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Phase 1 Boards Prep - EQ > Diagnostic Imaging > Flashcards

Diagnostic Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

In this image from 2014 Buhler paper “Computed tomographic features of apical infection of equine maxillary cheek teeth: A retrospective study of 49 horses” what is #3 indicating?

EVJ 2014

A

Alveolar bone sclerosis

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2
Q

In Buhler’s 2014 paper “Computed tomographic features of apical infection of equine maxillary cheek teeth: A retrospective study of 49 horses” what sign was significantly associated with computed tomographic abnormalities of the pulp, root, periapical bone and periodontal space?

EVJ 2014

A

Tooth fracture

Infundibular changes were NOT associated with other CT signs of apical infection.

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3
Q

In Buhler’s 2014 paper “Computed tomographic features of apical infection of equine maxillary cheek teeth: A retrospective study of 49 horses”, what structure is indicated by the #1?

EVJ 2014

A

Lamina dura

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4
Q

In Casey’s 2014 study “Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection,” what were the Hounsfield units of 1.) cementum, dentin, bone, 2.) pulp, 3.) enamel?

Tremaine. EVJ 2014

A

1.) cementum, dentin, bone: 550-2000 HU
2.) pulp 400-500 HU
3.) enamel > 2500 HU

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5
Q

In Casey’s 2014 study “Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection,” changes in the dentinopulpar area were located in what location for cases and controls?

Tremaine. EVJ 2014

A

Cases: apical third
Controls: occlusal and middle third

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6
Q

In Casey’s 2014 study “Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection,” CT was most useful for detecting what type of defects?

Tremaine. EVJ 2014

A

Enamel and cemental

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7
Q

In Casey’s 2014 study “Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection,” what histologic changes associated with pulpitis had not previously been documented in the horse?

Tremaine. EVJ 2014

A

Pulpar mineralization and osteodentin

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8
Q

In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” what muscle inserts where the white arrows are pointing?

Vet Rad US 2016

A

Lateral pterygoid

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9
Q

In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” CT anatomatical variations were detected in what percent of all horses and what percent of all joints studied?

A

40% all horses
29% all joints

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10
Q

In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” what was the association with age on increased CT anatomical variations?

A

TMJs were sig more likely to have CT anatomic variations as horse age categories increased

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11
Q

In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” what was the association with sex and CT anatomical variation?

A

Odds of geldings having normal TMJs sig lower than mares but not sig lower than stallions with no sig differences between mares and stallions

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12
Q

In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” the odds of having CT anatomical variations were not stat sig associated with which factors?

A

reason for undergoing CT, horse breed or the presence of concurrent pathology in the region of the TMJ

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13
Q

In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” what percent of horses over the age of 1 year had discrete focal hypodense regions?

A

57.4%

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14
Q

In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” what factors were not stat sig associated with the presence of regions of well defined hypodensity?

A

Age
right vs left

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15
Q

In Carmalt’s 2016 study “Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study,” thin, linear hyperdense regions immediately ventral and parallel to mandibular fossa in region of disc in transverse plane were stat sig associated with what factor?

A

Age: Never occurred in horses < 1yr and increased dramatically in
horses > 10yrs

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16
Q

In Carmalt’s 2015 study “Intraarterial injection of iodinated contrast medium for contrast enhanced computed tomography of the equine head”, what was the outcome comparing low-dose intra-arterial and high-dose IV administration of contrast media?

Vet Rad US 2015

A

Findings indicated that low-dose intraarterial administration of contrast material in the equine head resulted in comparable soft tissue enhancement vs. high volume intravenous administration

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17
Q

What pathology is documented via oral endoscope of this 109 tooth in Doztel’s 2017 Step by Step paper on how to build an endoscope?

JVD 2017 issue 1

A

Oral endoscopic image of the occlusal surface of an apically infected right maxillary first molar (109). There is feed impaction of defects over all 5 pulp horns in addition to the mesial infundibulum.

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18
Q

What has metaplastic calcification in the sinus been associated with in this and previous reports?

Nottrott et al. Successful Treatment of a Persistent Oroantral Fistula via Transbuccal and Transnasal Endoscopic Debridement in a Horse. JVD 2018 issue 1

A

Dental fractures

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19
Q

In this mini sinuscopic image, “d” is the infraorbital canal of the right frontal sinus. What is “c”?

