Diagnostic Imaging Flashcards
In this image from 2014 Buhler paper “Computed tomographic features of apical infection of equine maxillary cheek teeth: A retrospective study of 49 horses” what is #3 indicating?
EVJ 2014
Alveolar bone sclerosis
In Buhler’s 2014 paper “Computed tomographic features of apical infection of equine maxillary cheek teeth: A retrospective study of 49 horses” what sign was significantly associated with computed tomographic abnormalities of the pulp, root, periapical bone and periodontal space?
EVJ 2014
Tooth fracture
Infundibular changes were NOT associated with other CT signs of apical infection.
In Buhler’s 2014 paper “Computed tomographic features of apical infection of equine maxillary cheek teeth: A retrospective study of 49 horses”, what structure is indicated by the #1?
EVJ 2014
Lamina dura
Non detectable lamina dura present in all teeth and 76% roots. A nondetectable lamina dura should be interpreted cautiously and may even be considered normal due to its minor thickness and/or too low resolution of the imaging modality.
In Casey’s 2014 study “Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection,” what were the Hounsfield units of 1.) cementum, dentin, bone, 2.) pulp, 3.) enamel?
Tremaine. EVJ 2014
1.) cementum, dentin, bone: 550-2000 HU
2.) pulp 400-500 HU
3.) enamel > 2500 HU
In Casey’s 2014 study “Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection,” changes in the dentinopulpar area were located in what location for cases and controls?
Tremaine. EVJ 2014
Cases: apical third
Controls: occlusal and middle third
In Casey’s 2014 study “Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection,” CT was most useful for detecting what type of defects?
Tremaine. EVJ 2014
Enamel and cemental
In Casey’s 2014 study “Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection,” what histologic changes associated with pulpitis had not previously been documented in the horse?
Tremaine. EVJ 2014
Pulpar mineralization and osteodentin
In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” what muscle inserts where the white arrows are pointing?
Vet Rad US 2016
Lateral pterygoid
In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” CT anatomatical variations were detected in what percent of all horses and what percent of all joints studied?
40% all horses
29% all joints
In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” what was the association with age on increased CT anatomical variations?
TMJs were sig more likely to have CT anatomic variations as horse age categories increased
In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” what was the association with sex and CT anatomical variation?
Odds of geldings having normal TMJs sig lower than mares but not sig lower than stallions with no sig differences between mares and stallions
In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” the odds of having TMJ anatomical variations were not stat sig associated with which factors?
reason for undergoing CT, horse breed or the presence of concurrent pathology in the region of the TMJ
In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” what percent of horses over the age of 1 year had discrete focal hypodense regions?
57.4%
but not stat sig associated with age
In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” what factors were not stat sig associated with the presence of regions of well defined hypodensity?
Age
right vs left
In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” thin, linear hyperdense regions immediately ventral and parallel to mandibular fossa in region of disc in transverse plane were stat sig associated with what factor?
Age: Never occurred in horses < 1yr and increased dramatically in
horses > 10yrs
In Carmalt’s 2015 study “Intraarterial injection of iodinated contrast medium for contrast enhanced computed tomography of the equine head”, what was the outcome comparing low-dose intra-arterial and high-dose IV administration of contrast media?
Vet Rad US 2015
Findings indicated that low-dose intraarterial administration of contrast material in the equine head resulted in comparable soft tissue enhancement vs. high volume intravenous administration
What pathology is documented via oral endoscope of this 109 tooth in Doztel’s 2017 Step by Step paper on how to build an endoscope?
JVD 2017 issue 1
Oral endoscopic image of the occlusal surface of an apically infected right maxillary first molar (109). There is feed impaction of defects over all 5 pulp horns in addition to the mesial infundibulum.
What has metaplastic calcification in the sinus been associated with in this and previous reports?
Nottrott et al. Successful Treatment of a Persistent Oroantral Fistula via Transbuccal and Transnasal Endoscopic Debridement in a Horse. JVD 2018 issue 1
Dental fractures
In this mini sinuscopic image, “d” is the infraorbital canal of the right frontal sinus. What is “c”?
Pouyet, Vet Surg 2019, Validation of a 2-mm videoendoscope for the evaluation of the paranasal sinuses with a minimally invasive technique
Maxillary septal bullae
In this mini sinuscopic image of the right caudal maxillary sinus, “a” is the ethmoid and “c” is the infraorbital canal. What is “b”?
Pouyet, Vet Surg 2019, Validation of a 2-mm videoendoscope for the evaluation of the paranasal sinuses with a minimally invasive technique
The entrance to the sphenopalatine sinus
In this mini sinuscopic image of the right rostral maxillary sinus, what are “c” and “d”?
Pouyet, Vet Surg 2019, Validation of a 2-mm videoendoscope for the evaluation of the paranasal sinuses with a minimally invasive technique
Roots of 108 (d) and 109 (c)
From this frontal trephine location, what structure is shown with the black box over it?
Bach et al. Vet Surg 2019. Surgical enlargement of the nasomaxillary aperture and transnasal conchotomy of the ventral conchal sinus: Two surgical techniques to improve sinus drainage in horses
Maxillary septal bullae
30 mm trephine used
In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what do A, B, C, D and E represent?
JVD 2018, Barratt
A. Conchofrontal sinus
B. Caudal maxillary sinus
C. Infraorbital canal
D. Rostral maxillary sinus
E. Common dorsal compartment (bulla) of the ventral conchal sinus
In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what do A, B, C represent?
JVD 2018, Baratt
A. Caudal maxillary sinus
B. Rostral maxillary sinus
C. Ventral conchal sinus
Dorsoventral view
In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what radiographic view is shown?
JVD 2018, Baratt
Right dorsal to left ventral lateral oblique view of maxillary cheek teeth (Rt30D-LeVO)
In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what radiographic view is shown?
JVD 2018, Barrat
Open mouth right dorsal to left ventral lateral oblique view of left mandibular cheek teeth (Rt10D-LeVO)
In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what radiographic view is shown?
JVD 2018, Barrat
Open mouth right ventral to left dorsal lateral oblique view (Rt45V-LeDO)
Isolates apices of maxillary cheek teeth, steeper angles 60 degrees needed in younger horses
In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what radiographic view is shown?
