sinus disease?
EVJ 2020
Anaerobic bacteria are found in the majority of horses with clinical sinusitis
Their presence should be considered for antimicrobial selection
majority were susceptible to chloramphenicol, metronidazole, and penicillin
In Gillen’s paper “Outcome of external beam radiotherapy for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head in horses: 32 cases (1999-2015)” what tumor types had the most response to RT?
Gillen JVIM 2020
Ossifying fibroma - 6/8 complete response; 1 recurrence case; 1 euth case
SCC - 3/11 complete response; 8/11 recurrence
In Gillen’s paper “Outcome of external beam radiotherapy for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head in horses: 32 cases (1999-2015)” what was the overall MST and the specific MST for recurrence cases?
Gillen JVIM 2020
MST 25 months (50% of horses were alive at time of follow up)
MST for recurrence cases 3.5 months
38% complete response rate of all cases
12% recurrence rate of all cases
What cases have been reported to use palliative RT in horses?
Easley ch 30
Lingual SCC in a pony
Sinus lymphoma in a pony
What are the goals of systemic chemotherapy?
Easley ch 30
1) reduse tumor size for Sx or RT
2) treat metastasis
What medical therapy can be considered in equine SCC?
Easley ch 30
Piroxicam
Case report 0.2 mg/kg PO q24-48 hrs
Intralesional cisplatin has been used in what tumor types in horses?
Easley ch 30
Gingival fibrosarcoma
Sinus adenocarcinoma
Sarcoids
Melanoma
SCC
Cutaneous lymphoma
What tumor types responded to Doxorubicin (systemic chemo)?
Easley ch 30, Theon JVIM 2013
lymphomas and carcinomas
47% response rate
No response for melanomas
During what epoch did horse limbs make the greatest shift from the shorter limbs of a browsing mammal to the long slender limbs of horses today?
Easley 2022 textbook, Chp 1
Miocene Epoch
What was the first horse species that had greatly reduced lateral toes, elongated limbs and taller teeth approaching hypsodont proportions?
Easley textbook, Chp 1
Merychippus
How is hypsodonty defined based off of the hypsodonty index?
Easley 2022, Chp 1
Index of greater than 1.2
In modern horses the index is often as high as 8
What percent of equine tumors are reported to develop in the mouth?
Easley 2022, chp 14
< 1.1%
Head relatively common location for development of sarcoids and SCC but oral masses uncomon
What is considered to be the most common nasal proliferative lesion in the horse?
Easley 2022, Chp 14
Progressive ethmoid hematoma
According to Easley’s 2022 textbook what is the treatment of choice for progressive ethmoid hematomas and what are contraindications for this treatment?
Chp 14
Intralesional injection with 4-10% formalin via nasal endoscopy or sinoscopy
Destruction of the cribiform plate or infraorbital canal contraindication
According to Tremaine’s 2001 study “A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 2: treatments and results of treatments,” what percent of horses with progressive ethmoid hematomas have longterm remission of clinical signs?
Dixon Eq Vet J 2001
33%
What are the proposed mechanisms for bone cysts according to Easley’s 2022 textbook?
Chp 14
malformation of intraosseous vasculature, trauma, bleeding disorders, haematoma or underlying neoplasia.
Bone cysts may be categorized as primary (e.g., associated with vascular anomalies) or secondary due to trauma, neoplasia, or fibrous dysplasia.
What is thought to be the embryologic origin of temporal teratomas?
Easley 2022, Chp 14
embryonic interactions between the ectoderm of the first branchial arch and migration of neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells
What is the difference between a compound and complex odontoma?
Easley 2022, Chp 14
Compound: contains discrete well organized denticles (organized dental material with a discrete tooth like structure)
Complex: highly dysplastic tooth structures that may form a conglomerate of dental material rather than discrete denticles
Papillomas associated with what virus may have a high risk of malignant transformation?
Easley 2022, Chp 14
Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EPV-2)
According to Easley’s 2022 textbook metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma to the regional lymph nodes is reported to occur in what percent of horses?
Chp 14
30%
In Jone’s 1994 paper “Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and pharynx in horses,” what was the longest survival time following attempted surgical excision?
Cornell Vet 1994
4 months
Sarcoids occur as a result of infection with what viruses?
Easley 2022, Chp 14
Bovine papillomavirus Types 1 and 2
According to Koch 1982 (cited in Easley’s 2022 textbook), what is the second most common oropharyngeal tumor in the horse?
Chp 14
Fibrosarcoma
Juvenille ossifying fibromas are indistinguishable from what kind of mass?
Easley 2022, chp 14
Osteoma
What is the predominant subtype of osteosarcomas in the horse?
Easley 2022, Chp 14
Fibroblastic osteosarcoma
According to Easley’s 2022 textbook, what is the number of mastications per kg of forage vs per kg of concentrates?
chp 10
Forage 3000-3500
Concentrates 800-1200
What is the definition of primary sinusitis?
O’Leary and Dixon “A review of equine paranasal sinusitis. Aetiopathogenesis, clinical signs and ancillary diagnostic techniques” EVE 2011
When there is no detectable predisposition to a bacterial sinus infection other than possible antecedent respiratory infection, the sinusitis can be termed a primary sinusitis
In Brown’s 2022 study “Clinical, diagnostic and histological findings involving cheek teeth hypercementosis in nine horses,” intraoral extraction was successful in how many cases?
JVD 2022
3/9
In Brown’s 2022 study “Clinical, diagnostic and histological findings involving cheek teeth hypercementosis in nine horses,” what was the postoperative complication rate and what were the complications documented?
JVD 2022
55% (5/9 cases)
Oronasal fistula 2 cases
Recurrent sinusitis 2 cases
Serous drainage from mandibular repulsion site
What is the difference between nodular and peripheral hypercementosis according to Brown’s 2022 study “Clinical, diagnostic and histological findings involving cheek teeth hypercementosis in nine horses?”
JVD 2022
Nodular hypercementosis: Proliferation of cementum embedded in periodontal tissues but not visibly attached to tooth root
Peripheral hypercementosis: Proliferation of cementum attached to margin of tooth
Reactive hypercementosis lesions often lead to extraction challenges and complications, they are likely the result of a historical insult and may be associated with recurrent sinusitis