Pouyet, Vet Surg 2019, Validation of a 2-mm videoendoscope for the evaluation of the paranasal sinuses with a minimally invasive technique

A

Maxillary septal bullae

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20
Q

In this mini sinuscopic image of the right caudal maxillary sinus, “a” is the ethmoid and “c” is the infraorbital canal. What is “b”?

Pouyet, Vet Surg 2019, Validation of a 2-mm videoendoscope for the evaluation of the paranasal sinuses with a minimally invasive technique

A

The entrance to the sphenopalatine sinus

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21
Q

In this mini sinuscopic image of the right rostral maxillary sinus, what are “c” and “d”?

Pouyet, Vet Surg 2019, Validation of a 2-mm videoendoscope for the evaluation of the paranasal sinuses with a minimally invasive technique

A

Roots of 108 (d) and 109 (c)

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22
Q

From this frontal trephine location, what structure is shown with the black box over it?

Bach et al. Vet Surg 2019. Surgical enlargement of the nasomaxillary aperture and transnasal conchotomy of the ventral conchal sinus: Two surgical techniques to improve sinus drainage in horses

A

Maxillary septal bullae

30 mm trephine used

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23
Q

In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what do A, B, C, D and E represent?

JVD 2018, Barratt

A

A. Conchofrontal sinus
B. Caudal maxillary sinus
C. Infraorbital canal
D. Rostral maxillary sinus
E. Common dorsal compartment (bulla) of the ventral conchal sinus

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24
Q

In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what do A, B, C represent?

JVD 2018, Baratt

A

A. Caudal maxillary sinus
B. Rostral maxillary sinus
C. Ventral conchal sinus

Dorsoventral view

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25
Q

In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what radiographic view is shown?

JVD 2018, Baratt

A

Right dorsal to left ventral lateral oblique view of maxillary cheek teeth (Rt30D-LeVO)

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26
Q

In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what radiographic view is shown?

JVD 2018, Barrat

A

Open mouth right dorsal to left ventral lateral oblique view of left mandibular cheek teeth (Rt10D-LeVO)

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27
Q

In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what radiographic view is shown?

JVD 2018, Barrat

A

Open mouth right ventral to left dorsal lateral oblique view (Rt45V-LeDO)

Isolates apices of maxillary cheek teeth, steeper angles 60 degrees needed in younger horses

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28
Q

In Limone’s 2018 paper “Dental Radiography of the Horse,” what radiographic view is shown?

JVD 2018, Barrat.

A

Open mouth right ventral to left dorsal lateral oblique view (Rt45V-LeDO)

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29
Q

In Luiti’s 2018 article “A Comparison of Computed Tomographic, Radiographic, Gross and Histological, Dental, and Alveolar Findings in 30 Abnormal Cheek Teeth from Equine Cadavers”, what % of apically infected teeth had strong evidence of disease on CT and rads respectively?

Liuti et al Frontiers 2018

A

96% on CT
50% on rads

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30
Q

What imaging sign of apical infection is noted by the red arrow?

Liuti et al Frontiers 2018

A

Erosion of alveolar bone

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31
Q

What % of apically infected teeth had intrapulpar gas in Liuti’s 2018 Frontiers study (ex vivo study)?

Liuti et al Frontiers 2018

A

68%

In comparison to in vivo 2017 study of 100%

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32
Q

What type of occlusal fissure is noted in e) and f)?

EVJ 2018 Pollaris et al

A

e) Type b - enamel only
f) Type b - primary dentin only

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33
Q

What type of occlusal fissure is noted in a) and c)?

EVJ 2018 Pollaris et al

A

a) Type 1a
c) Type 1b

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34
Q

In Pollaris et al 2018 “Equine cheek teeth occlusal fissures: Prevalence, association with dental wear abnormalities and occlusal angles” what was the prevalence of occlusal fissures?

EVJ 2018 Pollaris et al

A

72%

Males > females
More common > 13 yo

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35
Q

In Pollaris et al 2018 “Equine cheek teeth occlusal fissures: Prevalence, association with dental wear abnormalities and occlusal angles” what pulp horns were most commonly involved with OFs?