JVD 2018, Barrat.
Open mouth right ventral to left dorsal lateral oblique view (Rt45V-LeDO)
In Luiti’s 2018 article “A Comparison of Computed Tomographic, Radiographic, Gross and Histological, Dental, and Alveolar Findings in 30 Abnormal Cheek Teeth from Equine Cadavers”, what % of apically infected teeth had strong evidence of disease on CT and rads respectively?
Liuti et al Frontiers 2018
96% on CT
50% on rads
What imaging sign of apical infection is noted by the red arrow?
Liuti et al Frontiers 2018
Erosion of alveolar bone
What % of apically infected teeth had intrapulpar gas in Liuti’s 2018 Frontiers study (ex vivo study)?
Liuti et al Frontiers 2018
68%
In comparison to in vivo 2017 study of 100%
What type of occlusal fissure is noted in e) and f)?
EVJ 2018 Pollaris et al
e) Type 2 - enamel only
f) Type 2 - primary dentin only
What type of occlusal fissure is noted in a) and c)?
EVJ 2018 Pollaris et al
a) Type 1a
c) Type 1b
In Pollaris et al 2018 “Equine cheek teeth occlusal fissures: Prevalence, association with dental wear abnormalities and occlusal angles” what was the prevalence of occlusal fissures?
EVJ 2018 Pollaris et al
72%
Males > females
More common > 13 yo
In Pollaris et al 2018 “Equine cheek teeth occlusal fissures: Prevalence, association with dental wear abnormalities and occlusal angles” what pulp horns were most commonly involved with OFs?
EVJ 2018 Pollaris et al
pulp horn 4 (59.2%) in maxillary cheek teeth,
pulp horns 1 (47.4%) and 2 (26.0%) in mandibular teeth
In Horbal et al’s 2019 paper “A Computed Tomographic (CT) and Pathological Study of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibulae Extracted From Asymptomatic Horses. Part 1: Prevalence, Type and Location of Infundibular Lesions on CT Imaging”, this image shows caudal to the left and rostral to the right. What grade infundibular caries is noted for both infundibulae?
Frontiers 2019
Caudal: grade 2 (cementum and enamel)
Rostral: Grade 3 (cementum, enamel and dentin)
In Horbal et al’s 2019 paper “A Computed Tomographic (CT) and Pathological Study of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibulae Extracted From Asymptomatic Horses. Part 1: Prevalence, Type and Location of Infundibular Lesions on CT Imaging”, this image shows what pattern of cemental hypoplasia?
Frontiers 2019
combined central
linear defect and apical cemental hypoplasia
green line indicates short distance from INF to pulp horn through thin enamel and dentin
In Horbal’s 2019 paper “A Computed Tomographic and Pathological Study of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibulae Extracted From Asymptomatic Horses. Part 2: MicroCT, Gross, and Histological Findings” what were the reported median density microCT HU for normal cementum vs hypoplastic?
Frontiers 2019
Normal: 3,438 HU
Hypoplastic: 501 HU
What type of occlusal fissure is depicted here by the arrows on this microCT image?
Pollaris The Vet Journal 2020
Type 1a
What occlusal fissure type is depicted by the red arrowhead and green arrowhead in this microCT image, respectively?
Pollaris The Vet Journal 2020
Red: Type 1a
Green: Type 1b
In Pollaris’ 2020 study, “Occlusal fissures in equine cheek teeth: mCT and histological findings” what was the most common type of OF noted?
The Vet Journal 2020
type 1a (35/43 OFs)
In Pollaris’ 2020 study, “Occlusal fissures in equine cheek teeth: mCT and histological findings” what was significantly associated with fissure depth?
The Vet Journal 2020
Location (buccal OFs deeper than lingual OFs) and Triadan # (09s were deepest)
In Dixon’s 2020 study “A Computed Tomographic Assessment of Osteitis of Sinus Bony Structures in Horses with Sinonasal Disorders,” bone was significantly thicker in affected sides vs controls at all measured areas except which two?
Frontiers 2020
Frontal bone (FB)
Nasolacrimal duct maximal bony wall thickness (NLDB)
In Dixon’s 2020 study “A Computed Tomographic Assessment of Osteitis of Sinus Bony Structures in Horses with Sinonasal Disorders,” canal diameters were significantly wider for which canals?
Frontiers 2020
infraorbital
nasolacrimal duct
but nasolacrimal duct maximum bone thickness was not sig thicker
In Dixon’s 2020 study “A Computed Tomographic Assessment of Osteitis of Sinus Bony Structures in Horses with Sinonasal Disorders,” what was the relationship between bone density in HU between affected and non-affected sides?
Frontiers 2020
Bone density (HU) did not differ significantly between affected and control sides
In Dixon’s 2020 paper “Computed Tomographic Assessment of Individual Paranasal Sinus Compartment and Nasal Conchal Bulla Involvement in 300 Cases of Equine Sinonasal Disease,” the rostral maxillary and ventral conchal sinus were involved in what percent of cases overall respectively?
Frontiers 2020
Rostral maxillary sinus 94.7%
Ventral conchal sinus 87%
Most commonly involved compartments
In Dixon’s 2020 paper “Computed Tomographic Assessment of Individual Paranasal Sinus Compartment and Nasal Conchal Bulla Involvement in 300 Cases of Equine Sinonasal Disease,” what was the most common cause of sinus disease?
Frontiers 2020
Dental sinusitis 53%
Primary sinusitis 26%, sinus cyst 8%
In Dixon’s 2020 paper “Computed Tomographic Assessment of Individual Paranasal Sinus Compartment and Nasal Conchal Bulla Involvement in 300 Cases of Equine Sinonasal Disease,” what sinus compartment(s) was significantly more frequently involved in dental vs non-dental sinusitis, and what sinus compartment(s) was significantly less frequently invovled in dental vs non dental sinusitis?