EVJ 2018 Pollaris et al

A

pulp horn 4 (59.2%) in maxillary cheek teeth,

pulp horns 1 (47.4%) and 2 (26.0%) in mandibular teeth

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36
Q

In Horbal et al’s 2019 paper “A Computed Tomographic (CT) and Pathological Study of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibulae Extracted From Asymptomatic Horses. Part 1: Prevalence, Type and Location of Infundibular Lesions on CT Imaging”, this image shows caudal to the left and rostral to the right. What grade infundibular caries is noted for both infundibulae?

Frontiers 2019

A

Caudal: grade 2 (cementum and enamel)
Rostral: Grade 3 (cementum, enamel and dentin)

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37
Q

In Horbal et al’s 2019 paper “A Computed Tomographic (CT) and Pathological Study of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibulae Extracted From Asymptomatic Horses. Part 1: Prevalence, Type and Location of Infundibular Lesions on CT Imaging”, this image shows what pattern of cemental hypoplasia?

Frontiers 2019

A

combined central
linear defect and apical cemental hypoplasia

green line indicates short distance from INF to pulp horn through thin enamel and dentin

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38
Q

In Horbal’s 2019 paper “A Computed Tomographic and Pathological Study of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibulae Extracted From Asymptomatic Horses. Part 2: MicroCT, Gross, and Histological Findings” what were the reported median density microCT HU for normal cementum vs hypoplastic?

Frontiers 2019

A

Normal: 3,438 HU
Hypoplastic: 501 HU

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39
Q

What type of occlusal fissure is depicted here by the arrows on this microCT image?

Pollaris The Vet Journal 2020

A

Type 1a

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40
Q

What occlusal fissure type is depicted by the red arrowhead and green arrowhead in this microCT image, respectively?

Pollaris The Vet Journal 2020

A

Red: Type 1a
Green: Type 1b

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41
Q

In Pollaris’ 2020 study, “Occlusal fissures in equine cheek teeth: mCT and histological findings” what was the most common type of OF noted?

The Vet Journal 2020

A

type 1a (35/43 OFs)

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42
Q

In Pollaris’ 2020 study, “Occlusal fissures in equine cheek teeth: mCT and histological findings” what was significantly associated with fissure depth?

The Vet Journal 2020

A

Location (buccal OFs deeper than lingual OFs) and Triadan # (09s were deepest)

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43
Q

In Dixon’s 2020 study “A Computed Tomographic Assessment of Osteitis of Sinus Bony Structures in Horses with Sinonasal Disorders,” bone was significantly thicker in affected sides vs controls at all measured areas except which two?

Frontiers 2020

A

Frontal bone (FB)
Nasolacrimal duct maximal bony wall thickness (NLDB)

44
Q

In Dixon’s 2020 study “A Computed Tomographic Assessment of Osteitis of Sinus Bony Structures in Horses with Sinonasal Disorders,” canal diameters were significantly wider for which canals?

Frontiers 2020

A

infraorbital
nasolacrimal duct

but nasolacrimal duct maximum bone thickness was not sig thicker

45
Q

In Dixon’s 2020 study “A Computed Tomographic Assessment of Osteitis of Sinus Bony Structures in Horses with Sinonasal Disorders,” what was the relationship between bone density in HU between affected and non-affected sides?

Frontiers 2020

A

Bone density (HU) did not differ significantly between affected and control sides

46
Q

In Dixon’s 2020 paper “Computed Tomographic Assessment of Individual Paranasal Sinus Compartment and Nasal Conchal Bulla Involvement in 300 Cases of Equine Sinonasal Disease,” the rostral maxillary and ventral conchal sinus were involved in what percent of cases overall respectively?

Frontiers 2020

A

Rostral maxillary sinus 94.7%
Ventral conchal sinus 87%

Most commonly involved compartments

47
Q

In Dixon’s 2020 paper “Computed Tomographic Assessment of Individual Paranasal Sinus Compartment and Nasal Conchal Bulla Involvement in 300 Cases of Equine Sinonasal Disease,” what was the most common cause of sinus disease?