Frontiers 2020
sig higher frequency of RMS involvement
Sig lower frequency of dorsal conchal sinus and sphenopalatine involvement
In Dixon’s 2020 paper “Computed Tomographic Assessment of Individual Paranasal Sinus Compartment and Nasal Conchal Bulla Involvement in 300 Cases of Equine Sinonasal Disease,” there was infection or destruction of the ipsilateral NCBs in what percent of horses?
Frontiers 2020
56% ipsilateral NCB involvement
Examination of contralateral NCBs showed fluid attenuating material in 3.3% cases
What bone is fractured as indicated by the arrowheads in this CT image?
EVE 2019 Crijns
Basisphenoid bone
In Crijn’s 2019 paper comparing CT and rads for skull fractures, what features of the fractures differed when evaluated radiographically vs on CT?
EVE 2019 Crijns
Extent of fracture underestimated by rads
Number of Fragments underestimated by rads
Single vs comminuted underestimated by rads
What bone is fractured indicated by the arrowhead?
EVE 2019 Crijns
Frontal bone
What bone is fractured, indicated by the arrow?
EVE 2019 Crijns
Temporal bone
What differential diagnosis would you have for this mass noted on the radiograph on the left side?
Platt JVD 2021 issue 1
Heterotopic polyodontia
In Zadelhoff’s paper “Multidetector CT and cone-beam CT have substantial agreement in detecting dental and sinus abnormalities in equine cadaver heads”, what categories of pathology were identified well on both modalities, and which were not?
Vet Rad US 2021
The agreement between CBCT and MDCT was almost perfect for overall detection of dental abnormalities (k = 0.90) with k = 1 for diastema k = 0.95 for clinical crown abnormalities, and k = 0.93 for infundibular abnormalities
The detection of pulp changes by CBCT was only moderate k = 0.44 - often missed gas in pulp chamber on CBCT but well diagnosed on MDCT
Increased scatter radiation, non-calibrated Hounsfield Unit and artifacts in CBCT images made accurate identification of the pulp density difficult.
In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what percent of horses had TMJ variation?
EVJ 2017 Rawlinson
36%
all horses had no clinical signs of TMJ pathology
Carmalt 2016 40% horses had TMJ abnormalties
In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what risk factors or conditions were significantly associated with a TMJ abnormality?
EVJ 2017, Rawlinson
age, periodontal and infundibular disease
horses with abnormal TMJs sig older than those with normal TMjs
Horses with periodontal disease were sig less likely to have abnormal TMJ findings
Horses with infundibular disease sig more likely to have TMJ abnormalities
In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what oral exam findings were less likely to have an abnormal TMJ finding?
EVJ 2017, Rawlinson
Horses with periodontal disease were less likely to have abnormal TMJ findings compared with horses with no oral pathology
In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what oral examination findings were not statistically significantly associated with TMJ pathology?
EVJ 2017, Rawlinson
No association with TMJ pathology for stepped teeth, incisor malocclusions or wave mouths
In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what percent of horses had circular hypoattenuating regions within the temporal or mandibular condyles suggestive of subchondral bone cysts and what risk factors were significantly associated with their development?
EVJ 2017, Rawlinson
19% of horses
No significant risk factors
In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what percent of horses had intra-articular disc mineralization and what risk factor was statistically significantly associated with it?
EVJ 2017, Rawlinson
11% of horses
Age was the only sig risk factor
Why are MRIs more time consuming to obtain than CTs?
Manso-Diaz. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EVE 2017.
A separate acquisition is needed for each different sequence as well as for each different plane
What type of contrast media are used for CT and MRI respectively?
Manso-Diaz. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EVE 2017.
CT → iodinated nonionic
MRI → organic chelates of gadolinium
What MRI sequences are represented in a, b, c and d below?
Manso-Diaz. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EVE 2017.
a.) T2 weighted
b.) T1 weighted
c.) FLAIR
d.) T2 weighted gradient recalled echo
What imaging modality is the gold standard for imaging the temporo-hyoid apparatus?
Manso-Diaz. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EVE 2017.
CT
What type of imaging modality and sequences are shown in a, b,c and d below?
Manso-Diaz. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EVE 2017.
A.) T2-weighted MRI
B.) T1 weighted MRI
C.) bone window CT
D.) soft tissue window CT
According to Manso-Diaz’s 2021 paper “Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head,” MRI and CT are the gold standard for imaging what structures respectively?
EVE 2017
MRI: central nervous system (brain and cranial nerves), extracranial soft tissues
CT: bones of the skull, temporomandibular joint, temporo-hyoid articulation and teeth
both CT and MRI can adequately image the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses but CT has the advantage for subtle nasal and sinus osseous wall lesions
In Rowley’s 2021 study “A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures,” what percent of horses were symptomatic and what was the association between the presence of clinical signs and likelihood of apical infection?
Frontiers 2021
63% symptomatic
No significant association between clinical signs and likelihood of apical infection or CT changes
In Rowley’s 2021 study “A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures,” apical infection was diagnosed in what percent of teeth overall and were maxillary or mandibular cheek teeth more commonly affected?
77% apical infection
fractures occurred in maxillary teeth 91%, mandibular 9%
In Rowley’s 2021 study “A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures,” what percent of maxillary buccal fractures were apically infected?
Frontiers 2021
71%
In Rowley’s 2021 study “A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures,” what type of fractures were significantly associated sinusitis or apical infection respectively?
Frontiers 2021
Midline maxillary sagittal fractures significantly associated with sinusitis
infundibular involvement significantly associated with apical infection
All solitary midline sagittal maxillary teeth fractures apically infected (13/13)
96% of teeth with fractures involving infundibula apically infected
In Albers’ article “Early incisor lesions and Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis: Reliability of radiographic findings” what % of teeth deemed “healthy” on rads had lesions detected on uCT?
EVJ 2022
83.7% of those noted “healthy” on rads were categorized as having some form of lesions on uCT – 52.7% moderate, 5.4% severe
In Albers’ article “Early incisor lesions and Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis: Reliability of radiographic findings” where did they note early signs to be located on uCT evaluation?
EVJ 2022
palatal/lingual side
In Giavitto’s case series “Congenital hypodontia in three horses diagnosed by computed tomography,” what factors were suspected to contribute to maintance of good alignment of teeth next to agenesis sites?