Frontiers 2020

A

Dental sinusitis 53%

Primary sinusitis 26%, sinus cyst 8%

48
Q

In Dixon’s 2020 paper “Computed Tomographic Assessment of Individual Paranasal Sinus Compartment and Nasal Conchal Bulla Involvement in 300 Cases of Equine Sinonasal Disease,” what sinus compartment(s) was significantly more frequently involved in dental vs non-dental sinusitis, and what sinus compartment(s) was significantly less frequently invovled in dental vs non dental sinusitis?

Frontiers 2020

A

sig higher frequency of RMS involvement
Sig lower frequency of dorsal conchal sinus and sphenopalatine involvement

49
Q

In Dixon’s 2020 paper “Computed Tomographic Assessment of Individual Paranasal Sinus Compartment and Nasal Conchal Bulla Involvement in 300 Cases of Equine Sinonasal Disease,” there was infection or destruction of the ipsilateral NCBs in what percent of horses?

Frontiers 2020

A

56% ipsilateral NCB involvement

Examination of contralateral NCBs showed fluid attenuating material in 3.3% cases

50
Q

What bone is fractured as indicated by the arrowheads in this CT image?

EVE 2019 Crijns

A

Basisphenoid bone

51
Q

In Crijn’s 2019 paper comparing CT and rads for skull fractures, what features of the fractures differed when evaluated radiographically vs on CT?

EVE 2019 Crijns

A

Extent of fracture underestimated by rads
Number of Fragments underestimated by rads
Single vs comminuted underestimated by rads

52
Q

What bone is fractured indicated by the arrowhead?

EVE 2019 Crijns

A

Frontal bone

53
Q

What bone is fractured, indicated by the arrow?

EVE 2019 Crijns

A

Temporal bone

54
Q

What differential diagnosis would you have for this mass noted on the radiograph on the left side?

Platt JVD 2021 issue 1

A

Heterotopic polyodontia

55
Q

In Zadelhoff’s paper “Multidetector CT and cone-beam CT have substantial agreement in detecting dental and sinus abnormalities in equine cadaver heads”, what categories of pathology were identified well on both modalities, and which were not?

Vet Rad US 2021

A

The agreement between CBCT and MDCT was almost perfect for overall detection of dental abnormalities (k = 0.90) with k = 1 for diastema k = 0.95 for clinical crown abnormalities, and k = 0.93 for infundibular abnormalities

The detection of pulp changes by CBCT was only moderate k = 0.44 - often missed gas in pulp chamber on CBCT but well diagnosed on MDCT

Increased scatter radiation, non-calibrated Hounsfield Unit and artifacts in CBCT images made accurate identification of the pulp density difficult.

56
Q

In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what percent of horses had TMJ variation?

EVJ 2017 Rawlinson

A

36%

all horses had no clinical signs of TMJ pathology

57
Q

In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what risk factors or conditions were significantly associated with a TMJ abnormality?

EVJ 2017, Rawlinson

A

age, periodontal and infundibular disease

58
Q

In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what oral exam findings were less likely to have an abnormal TMJ finding?

EVJ 2017, Rawlinson

A

Horses with periodontal disease were less likely to have abnormal TMJ findings compared with horses with no oral pathology

59
Q

In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what oral examination findings were not statistically significantly associated with TMJ pathology?

EVJ 2017, Rawlinson

A

No association with TMJ pathology for stepped teeth, incisor malocclusions or wave mouths

60
Q

In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what percent of horses had circular hypoattenuating regions within the temporal or mandibular condyles suggestive of subchondral bone cysts and what risk factors were significantly associated with their development?

EVJ 2017, Rawlinson

A

19% of horses
No significant risk factors

61
Q

In Carmalt’s 2017 study “The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint,” what percent of horses had intra-articular disc mineralization and what risk factor was statistically significantly associated with it?

EVJ 2017, Rawlinson

A

11% of horses
Age was the only sig risk factor

62
Q

Why are MRIs more time consuming to obtain than CTs?

Manso-Diaz. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EVE 2017.

A

A separate acquisition is needed for each different sequence as well as for each different plane

63
Q

What type of contrast media are used for CT and MRI respectively?

Manso-Diaz. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EVE 2017.

A

CT → iodinated nonionic
MRI → organic chelates of gadolinium

64
Q

What MRI sequences are represented in a, b, c and d below?

Manso-Diaz. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EVE 2017.

A

a.) T2 weighted
b.) T1 weighted
c.) FLAIR
d.) T2 weighted gradient recalled echo

65
Q

What imaging modality is the gold standard for imaging the temporo-hyoid apparatus?

Manso-Diaz. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EVE 2017.

A

CT

66
Q

What type of imaging modality and sequences are shown in a, b,c and d below?

Manso-Diaz. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EVE 2017.

A

A.) T2-weighted MRI
B.) T1 weighted MRI
C.) bone window CT
D.) soft tissue window CT

67
Q

According to Manso-Diaz’s 2021 paper “Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head,” MRI and CT are the gold standard for imaging what structures respectively?

EVE 2017

A

MRI: central nervous system (brain and cranial nerves), extracranial soft tissues
CT: bones of the skull, temporomandibular joint, temporo-hyoid articulation and teeth

both CT and MRI can adequately image the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses but CT has the advantage for subtle nasal and sinus osseous wall lesions

68
Q

In Rowley’s 2021 study “A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures,” what percent of horses were symptomatic and what was the association between the presence of clinical signs and likelihood of apical infection?

Frontiers 2021

A

63% symptomatic
No significant association between clinical signs and likelihood of apical infection or CT changes

69
Q

In Rowley’s 2021 study “A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures,” apical infection was diagnosed in what percent of teeth overall and were maxillary or mandibular cheek teeth more commonly affected?

A

77% apical infection

fractures occurred in maxillary teeth 91%, mandibular 9%

70
Q

In Rowley’s 2021 study “A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures,” what percent of maxillary buccal fractures were apically infected?

Frontiers 2021

A

71%

71
Q

In Rowley’s 2021 study “A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures,” what type of fractures were significantly associated sinusitis or apical infection respectively?

Frontiers 2021

A

Midline maxillary sagittal fractures significantly associated with sinusitis
infundibular involvement significantly associated with apical infection

All solitary midline sagittal maxillary teeth fractures apically infected (13/13)
96% of teeth with fractures involving infundibula apically infected

72
Q

In Albers’ article “Early incisor lesions and Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis: Reliability of radiographic findings” what % of teeth deemed “healthy” on rads had lesions detected on uCT?

EVJ 2022

A

83.7% of those noted “healthy” on rads were categorized as having some form of lesions on uCT – 52.7% moderate, 5.4% severe

73
Q

In Albers’ article “Early incisor lesions and Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis: Reliability of radiographic findings” where did they note early signs to be located on uCT evaluation?

EVJ 2022

A

palatal/lingual side

74
Q

In Giavitto’s case series “Congenital hypodontia in three horses diagnosed by computed tomography,” what factors were suspected to contribute to maintance of good alignment of teeth next to agenesis sites?

EVE 2021

A

bone attenuating tissue filling space left by undeveloped teeth and persistence of retained deciduous caps

75
Q

In Giavitto’s case series “Congenital hypodontia in three horses diagnosed by computed tomography,” the HU of the sites of dental agenesis ranged between what values which is a sign of what type of tissue?

EVE 2012

A

+1000 and -100 (one case -50)
represented a mixture of fat tissue and bone trabeculae

76
Q

What disease is depicted in this image?

Verwilghen Vet Sciences 2022

A

bilateral idiopathic suture exostosis involving both nasolacrimal ducts. Reactions of sinus mucosa and skin are only mild.

77
Q

What disease is depicted in this image?

A

severe suture exostosis with sequester formation

78
Q

In Albers’ 2022 study “Equine Incisor Lesions: Histologic Confirmation of Radiographic, Macroscopic, and Micro-Computed Tomographic Findings” what types of resorption were discussed as present in contrast to cats and dogs?

Albers Vet Sciences 2022

A

External surface resorptions in the apical third of the incisors - in contrast to cats at CEJ (or apical margin in the hypsodont tooth)

External Surface Resorp present in many incisors in this study - in contrast to dogs

79
Q

In Albers’ 2022 study “Equine Incisor Lesions: Histologic Confirmation of Radiographic, Macroscopic, and Micro-Computed Tomographic Findings” what was the outcome of the histopath evaluation of 15 teeth that also had uCT?