EVE 2021
bone attenuating tissue filling space left by undeveloped teeth and persistence of retained deciduous caps
In Giavitto’s case series “Congenital hypodontia in three horses diagnosed by computed tomography,” the HU of the sites of dental agenesis ranged between what values which is a sign of what type of tissue?
EVE 2012
+1000 and -100 (one case -50)
represented a mixture of fat tissue and bone trabeculae
What disease is depicted in this image?
Verwilghen Vet Sciences 2022
bilateral idiopathic suture exostosis involving both nasolacrimal ducts. Reactions of sinus mucosa and skin are only mild.
What disease is depicted in this image?
severe suture exostosis with sequester formation
In Albers’ 2022 study “Equine Incisor Lesions: Histologic Confirmation of Radiographic, Macroscopic, and Micro-Computed Tomographic Findings” what types of resorption were discussed as present in contrast to cats and dogs?
Albers Vet Sciences 2022
External surface resorptions in the apical third of the incisors - in contrast to cats at CEJ (or apical margin in the hypsodont tooth)
External Surface Resorp present in many incisors in this study - in contrast to dogs
In Albers’ 2022 study “Equine Incisor Lesions: Histologic Confirmation of Radiographic, Macroscopic, and Micro-Computed Tomographic Findings” what was the outcome of the histopath evaluation of 18 teeth that also had uCT?
Albers Vet Sciences 2022
15/18 investigated teeth showed histological changes of EOTRH
8/15 teeth exhibit areas of repaired surface resorp
7/15 teeth featured distinct signs of EOTRH-related pathologies
µCT images: signs of dental resorption were found in 75/186 teeth
In this image, what pathology is the white arrow indicating, and what clinical sign would you suspect in the horse?
Perrier EVJ 2022
Enlarged left infraorbital nerve
Head Shaking
In Perrier’s 2022 study “Computed tomography findings in horses presented with signs of head-shaking” what dental abnormalities were likely associated with head shaking, and which were not?
Perrier EVJ 2022
Dental abnormalities 35 (34%) - Likely
- Fx maxillary teeth accounted for 5 (4.9%)
- Fx mandibular teeth for 2 (1.9%) cases
Periapical/periodontal disease 14 (13.6%) – Likely
Gas within infundibula 51 (49.5%) - unlikely
In Perrier’s 2022 study “Computed tomography findings in horses presented with signs of head-shaking” what % of horses had a primary disease process was identified and treatment of the condition eliminated signs of head-shaking?
Perrier EVJ 2022
21.4%
What are the most common types of resorption in horses, according to Henry et al?
James EOTRH review JVD 2022 issue 4
Most common type of resorption in horses to be external replacement resorption, followed by external inflammatory resorption
Not all TR horses have hypercementosis, but all HC have TR (Henry et al)
In Carmalt’s study “The Equine Temporomandibular Joint: Comparisons Between Standard and Needle Arthroscopic Examination of Cadaver Specimens and Standing Horses” what was the outcome comparing the two arthroscopic systems?
Frontiers 2022
In the 14 cadavers:
Significantly more anatomical structures were identified with the STAN system (p < 0.0001)
The ability of the STAN system to identify anatomical structures was independent of the joint compartment examined (p = 0.57) however this was not the case with the NAS (p = 0.02)
NAS allowed the identification of more structures in the DTJ, but less in the DMJ than expected.
In the 3 live horses - The authors found that both the NAS and STAN arthroscopic equipment was well-tolerated by the horses and rendered an acceptable assessment of the joint, with no intra-operative complications noted during the use of either system.
What are 1 and 2 in this image if this scope is placed in the discotemporal joint (DTJ) and facing medially?
Carmalt Frontiers 2022
1 - articular eminence of temporal bone
2 - intra-articular disk
If this scope is placed in the discomandibular joint (DMJ) and facing caudally, what do 1 and 2 depict?
Carmalt Frontiers 2022
1 - intra-articular disk
2 - condylar process of the mandible
What dental abnormalitiyis evident on this RtD30-LeVO radiograph of a 4.5 years-old miniature horse?
Tinsley Frontiers 2023
Missing 208 and persistent 608
What is the radiological density of enamel?
Arnbjerg, 2014
2400-2600 H
What is the radiological density of dentin?
Arnbjerg, 2014
1600-1800 H
What is the radiological density of cementum?
Arnbjerg, 2014
1200-1500 H
Identify the pathology in these radiographs as presented by Arnbjerg in 2014.
Hypercementosis
Identify the type of resorption (white arrowhead) as described by Henry et al. in 2016
External replacement resorption
Identify the type of resorption as described by Henry et al. in 2016
External inflammatory resorption
In the study by Henry et al in 2016, “Radiographic evaluation in clinical practice of the types and stage of incisor tooth resorption and hypercementosis in horses,” what are the two most prevalent forms of resorption seen in equine incisors?
Most prevalent- External replacement resorption:
-76.9% of horses and 31.4% of teeth affected w/ a majority of the lesions being stage 2 (554/614 teeth)
-Significant association w/ increasing age but not breed or sex
-Tooth most commonly affected= third incisor
- Narrowing of PDL space w/ progressive replacement of root tissue by the surrounding alveolar bone
Second most prevalent- External inflammatory resorption:
-49.1% of horses and 17.2% of teeth w/ a majority of the lesions being stage 2 (260/336 teeth)
-Tooth most commonly affected= first incisor
-Increase in the PDL space related to an inflammatory process
Name the 8 types of tooth resorption classified with radiographic criteria described by Andreasen and Andreasen and Peralta et al as presented by Henry et all in 2016.
Henry EVJ 2016
1) external surface resorption
2) external replacement resorption
3) external inflammatory resorption
4) external cervical root surface resorption
5) internal surface resorption
6) internal replacement resorption
7) internal inflammatory resorption
8) unclassifiable
List the 4 stages of lesions seen in tooth resorption as described in the paper by Henry et al in 2016, “Radiographic evaluation in clinical practice of the types and stage of incisor tooth resorption and hypercementosis in horses.”