Albers Vet Sciences 2022

A

15/18 investigated teeth showed histological changes of EOTRH
8/15 teeth exhibit areas of repaired surface resorp
7/15 teeth featured distinct signs of EOTRH-related pathologies

µCT images: signs of dental resorption were found in 75/186 teeth

80
Q

In this image, what pathology is the white arrow indicating, and what clinical sign would you suspect in the horse?

Perrier EVJ 2022

A

Enlarged left infraorbital nerve

Head Shaking

81
Q

In Perrier’s 2022 study “Computed tomography findings in horses presented with signs of head-shaking” what dental abnormalities were likely associated with head shaking, and which were not?

Perrier EVJ 2022

A

Dental abnormalities 35 (34%) - Likely
- Fx maxillary teeth accounted for 5 (4.9%)
- Fx mandibular teeth for 2 (1.9%) cases
Periapical/periodontal disease 14 (13.6%) – Likely

Gas within infundibula 51 (49.5%) - unlikely

82
Q

In Perrier’s 2022 study “Computed tomography findings in horses presented with signs of head-shaking” what % of horses had a primary disease process was identified and treatment of the condition eliminated signs of head-shaking?

Perrier EVJ 2022

A

21.4%

83
Q

What are the most common types of resorption in horses, according to Henry et al?

James EOTRH review JVD 2022 issue 4

A

Most common type of resorption in horses to be external replacement resorption, followed by external inflammatory resorption

Not all TR horses have hypercementosis, but all HC have TR (Henry et al)

84
Q

In Carmalt’s study “The Equine Temporomandibular Joint: Comparisons Between Standard and Needle Arthroscopic Examination of Cadaver Specimens and Standing Horses” what was the outcome comparing the two arthroscopic systems?

Frontiers 2022

A

In the 14 cadavers:
Significantly more anatomical structures were identified with the STAN system (p < 0.0001)

The ability of the STAN system to identify anatomical structures was independent of the joint compartment examined (p = 0.57) however this was not the case with the NAS (p = 0.02)

NAS allowed the identification of more structures in the DTJ, but less in the DMJ than expected.

In the 3 live horses - The authors found that both the NAS and STAN arthroscopic equipment was well-tolerated by the horses and rendered an acceptable assessment of the joint, with no intra-operative complications noted during the use of either system.

85
Q

What are 1 and 2 in this image if this scope is placed in the discotemporal joint (DTJ) and facing medially?

Carmalt Frontiers 2022

A

1 - articular eminence of temporal bone
2 - intra-articular disk

86
Q

If this scope is placed in the discomandibular joint (DMJ) and facing caudally, what do 1 and 2 depict?

Carmalt Frontiers 2022

A

1 - intra-articular disk
2 - condylar process of the mandible

87
Q

What dental abnormalitiyis evident on this RtD30-LeVO radiograph of a 4.5 years-old miniature horse?

Tinsley Frontiers 2023

A

Missing 208 and persistent 608

88
Q

What is the radiological density of enamel?

Arnbjerg, 2014

A

2400-2600 H

89
Q

What is the radiological density of dentin?

Arnbjerg, 2014

A

1600-1800 H

90
Q

What is the radiological density of cementum?

Arnbjerg, 2014

A

1200-1500 H

91
Q

Identify the pathology in these radiographs as presented by Arnbjerg in 2014.

A

Hypercementosis

92
Q

Identify the type of resorption as described by Henry et al. in 2016

A

External replacement resorption

93
Q

Identify the type of resorption as described by Henry et al. in 2016

A

External inflammatory resorption

94
Q

In the study by Henry et al in 2016, “Radiographic evaluation in clinical practice of the types and stage of incisor tooth resorption and hypercementosis in horses,” what are the two most prevalent forms of resorption seen in equine incisors?

A

Most prevalent- External replacement resorption:
-76.9% of horses and 31.4% of teeth affected w/ a majority of the lesions being stage 2 (554/614 teeth)
-Significant association w/ increasing age but not breed or sex
-Tooth most commonly affected= third incisor
- Narrowing of PDL space w/ progressive replacement of root tissue by the surrounding alveolar bone

Second most prevalent- External inflammatory resorption:
-49.1% of horses and 17.2% of teeth w/ a majority of the lesions being stage 2 (260/336 teeth)
-Tooth most commonly affected= first incisor
-Increase in the PDL space related to an inflammatory process

95
Q

Name the 8 types of tooth resorption classified with radiographic criteria described by Andreasen and Andreasen and Peralta et al as presented by Henry et all in 2016.