Henry EVJ 2016
1) loss of cementum or cementum and enamel
2) cementum and enamel with loss of dentin, not extending into the pulp cavity
3) loss of cementum, enamel, dentin; extending into the pulp cavity
4) most of the tooth has lost its integrity w/ 3 subcategories
4A) crown and root equally affected
4B) crown is more affected than root
4C) root is more affected than crown
In the 2016 paper by Henry et al discussing the radiographic evaluation of tooth resorption and hypercementosis, what was the prevalence of tooth resorption in the study population?
Henry EVJ 2016
149/169 (88.2%) of horses had radiographic evidence of tooth resorption
&
998/1953 (51.1%) of teeth evaluated had tooth resorption
Maxillary incisors statistically more likely to have resorption than mandibular incisors
In the 2016 paper by Henry et al discussing the radiographic evaluation of tooth resorption and hypercementosis, what was the prevalence of hypercementosis in the study population?
Henry EVJ 2016
35/169 (20.7%) of horses had radiographic evidence of hypercementosis
148/1953 (7.6%) of teeth
All horses w/ hypercementosis had resorption (35/35, 100%) whereas only 35/149 (23.4%) of horses w/ resorption had hypercementosis
In Norvall’s 2020 article “Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint in healthy adult horses is equivalent to blind arthrocentesis” what structures are visualized when the ultrasound is placed with dorsal to the left of the image?
Norvall 2020 Vet Rad US
mandibular fossa of the temporal bone visualized dorsally (left), the disc centrally, and the mandibular condyle ventrally (right)
The caudal compartment of the dorsal pouch of the joint was identified as a triangular hypoechoic to anechoic structure (dotted line)
In Norvall’s 2020 paper “Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint in healthy adult horses is equivalent to blind arthrocentesis” what were the outcomes between groups?
Norvall 2020 Vet Rad US
No statistically significant difference was noted between arthrocentesis techniques or operators (P > .05)
Joint fluid was significantly more likely to be aspirated by the blind arthrocentesis than with ultrasound guidance (P = .03)
In Eduardo de Lima’s paper “Radiographic characterization of the maxillary septum and septal bullae in horses: An ex vivo study” what view was the best to visualize the max septal bullae?
Eduardo de Lima Vet Rad US 2024
30◦ oblique dorsoventral lateral and lateral projections
the bullae remained superimposed on the dental arches in the dorsoventral projections with the mandible in a neutral position or with the mandible displaced
What anatomy is identified by the red and yellow arrows respectively?
Eduardo de Lima Vet Rad US 2024
Red: max septal bullae
Yellow: max septum
Image obtained after barium painted on structures via a bone flap
In Hartl’s 2021 study “Correlated imaging of the equine hyoid apparatus using CT, micro-CT, and histology,” which joint that was previously reported to be a symphyses (fibrocartilage) was found to be a synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)?
Frontiers 2021
Tympanohyoid
Only hyoid apparatus joint found to be a synchondrosis
In Hartl’s 2021 study “Correlated imaging of the equine hyoid apparatus using CT, micro-CT, and histology,” which joints/connections were found to be synostoses?
Frontiers 2021
Styloepihyoid
Basithyrohyoid
In Hartl’s 2021 study “Correlated imaging of the equine hyoid apparatus using CT, micro-CT, and histology,” which joints/connections were found to be synovial joints?
Frontiers 2021
Styloceratohyoid
Ceratobasihyoid
Thyrohyoid
In Fairburn’s 2022 study “Computed tomographic findings in 101 horses presented for the investigation of headshaking,” fracture of what bone shown below was identified as one of the 4 cases that had CT findings consistent with headshaking?
EVE 2022
Paracondylar process of the occipital bone
In Townsend’s 2011 study “Investigation of the sensitivity and specificity of radiological signs for diagnosis of periapical infection of equine cheek teeth,” what was the reported median sensitivity and specificity?
EVJ 2011
Sensitivity 76%
Specificity 90%
In Townsend’s 2011 study “Investigation of the sensitivity and specificity of radiological signs for diagnosis of periapical infection of equine cheek teeth,” what findings were strongly associated with cheek teeth apical infection?
EVJ 2011
Periapical sclerosis
Periapical halo
In Fairburn’s 2022 study “Computed tomographic findings in 101 horses presented for the investigation of headshaking,” CT identified a diagnosis for the cause of head shaking in how many horses and what percent of horses were diagnosed with trigeminal-mediated headshaking?
EVE 2022
definitive diagnosis in 3 horses, suspected diagnosis in 1 horse
Clinical diagnosis of trigeminal-mediated headshaking made in 91/101 horses (90%)
In Fairburn’s 2022 study “Computed tomographic findings in 101 horses presented for the investigation of headshaking,” what finding was considered to be an incidental finding in young horses?
Compression or distortion of the IOC by the apices of maxillary cheek teeth – Triadan 10/11
The similar prevalence of IOC impingement between the headshaking and non-headshaking groups suggests that compression of the IOC is unlikely to be a factor in the development of head shaking
In Fairburn’s 2022 study “Computed tomographic findings in 101 horses presented for the investigation of headshaking,” no horses over what age had impingement of the cheek teeth apices on the infraorbital canal?
EVE 2022
8 years old
In Herren’s 2022 study “Semi-automatic segmentation of cone beam computed tomography datasets for volume measurements of equine cheek teeth,” what were the correlations between the volume measurement methods?
JVD 2022
Strong positive correlations between semi-automatic segmentation and water displacement
strong positive correlation between structured light scanning and water displacement
In Herren’s 2022 study “Semi-automatic segmentation of cone beam computed tomography datasets for volume measurements of equine cheek teeth,” what percent larger were maxillary cheek teeth than mandibular?
JVD 2022
40%
In Bishop’s 2022 study “Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in horses,” what percent of patients had signs of dental disease on oral exam and/or radiographs, and what percent of patients had radiographic signs of dental or sinus disease without related signs on oral exam?
Frontiers 2022
59% dental disease on rads or exam
20% rad signs without related oral exam signs
In Bishop’s 2022 study “Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in horses,” what percent of horses had oral exam findings that would have prompted radiographs and what percent of those cases had radiographic signs of disease in another part of the mouth as well?
Frontiers 2022
46%
21%
In Bishop’s 2022 study “Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in horses,” what was the most common radiographic finding in horses without related signs on oral exam?
Frontiers 2022
EOTRH (tooth resorption)
12% of cases overall
What pathology is present in this apically infected 209?
Liuti EVJ 2018 “Radiographic, computed tomographic, gross pathological and histological findings with suspected apical infection in 32 equine maxillary cheek teeth (2012–2015)”
distorted apex
intrapulpar gas (arrow) and a round cemental structure (‘pearl’) in periodontium.
In Luiti’s paper “Radiographic, computed tomographic, gross pathological and histological findings with suspected apical infection in 32 equine maxillary cheek teeth (2012–2015)” what was the percent difference between CT and rads for detection apically infected teeth?
Liuti 2018 EVJ
Pulpar and apical changes highly indicative of maxillary cheek teeth apical infection were present in all 32 teeth on CT, but in just 17/32 teeth (53%) radiographically.
What are the red and white arrows indicating in this young horse?
Liuti Vet Rec 2017 “Computed tomographic assessment of equine maxillary cheek teeth anatomical relationships, and paranasal sinus volumes”
White arrow: mediodorsal location of infraorbital canal
Red arrow: restricted conchomaxillary drainage angle
In Luiti’s paper “An anatomical study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings” what Triadan positions were most associated with the DCB rostral and caudal extents?
Liuti 2015 EVJ
Rostral: Triadan 07s in 48/59 (81.3%)
Caudal: Triadan 10s in 36/59 (61%)
In Luiti’s paper “An anatomical study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings” what Triadan positions were most associated with the VCB rostral and caudal extents?
Liuti 2015 EVJ
Rostral: Triadan 07s in 46/59 (78%)
Caudal: Triadan 09s in 38/59 (64.5%)
What pathology is present in this image and what do the arrows indicate?
Dixon EVJ 2021
Left-sided (dental) sinusitis
The maxillary septal bulla thickened and sclerotic due to osteitis and with swollen mucosa on both sides (vertical arrow)
Grossly thickened maxillary bones (horizontal arrow)
What pathology is noted by the arrow?
Dixon EVJ 2021
Maxillary bone osteitis and soft tissue swelling secondary to the sinusitis of the RMS
In Huggon’s 2011 paper, “Radiography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of nonneoplastic equine mandibular disease. (VRU (52) 1 53-60)” which of the following is correct:
A. The use of CT images provided additional diagnostic information to radiographic findings in cases with mandibular fracture
B. In this study, radiographic detection of pulp abnormalities was marginally superior to CT detection
C. Draining tracts were more readily identified on CT evaluation than on radiographic evaluation
D. CT detection of periapical lysis was less frequent than on radiographs, suggesting over-interpretation of tooth apices on radiographs
Huggons Vet Rad US 2011
A. The use of CT images provided additional diagnostic information to radiographic findings in cases with mandibular fracture
CT superior to rads for pulp abnormalities
Draining tracts were more readily identified on rads
CT detection of peripical lysis was more frequent
In Dixon’s 2012 paper “Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments” what sinus disease were fluid lines on rads most associated with?
Dixon 2012 EVJ
Subacute primary sinusitis
Sig LESS common in chronic primary sinusitis and sinus cysts
In Dixon’s 2012 paper “Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments” what sinus disease generalized sinus opacity on rads most associated with?
Dixon 2012 EVJ
Sinus cysts
They were 4.3 times more likely to have a generalised sinus opacity (P = 0.01) than were cases of primary sinusitis.
In Dixon’s 2012 paper “Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments” what was scintigraphy typically used for?
Dixon EVJ 2012
to differentiate between primary and dental sinusitis when clinical and radiographic examinations were inconclusive
used in 19% of cases
In Dixon’s 2012 paper “Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments” what sinus was the most affected ?
Dixon EVJ 2012
CMS (78% of cases)
The discotemporal joint compartment of the TMJ is composed of what structures?
Kim. Contrast arthrography of the equine temporomandibular joint. Frontiers 2024.
articular tubercle, mandibular fossa, retroarticular process of the temporal bone
In Kim’s 2024 study “Contrast arthrography of the equine temporomandibular joint,” which joint had to be injected first to see all structures best and was single or double contrast arthrography superior for delineation of joint margins?
Carmalt, Frontiers 2024
DMJ injected first
Double contrast media superior
In Kim’s 2024 study “Contrast arthrography of the equine temporomandibular joint,” in the live horses studied contrast media extravasated into the DTJ after injection of the DMJ in how many horses and why was this suspected to occur?
Carmalt, Frontiers 2024
extravasation in 2/3 horses
small perforations in the intra-articualr discs were identified in each case → it was suspected that given the size and location of the defects that iatrogenic disc perforation had occurred during delivery of the contrast agents
What pathology is indicated by this arrow in this horse diagnosed with fungal sinusitis? What clinical sign would you expect from it?
Fiske-Jackson EVE 2012
Erosion into the IOC
Headshaking from trigeminal neuropathy
What post-op complications are shown in this radiograph in a 16 yo mare after repulsion of a 108 (red arrows and green arrows respectively)?
Earley 2013 JVD
Red arrows: sinusitis persisting
Green arrows: retained root of 108
What are the blue arrows indicating and where?
Earley 2013 JVD
Fluid line in caudal max sinus
What form of resorption is noted by the arrowhead and arrow respectively?
VCNA 2020 Baratt
Arrowhead: replacement resortion
Arrow: Inflammatory resorption
What change in angle should be performed for a lateral oblique radiograph of a TMJ
VCNA 2020 Baratt
Ventral - dorsal and caudal - rostral
LeV15Cd15-RtDRO
CT still the best though
What imaging modality is noted to have higher sensitivity for TR lesions?
VCNA 2020 Baratt
CT
Image of EOTRH in cheek teeth
What anatomy of the TMJ is noted by the asterisk on this ventral to dorsal tangential view?
VCNA 2020 Baratt
Mandibular condyle
What are the reported HU ranges for enamel, cementum, dentin, pulp, and bone
VCNA 2020 Epperly
Note: differs from values in Arnbjerg 2014
What are the HU of water and gas
VCNA 2020 Epperly
Water: 0
Gas: -1000
What are the HU of soft tissues before and after contrast enhancement
VCNA 2020 Epperly
30-60 before
100-300 after
What are the reported HU ranges for hemorrhage and purulent material?