Henry EVJ 2016

A

1) external surface resorption
2) external replacement resorption
3) external inflammatory resorption
4) external cervical root surface resorption
5) internal surface resorption
6) internal replacement resorption
7) internal inflammatory resorption
8) unclassifiable

96
Q

List the 4 stages of lesions seen in tooth resorption as described in the paper by Henry et al in 2016, “Radiographic evaluation in clinical practice of the types and stage of incisor tooth resorption and hypercementosis in horses.”

Henry EVJ 2016

A

1) loss of cementum or cementum and enamel
2) cementum and enamel with loss of dentin, not extending into the pulp cavity
3) loss of cementum, enamel, dentin; extending into the pulp cavity
4) most of the tooth has lost its integrity w/ 3 subcategories

4A) crown and root equally affected
4B) crown is more affected than root
4C) root is more affected than crown

97
Q

In the 2016 paper by Henry et al discussing the radiographic evaluation of tooth resorption and hypercementosis, what was the prevalence of tooth resorption in the study population?

Henry EVJ 2016

A

149/169 (88.2%) of horses had radiographic evidence of tooth resorption
&
998/1953 (51.1%) of teeth evaluated had tooth resorption

Maxillary incisors statistically more likely to have resorption than mandibular incisors

98
Q

In the 2016 paper by Henry et al discussing the radiographic evaluation of tooth resorption and hypercementosis, what was the prevalence of hypercementosis in the study population?

Henry EVJ 2016

A

35/169 (20.7%) of horses had radiographic evidence of hypercementosis

148/1953 (7.6%) of teeth

All horses w/ hypercementosis had resorption (35/35, 100%) whereas only 35/149 (23.4%) of horses w/ resorption had hypercementosis

99
Q

In Norvall’s 2020 article “Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint in healthy adult horses is equivalent to blind arthrocentesis” what structures are visualized when the ultrasound is placed with dorsal to the left of the image?

Norvall 2020 Vet Rad US

A

mandibular fossa of the temporal bone visualized dorsally (left), the disc centrally, and the mandibular condyle ventrally (right)
The caudal compartment of the dorsal pouch of the joint was identified as a triangular hypoechoic to anechoic structure (dotted line)

100
Q

In Norvall’s 2020 paper “Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint in healthy adult horses is equivalent to blind arthrocentesis” what were the outcomes between groups?

Norvall 2020 Vet Rad US

A

No statistically significant difference was noted between arthrocentesis techniques or operators (P > .05)

Joint fluid was significantly more likely to be aspirated by the blind arthrocentesis than with ultrasound guidance (P = .03)

101
Q

In Eduardo de Lima’s paper “Radiographic characterization of the maxillary septum and septal bullae in horses: An ex vivo study” what view was the best to visualize the max septal bullae?

Eduardo de Lima Vet Rad US 2024

A

30◦ oblique dorsoventral lateral and lateral projections

the bullae remained superimposed on the dental arches in the dorsoventral projections with the mandible in a neutral position or with the mandible displaced

102
Q

What anatomy is identified by the red and yellow arrows respectively?

Eduardo de Lima Vet Rad US 2024

A

Red: max septal bullae
Yellow: max septum

Image obtained after barium painted on structures via a bone flap

103
Q

In Hartl’s 2021 study “Correlated imaging of the equine hyoid apparatus using CT, micro-CT, and histology,” which joint that was previously reported to be a symphyses (fibrocartilage) was found to be a synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)?

Frontiers 2021

A

Tympanohyoid

Only hyoid apparatus joint found to be a synchondrosis

104
Q

In Hartl’s 2021 study “Correlated imaging of the equine hyoid apparatus using CT, micro-CT, and histology,” which joints/connections were found to be synostoses?

Frontiers 2021

A

Styloepihyoid
Basithyrohyoid

105
Q

In Hartl’s 2021 study “Correlated imaging of the equine hyoid apparatus using CT, micro-CT, and histology,” which joints/connections were found to be synovial joints?

Frontiers 2021

A

Styloceratohyoid
Ceratobasihyoid
Thyrohyoid

Phase 1 Boards Prep - EQ (10 decks)

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