VCNA 2020 Epperly
Hemorrhage 60-100
Purulent material 0-40
What are the black and white arrows indicating in this post-contrast scane?
VCNA 2020 Epperly
Black arrow: contrast enhancing rim around the soft tissue attenuating mass
White arrow: blood vessel
What are the typical artifacts on equine head CTs using CBCT?
VCNA Epperly 2020
motion artifact, scatter, poor soft tissue contrast
Given the HU (AV=average), what do you suspect of pathology #3?
VCNA 2020 Epperly
The caudal aspect of the tongue contains a large (5.3-cm 4.1-cm 3.5-cm) well-defined, precontrast hyperattenuating (average 98 HUs; range 89–126 HUs), non–contrast-enhancing (average 92 HUs; range 67–113 HUs) mass; consistent with an incidental melanoma.
Melanin HU = 100
Given the HU pre- and post- contrast in this scan, what do you suspect is happening with this sinus mass (#1)?
AV=average HU
VCNA 2020 Epperly
The (1) fibroma is mildly hyperattenuating (average 62 HUs; range 43–82 HUs)
and non–contrast enhancing (average 66 HUs; range 47–83 HUs), indicative of hemorrhage.
Hemorrhage HU = 60-100
Describe how to endoscopically access the ventral conchal bullae
VCNA 2020 Claffey
The endoscope is passed 10 to 15 cm caudal to the nares where the middle meatus is clearly visible.
Scope passed laterally around the ventral conchal scroll into the ventral conchal recess.
The endoscope has been advanced caudally within the ventral conchal recess until the VCB is visible (starred)
The thin septum separating the ventral conchal recess from the ventral conchal sinus is visible (arrowhead).
What is this image showing the instrument break through anatomically in the nasal passage?
VCNA 2020 Claffey
The membrane separating the VCS from the ventral conchal recess
The asterisk is the VCB
What is your diagnosis in this case of a 14-year-old Warmblood gelding referred because of facial swelling between the eyes, which appeared to cause discomfort to the patient and cause epiphora?
Sacks EVE 2013
Chronic suture exostosis
“Fixation of chronic suture exostosis in a mature horse” EVE 2013
What structure is noted by the arrowhead?
Sack EVE 2013
Nasolacrimal duct
Loss of definition here in this chronic suture exostosis case
What is your diagnosis?
Esselman EVE 2019
Nasofrontal suture exostosis
“Visual evidence of progression and eventual resolution of nasofrontal suture exostosis over 27 months in a gelding” EVE 2019
What condition is consistent with these irregular margins of the condyle and temporal bone?
Nagy Vet Surg 2006
Septic TMJ OA
What findings on this US of the R TMJ is consistent with septic OA?
Barnett EVE 2014
Hyperechoic at normal location of meniscus – like hypermineralized disc on CT
Hypoechoic tract - consistent with the clinical draining tract to the joint
What are the white arrows indicating?
Giavitto EVE 2017
Fluid lines in the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae
What are the blue arrowheads indicating?
Giavitto EVE 2017
the mucosal folds that delineate the rostral limit of both bullae
In Pineros’ 2024 study “Radiographic anatomy of the nasal conchal bullae and conchal sinuses in mature horses,” what finding was different than the recommendations given in Limone and Baratt 2018?
Vet Rad Ultrasound 2024
The ventral conchal sinus was unable to be visualized in the dorsoventral projection
The medial aspect was able to be visualized on side **ipsilateral **to mandibular displacement (novel finding)
What structure is indicated by the yellow arrowheads?
Pineros. Radiographic anatomy of the nasal conchal bullae and conchal sinuses in mature horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024.
Ventral conchal sinus
What structure is indicated by the yellow arrowheads?
Pineros. Radiographic anatomy of the nasal conchal bullae and conchal sinuses in mature horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024.
Dorsal conchal sinus
What structure is indicated by the red arrow heads?
Pineros. Radiographic anatomy of the nasal conchal bullae and conchal sinuses in mature horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024.
Dorsal conchal bulla
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow heads?
Pineros. Radiographic anatomy of the nasal conchal bullae and conchal sinuses in mature horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024.
Ventral conchal bulla
What age group were these hypodense regions surroundewd by hyperdense rims most associated with?
Carmalt Vet Rad US 2016 “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study “
Discrete focal hypodense regions present in 57.4% horses over 1 year of age
89.% hypodense regions in mandibular condyle, 10.5% in mandibular fossa (all in mandibular fossa had obvious communication with the joint)
No effect of age on the presence of regions of well-defined hypodensity and no left vs right side effect
Males more likely than females to have the region of hypodensity
Where did linear hyperdense regions of the articular disk tend to occur, and what age group were they associated with?
Carmalt Vet Rad US 2016 “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study “
Almost exclusively occurred in lateral to mid region of dorsorostral portion of disc
Never occurred in horses < 1yr and increased dramatically in horses > 10yrs
In Townsend’s 2011 study “Investigation of the sensitivity and specificity of radiological signs for diagnosis of periapical infection of equine cheek teeth,” what radiographic findings had the highest sensitivities with moderate specificity?
EVJ 2011
Periapical sclerosis, clubbing of one or more roots, degree of clubbing and periapical halo formation
a
In Luiti’s paper “Radiographic, computed tomographic, gross pathological and histological findings with suspected apical infection in 32 equine maxillary cheek teeth (2012–2015)” what was the percent agreement between CT and radiographs and diagnosis of maxillary cheek teeth apical infection and histo respectively?
EVJ 2018
CT 97% agreement
Rads 53%
In the image below from Luiti’s 2018 article “A Comparison of Computed Tomographic, Radiographic, Gross and Histological, Dental, and Alveolar Findings in 30 Abnormal Cheek Teeth from Equine Cadavers”, what do the Hounsfield units within the common pulp chamber of this tooth indicate?
Frontiers 2018
That there is intrapulpar gas which is a sign of endodontic disease
Intrapulpar gas: 900 to 1,000 Hu
68% infected cadaver teeth had signs of intrapulpar gas in this study, 100% had intrapulpar gas in Luit’s 2018 in vivo study.
What anatomy is indicated by the white arrow and white arrowhead on this CT?
Tucker 2016 EVJ
the sphenoidal (arrows) and palatine (arrowheads) portions of the sphenopalatine sinus
In Igel’s 2022 study “The prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis and the role of interincisal angulation in disease severity in a representative cohort of horses in Switzerland,” what was the prevalence of horses with EOTRH that presented to their hospital?
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2022
10.1%
In Igel’s 2022 study “The prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis and the role of interincisal angulation in disease severity in a representative cohort of horses in Switzerland,” what was the relationship between disease severity and interincisal angulation?
No stat sig difference between the interincisal angles of horses with resorption alone or with resorption and hypercementosis or mild EOTRH horses compared to those with severe changes
No comparison to IIA of healthy horses
In Rehrl’s 2017 study “Radiological prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis,” what was percent of horses 10 years old and up that presented for routine dental evaluation had at least minor changes consistent with EOTRH and what percent had moderate to severe radiological changes consistent with EOTRH?
Staszyk EVJ 2017
at least minor changes 94%
Moderate to severe changes 62%
In Rehrl’s 2017 study “Radiological prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis,” what was the association with age with severity of EOTRH?
Staszyk EVJ 2017
stat sig positive association of age and severity of EOTRH overall and in both populations evaluated
In Rehrl’s 2023 study “Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis: Investigating individual incisor disease patterns using radiological classification,” what percent of TEETH showed radiographic signs of EOTRH?
Staszyk 2023
88%
N=142 horses in the study (same pop as 2017 paper)
In Rehrl’s 2023 study “Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis: Investigating individual incisor disease patterns using radiological classification,” what distrubtion pattern over the entire incisor arcade was found?
Staszyk EVJ 2023
tooth stages of EOTRH showed a bilateral symmetrical distribution pattern over the entire incisor arcade.
In Rehrl’s 2023 study “Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis: Investigating individual incisor disease patterns using radiological classification,” what was the association between severity of changes and Triadan position?
Staszyk EVJ 2023
frequency of higher tooth stages increased from central incisors to middle and corner incisors.
No sig differences between central and middle incisors
In Chiero’s 2022 paper on use of mirrors vs endoscopes for oral exams, what were the overall findings in regards to identifying oral pathology?
EVE 2022
Oral endoscope had higher Sn than mirror
They had similar specificity
Mirror: Sn 23-39% (more for major path than minor); Sp 87-97%
Endoscope: Sn 79-85%; Sp 71-89%
What view allows separation of the palatal and buccal maxillary cheek teeth roots? And how are the roots oriented to one another?
Easley ch 19
Right 45 ventral - left dorsal open mouth oblique when project the RIGHT max palatal roots dorsal to the buccal roots
What radiographic views allow evaluation of the clinical crowns of cheek teeth?
Easley ch 19
Maxillary clinical crowns: latero 15 ventral - laterodorsal open mouth oblique
Mandibular clinical crowns: Latero 10 dorsal - lateroventral open mouth oblique
The maxillary septal bulla is most successfully identified on what radiographic view?
Easley ch 19
Most on straight lateral - 70%
Only 45% on lateral oblique, and 17% on DV views (Finnegan Vet Rec 2011)
How much alveolar bone loss is necessary before a periapical halo is noteable on a radiograph?
Easley ch 19
40%
How do sinus cysts appear on T1 weighted vs T2 weighted MRI?
Easley ch 21
T1W - hypointense
T2W - hyperintense
STIR also shows it hyperintense
What MRI sequences are shown of this left sided sinusitis? Slice at level of 10s
Easley ch 21
A is a T1W pre-contrast image
B is a T1W post-contrast image
C is a digital subtraction image
What MRI sequences are shown of this left sided sinusitis? Slice at level of 10s
Easley ch 21
A is T1W
B is T2W
How does someone access the ventral conchal recess, and what diameter scope should be used?
Easley ch 22
Rostral to mid portion of middle meatus – deflect scope laterally and ventrally
Scope < 8mm in diameter (larger is too large to access this anatomy)
What size endoscope should be used to access the sinuses per nasum?`
Easley ch 22
5mm or less
In Pimentel’s 2021 study,”The Frequency of Communication Between the Synovial Compartments of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint: A Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Assessment,” how many horses out of 20 had communications between compartments?
Carmalt. Frontiers 2021
2 horses
In the image below from Pimentel’s 2021 study, “The Frequency of Communication Between the Synovial Compartments of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint: A Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Assessment,” what do the yellow, blue and white arrows indicate?
Carmalt Frontiers 2021
Yellow: discotemporal joint
Blue: discomandibular joint
White: extravasation/leadkage of contrast outside the joint
In Carmalt’s 2022 study, “The equine temporomandibular joint: comparison between standard and needle arthroscopic examination of cadaver specimens and standing horses,” what piece of equipment was found to be vital to visualize all aspects of the joint comparments?
Frontiers 2022
modified Guenther speculum allowed the mandible to be manipulated and offset, which facilitated a complete examination of the joint compartments
Does figure A or B have a wider window length (WL) and window width (WW), and what are the advantages of using a wider WW and WL vs narrower WW and WL?
Easley textbook 2022, chp 20
B is wider
Advantages of wider WW are more gray scale being visible which is better able to visualize structures with different attenuation (air filled sinus, dental tissue, bone)
Narrower is better for looking at tissues with similar attentuation
When WL is decreased CT image will be brighter
According to Easley 2022, Chp 20 what are the HU values of aqueous fluid vs exudate or soft tissue vs haematoma vs calcified tissues?
Aqueous fluid: 0-30 HU
Exudate or soft tissue: 30-60 HU
Haematoma: 80 HU
Calcified tissues > 100 HU
How do paranasal sinus cysts appear on T1 vs T2 weighted MRI images?
Easley textbook Chp 20
T1: homogenous low signal intensity
T2: homogenous high signal intensity
Well defined rim after contrast
